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Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area Management Plan Background Document Prepared by M. Eggen, S. Diggon, and A. Mason Prepared for Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Nanaimo, BC Edited by D. Janz, T. Reid & T. Clermont November 2002
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Page 1: Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area Management … · Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area Management Plan Background Document Prepared for: Ministry of Water, Land & Air

Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area

Management Plan

Background Document

Prepared by M. Eggen, S. Diggon, and A. Mason

Prepared for Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection

Nanaimo, BC

Edited by D. Janz, T. Reid & T. Clermont

November 2002

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Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area Management Plan

Background Document

Prepared for: Ministry of Water, Land & Air Protection

With funding support provided by:

Prepared by: M. Eggen, S. Diggon, and A. Mason

November 2002

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Habitat Conservation Trust Fund and the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (MWLAP) provided the core funding for this project. Additional funding was provided by the Pacific Estuary Conservation Program (PECP) and Important Bird Areas of Canada program (IBA). Brian Retzer of MWLAP administered the project. Thanks to the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation for their cooperation and guidance. We are very grateful to Parks Canada for donating administrational and technical support to the project. We would like to thank Brock Fraser and Bob Hansen of Parks Canada, Caron Olive of Ecotrust Canada, Carol Ogