Topic 1: Industry and Immigration (1865-1914)mrcollinsclassroom.weebly.com/.../topic_2_industry_and_immigration… · •Bessemer Process –Henry Bessemer ... –Business to operate

Topic 1: Industry and Immigration (1865-1914)

Learning Objectives• Analyze the factors that encouraged industrialization in the United States in the late

1800s.• Explain how new inventions, scientific discoveries, and technological innovations

fueled growth and improved the standard of living.• Explain the challenges faced by the South in industry and agriculture in the late 1800s.• Describe the impact of industrialization in the late 1800s.

Lesson 1 Innovation Boosts Growth

Essential Question:• How do science and technology affect society?

Enduring Understanding• During the late 1800’s, rapid industrialization, driven by entrepreneurs and

innovations, transformed daily life in America both positively and negatively. • In the late 1800’s Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia changed

American society.

Section 1: The Expansion of Industry:

• As the settlers continued to push west, America was still largely agricultural – that will all change

• 1920’s leading industrial power in the world

• 1) Natural Resources – Oil, coal, iron, streams, farmland

– Coal was cheap resource• Cleveland + Pittsburg

• 2) Governmental support– Coin money, tariff on imports, patents

• Laissez Faire – government leaves the business sector aloneAdam Smith – people control supply and demand (The Wealth Of Nations)

• 3) Urbanization– 1800 – 5 Million people

– 1900 – 76 Million

• 4) Technological innovations– Inventions, transportation, communication, factory systems

2.1 Innovation Boosts Growth

• American Industry Grows– Agrarian society – Industrial Power– North becomes and industrial power (Civil War)

• Factories became the new economy – Railroads, Guns, Medical supplies

• Natural Resources Fuel Economic Growth• Cleveland + Pittsburg

• Workforce Grows– Increase in immigrants

• Free Enterprise = Entrepreneurship– Run a business for profit

• Laissez-Faire Policy– Little government involvement

American Industry Grows• 1. Natural Resources

– Oil • Edwin Drake - drill for oil (1859)

– Leads to growth and new innovations

– Steel • Bessemer Process – Henry Bessemer

– Remove carbon from Iron» Faster and cheaper way to produce steel

• 2. Workforce Grows– Immigrants from Europe + Asia

• Push and Pull Factors– Push : Political tensions, religious discrimination, crop failure– Pull: Jobs, - Land of Opportunity!!! ‘MERICA!

• 3. Free Enterprise– “Rags to Riches”

• Entrepreneurs – business for a profit• Free Enterprise – run a business with minimal regulation

• 4. Laissez-Faire– Business to operate without government regulation

• $ off of laborers – low wages

New Uses For Steel:

• The railroads, with thousands of miles of track, were the biggest customers for steel– Other uses emerged: barbed wire, farm

equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge- 1883),and the first skyscrapers

• Steel will change the construction industry and America’s economy– Growth of cities

• Jobs, urban society/culture

• Great Lakes– CLEVELAND, Minnesota, Pittsburg

– Increase trade• Rest of the world look to America for trade

• $$$$

Brooklyn Bridge: NYC

American Industry Grows

Technological innovation prompted the country's production of natural resources to increase significantly. Analyze Graphs What relationship do you see between natural resources and economic growth?

Innovation Drives Economic Development

• Innovation = Growth

– Inventions• Patent – grant by the federal government giving the

developer exclusive rights to develop and sell– New Inventions = growing economy

– Thomas Edison• 1,000 Patents

– Light Bulb

– Central Power plants – powered entire cities –

» Extends the day

» George Westinghouse funded project.

– Samuel Morse – Morse Code (1844)

– Alexander Graham Bell – Telephone (1876)http://www.history.com/shows/men-who-built-america/videos/the-rise-of-thomas-edison

Innovation Drives Economic Development

The telegraph could send a message exponentially faster than standard mail. Infer How did telecommunication innovations improve the standard of living in the United States?

Innovation Drives Economic Development

Railroads expanded across the country in the mid-nineteenth century. Analyze Maps What effect did railroads have on the production and distribution of goods?

Industrialization and the New South• South

• Mostly agrarian society » Lack industry after the Civil War

• New Industries Develop• Northern investors help the South develop

– Nashville, Tennessee + Birmingham Alabama» Steel producing cities

• Railroads Link America• Southern rail system expands

– Used southern inmates to build railroads

• Southern Economy lags behind• Repair after the Civil War

– Lacked education and innovation – Low wages discourage workers

• Farm issues• Cotton fields were abundant – export to other nations

Industrialization and the New South

A worker does her job in a typical Alabama textile mill in the early 1900s.

Industrialization and the New South

The South's percentage of income relative to its population fell after the Civil War. Analyze Graphs What does the decline in distribution of income between 1860 and 1880 tell you about the South's economy?

The Effects of Industrialization

• Dominating World Markets

– America dominates world trade– Food and goods

• Railroads increase transportation

• Daily Life Changes• Farms became mechanized = less demand for labor

– Farmers seek factory jobs

• Population to urban centers increase– Work was daunting – long hours, no safety, little pay

• Environment• Industry starts to hurt environment

– Erosion/mining

– National Park Service

– Yellowstone Park - 1872

The Effects of Industrialization

From freight yards such as this massive complex in New York City, American industry transported food and other goods nationwide, greatly increasing Americans' access to consumer products.

Quiz: American Industry Grows

During the second Industrial Revolution, immigration was necessary to

A. drive down labor costs.B. provide needed labor.C. provide a market for manufactured goods.D. populate the cities.

The most significant reason railroads encouraged industrial growth was

A. the efficient transportation of raw materials and finished goods.B. the increase in labor necessary to build railroad cars.C. the connection of the east and west coasts via railways.D. the use of the Bessemer process to build steel tracks.

Quiz: Industrialization and the New South

Of the three key elements needed to promote industry, the South lacked

A. all three: natural resources, labor, and investment.B. two: an educated labor force and capital investment.C. two: natural resources and an educated labor force.D. two: natural resources and capital investment.

In the 1880s, farmers were put out of work by

A. competition with world markets.B. the development of ways to preserve food.C. the mechanization of farming methods.D. poor weather conditions.

Big Business Rises

Topic 2

Lesson 2

Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business

– Family owned businesses -> group ownership

• Corporation meets new needs– Corporation – number of people share ownership of a business

• Main goal is to maximize profits• People invest in companies

– Lose or gain money based on the success of the company

• Corporations increase in America

• Gaining advantage– Advertisements

• America and around the world

– Low wages• Employees paid little to nothing

– Low cost production• Own natural resources / new cheaper ways to produce products

– Merge Companies• Monopolies

Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business

The expansion of markets and new methods of production and distribution encouraged the growth of corporations. Analyze Charts Contrast the differences between a family-owned business and a corporation.

“Big Business”• Monopolies (trusts): Companies that controlled the

majority of one industry:–Rockefeller’s

Standard Oil

–Carnegie’s U.S. Steel

–Vanderbilt’s railroads

• Trusts -A group of separate companies placed under the control of a single managing board

• Critics called these practices unfair and the business leaders “Robber Barons”

Rationalizing Big Business• Social Darwinism

– Used Darwin’s theory to explain business, promoted by Harvard professor William Graham Sumner

– Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest

– Laissez-faire -policy that US had followed since inception to not allow govt. to interfere with business• Govt. should not interfere

• Gospel of Wealth -belief that the wealthy are “chosen by God” to be successful and were therefore responsible to look out for the well being of those less fortunate.

• Many Industrialist shared wealth although rarely through direct welfare. Started museums, etc.– Captains of Industry: a positive

idea that industrial leaders worked hard and deserved their wealth

Andrew Carnegie

• A Scottish immigrant, Andrew Carnegie helped build the American steel industry—Carnegie Steel Co. (originally started as an ironworks foundry)

• 1900 Carnegie Steel produced more of the metal than all of Great Britain – Richest man in the world at the time

• One of the first philanthropists, gave his collected fortune away to cultural, educational and scientific institutions for "the improvement of mankind." (Gospel of Wealth)– Carnegie Hall, NYC– Carnegie-Mellon University– Over 2,500 public libraries– $350 million by the time he died

Carnegie was unusual because he preached for the rights of laborers to unionize and to protect their jobs.

• However, Carnegie's steel workers were often pushed to long hours and low wages--Homestead Strike of 1892

Carnegie’s Smart Plan:• Vertical integration - buying out his suppliers coal fields, iron

mines, ore freighters, and rail lines

• Horizontal Integration – buying out companies that produce similar products

Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business

Management innovations such as horizontal and vertical integration allowed American businesses to remain competitive in the age of industrialization. Contrast What differences do you see between horizontal and vertical integration?

John D. Rockefeller

• He was a co-founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust

• As kerosene and gasoline grew in importance, became the world's richest man and the first American worth more than a billion dollars– Often cited as the richest person in

history

• Like Carnegie, was a philanthropist under the Gospel of Wealth:– An abolitionist

– Creator of Spelman College

– Major donator to the University of Chicago and other major medical universities

– Owned a large portion of real estate in Manhattan, NYC

Cornelius (“The Commodore”) and W.H. Vanderbilt

• Originally a steamboat entrepreneur, C. Vanderbilt became a railroad magnate

• Initially did not think his son was fit for the job– W.H. became president of Central and

Hudson River Railroad, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway, the Canada Southern Railway, and the Michigan Central Railroad

• An active philanthropist, giving extensively to a number of philanthropic causes:– Funded the Metropolitan Opera– Funded College of Physicians and

Surgeons at Columbia University. – In 1880, he provided the money for

Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee

"The Great Race for the Western Stakes, 1870," Cornelius Vanderbilt versus James Fisk

J.P. Morgan

• Industrialist and financier who started U.S. Steel from Carnegie Steel and other companies

– Became 1st billion- dollar corporation

– Bailed out the U.S. economy on more than one occasion

Pros and Cons of Big Business

• Pros– Business flourished

• Laissez-Faire + Free enterprise

• Factories, Mills, RR’s, Jobs,

• Development of Technology and innovation

• International Economic leader

• Philanthropists

– Captain of Industry

• Cons– Mergers created

powerful business empires

– Oil, Steel, Coal, RR’s

• Small businesses out

• Monopolies set high prices

• Government let it happen– Laissez-faire

– Robber Barons

Business and Government

– Big Business controlled the economy– Laissez-Faire style of economy

• RR Companies fixed rates / incentives to politicians– Unfair to customers

• Unfair to workers– Low wages, unsafe conditions

• Attempts to Regulate Business– Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)

• Monitor Railroad rates• Can’t discriminate passengers by special rebates• Prohibit the amount they charge for short and long hauls

– Rates should be reasonable and just

– Long legal processes and railroads didn’t comply• Only had the power to investigate

– Not enough people to enforce the law

Business and Government Cont’d

• Sherman Antitrust Act –– The government had to respond –

the “robber barons” were getting way to powerful.• Stifle competition = monopoly, bad for

capitalism

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act made it illegal to form a monopoly (Trust)– This was tough to govern

• – big companies would just split up into smaller companies

The Changing Relationship Between Government and Business

The Sherman Antitrust Act tried to create a fair marketplace in which the needs of businesses, workers, and consumers were addressed. Analyze Charts Why might some businesses disagree with the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Quiz: Corporations Find New Ways of Doing Business

Corporations were an important addition to the industrial free-market system because they

A. allowed for risk-free investing.B. could sell to faraway markets.C. had access to large amounts of funding.D. could transform raw materials into finished goods.

Social Darwinism equated being 'fit' with

A. surviving.B. having good health.C. being intelligent.D. being financially successful.

Why did the federal government attempt to put limits on corporations’ powers?

A. to avoid having its constitutional rights threatenedB. to attempt to protect consumers and competitive practicesC. to fight the state courts, which usually sided with business interestsD. to prevent corporations from becoming more powerful than the government

Organized Labor

Topic 2

Lesson 3

Workers Endure Difficulties

• Hardships of Factory Work– Immigrants were the workforce

– Keep cost down, willing to take any job

• Sweatshops – filthy workplaces– 12 hrs/day, 6-7 days/week, no

benefits, little vacation, dangerous

» Entire families forced to work = more income $

• Children in the workplace– Needed for specific jobs

• Families needed additional income

– 20% of kids 10-16 worked in factories

– Physical harm

Workers Endure Difficulties Cont’d

• Company Towns

– Building/town owned by business

• Rented out to employees– Stores – employees

bought goods from owners

» High interest rates

» “Wage Slavery”

Pullman and the Sleeper car

• George M. Pullman– Factory owner

– Pullman Palace Car Company

– Built Sleeper/ dinning / parlor cars• Pullman built a town for his employees

» Housing, parks, factory

– Provided his employees with basic needs

• Doctor offices, shops and athletic fields

» Pullman Company controlled the town

• No loitering on front steps, no alcohol.

• Violent strike due to low pay and high rent

• Slashed wages, outlawed saloons

Workers Demand Change

• Reformers look for changes

– Help workers

• Business owners feared this threat– Workers/Business viewed as property

– Socialism – wealth is distributed equally to everyone

• Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto– Denounced capitalism and workers will

overthrow it

» Most American oppose the idea

» Labor reformers barrow idea to make changes

The Growth of Labor Unions

• Collective Bargaining– Negotiating as a group with their employers

• Higher wages, better conditions, lower rent

– Strike – workers refuse to work• Local, state, region, country, groups.

• Unions-– National Trades Union – 1833

• Changes start– 10 hr days, 6 days a week (mid 1800’s)

The Growth of Labor Unions

Different labor unions continued to advocate for worker's rights.Analyze Tables How were all of these labor unions similar? What were some ways in which they differed?

Labor Unions

• Knights of Labor – 1869– Social gains for unskilled and skilled workers

» Uriah Stephens– Recruited women + African Americans

• Terence V. Powderly – took over KoL– Used collective bargaining, strikes, boycotts

• American Federation of Labor - 1886• Samuel Gompers• Skilled workers, 100’s of different specific crafts,

– Union Dues– Wages, Hours and conditions

• Outcomes –– 1. Companies learned to treat their employees better– 2. Unions became more powerful

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) rally in protest in Union Square in New York City, New York.

• Haymarket Strike – May 1886– Haymarket Square Chicago

• Strikers and police exchange violent attacks

– Protestor threw a bomb

– 8 anarchists tried for murder – 4 executed

– Haymarket Riot

• People feared the Knights of Labor / Strikers

• Homestead Strike –– Homestead Penn.

• Andrew Carnegie steel plant workers strike

• Hires – Henry Frick – Pinkertons(private police force)

– Several workers killed.

– Public opinion turns against unions.

Impact of Labor Unions

• Business owners backed by courts against unions

• Unions denied legal protection

• Collective bargaining, strikes became strategies

The New Immigrants

Topic 2

Lesson 4

Why Did The Immigrants Come Here?

• Between 1870 & 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the U.S.– PROMISE OF A BETTER LIFE

• New ships – helped more people immigrate

• 1. Escape religious persecution– Russians forced Jews out

• 2. Improve their economic situation (jobs) (Birds of passage)– Birds of Passage – people who moved to America temporarily to earn

money then return back to their homeland.

• 3. Experience greater freedom in the U.S.– Religious and Political Freedom

• 4. Escape difficult conditions (famine, land shortages – from rising population) – European Population doubled

– Cheap American crops forced European farms to close• Industrialization and farming – no need for peasant farming

Old vs. New Immigrants• Old immigrants: 1800 – 1880 10 million immigrants came

from northern and western Europe (GB, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavian countries)

• Mostly Protestants

• New Immigrants: 1891 – 1910 70% of the 12 million immigrants

entering the US came from southern and eastern Europe (Hungary, Russia, Italians, etc)

• Mostly Catholic, Jewish, Greek Orthodox

– Also thousands of Chinese, Japanese, Arabs

• Increase of Immigrants to America caused social, economic and political problems

• Push Factors: negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate, e.g., loss of job, lack of professional opportunities, overcrowding, famine, war, pestilence

• Pull Factors: positive attributes perceived to exist at the new location, e.g., jobs, better climate, low taxes, more room, professional opportunities

• Ethnocentrism: tendency to view one’s own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

New Immigrants Seek Better Lives

The number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe increased at the turn of the twentieth century. Analyze Graphs From what region did immigration decrease during the time period shown on the graph?

Life in the New Land• Life in the New Land

– A difficult Journey

• Steamship trip to cross Atlantic took one week, crossing the Pacific took three weeks

– Steerage section: lowest level of the ship

– Cheapest price, louse-infested bunks, poor food, disease, and death

– Contract Laborers: worked as slaves in exchange for their passage being paid to reach the U.S.

Ellis Island:

• Most European immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New York and had to pass through immigration station located on Ellis Island in New York Harbor

• Immigrants were carefully health screened and could only bring 100lbs of belongings– 1. Check for serious health problems

• Diseases, tuberculosis

– 2. Document checks• Cant commit a felony• Able to work• Some money

• Name change– Schon Vergessen

• “Sean Ferguon”

– Only 2% were prohibited from entering the country

Ellis Island - NY

History Channel Video

Here Are The Exact Questions Used:

• 1.What is your name?• 2. Have you ever been to the America before?• 3. Do you have any relatives here? If the answer was yes, then

asked where they lived.• 4. Is there anyone who came to meet you at Ellis Island?• 5. Who paid for your passage?• 6. Do you have any money? ( If the answer was yes then

immigrant was told: Let me see it.)• 7. Do you have a job waiting for you in America?• 8. Do you have a criminal record?

Angel Island:• Not all immigrants came through Ellis

Island• Angel Island - Immigration station for

the Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast- San Francisco.– Chinese, Japanese– Inspection process more difficult than on

Ellis Island. (filthy conditions, harsh questioning)

Social Issues Affecting Immigrants

• Tough Decisions– where to live? Work? Fit into American Culture

– Language, Customs, money» (ethnic neighborhoods) Little Italy, China Town,

• Americanization Movement– Helping immigrants learn “American lifestyle”

– “Melting Pot” – Blend of different cultures/ethnicities

• Nativism• Prefer native born citizens over new immigrants

– Competition for jobs

• Chinese Exclusion Act• Prohibited Chinese laborers / limited civil rights of Chinese

immigrants– Hurt Economy of western states… Chinese = cheap labor

Lasting Effects of Immigration

• Immigrants transform American Society– Fueled industrial growth

– Work force, Cheap Source of labor

– Elected Politicians– Immigrants become politicians – social reform

– Ethnic Traditions became a part of American Life– Food, Music, Inventors

– Labor source helped American economy grow

• Became active in Unions and Labor movement

Immigrants Affect American Society

Immigrant contributions to American culture included the introduction of new foods. Hypothesize How might the popularity of foods have encouraged acceptance of many immigrant groups?

A Nation of Cities

Topic 2

Lesson 5

Americans Migrate to cities• Urban vs. Rural

– Urbanization – increase in population– Factory buildings, sweat shops, walked to

work, trolleys

» Lived in apartment buildings/Tenement Apartments

• Rural – Farm / country side– Farmers, worked around the growing seasons

– Causes for Urbanization• Cities became magnets for immigrants

– Factory jobs, opened shops, office work, women found jobs – teachers, clerks, sewing

– Cheap places to live – Tenement Apartments

– Ethnic neighborhoods

» “Walking Cities”

• Cities became over crowded

Americans Migrate to Cities

Urbanization increased both the number and population of cities in the United States in the late nineteenth century.Analyze Maps What trends do you see in the population growth of cities in the east? In the west?

Americans Migrate to Cities

The percentage of the population living in urban areas increased relative to those living in rural areas over several decades.Analyze Graphs What factors account for the demographic shift from rural to urban areas over these decades?

Movement North

• Immigrants– Need for jobs, Join families, ethnic

neighborhoods

– Transportation

– Affordable housing

• Farmers– Technology transformed farm work, Job

opportunities in cities• Entire families had to work to provide income

• African Americans– Escape racism in the south

• Still “some” racism in the North

– Job opportunities• Larger migration around WWI – Great Migration

Urban Problems• Cities couldn’t keep up with high

population– Dirt Roads

• Little paved roads– Chicago 1400 miles of dirt roads

– Tenement Houses– Cheap housing was needed– Often located next to factories

» Convenience

– Sanitation was a problem• 1 restroom per floor, sewage in the streets, factories next to

apartments, no windows• 2. diseases spread

• African Americans lived in segregated buildings

– Sewer systems– Chicago River was a river of sewage

– Garbage– Garbage piled up in the streets

– Fire Department

Tenement Houses

Jacob Riis described conditions in the tenements and helped lobby NYC to pass laws that set standards for housing

Fire Problems:

• The city had limited supply of water.

• Most city apartments were made of wood

• People also used candles and kerosene lamps for lighting.

• Paid fire departments were first created in 1853 (Cincinnati)

• The automatic fire sprinkler was also created in 1874.

Technology Improves City Life

• Cities Expand• Population boom = causes problems

– Water, pollution, crime, poverty, over crowdedness

• Skyscrapers – increase population –vertical expansion

– Elisha Otis- elevator

• Economic Development• Mass transportation

– Electric cable cars

– Subway system – Boston 1897

» Suburbs start to emerge –upper and middle class families

Technology Improves City Life

Mass transit powered by electricity quickly developed in many urban areas. Analyze Graphs What effect did innovations in mass transit have on urbanization?

New Ways of Life

Topic 2

Lesson 6

Learning Objectives

• Explain how technology, new types of stores, and marketing changed Americans' standard of living.

• Analyze mass culture and education in the late 1800s.• Describe new popular cultural movements in the late 1800s.

Industry and Immigration (1865-1914)Lesson 6 New Ways of Life

A Mass Culture Develops

The rise in literacy rates corresponded to increased attendance in public schools. Analyze Graphs What factors contributed to rising school enrollment rates?

A Boom in Popular Entertainment

Amusement parks attracted large crowds. Compare How do you think today's amusement parks compare to those of the Gilded Age?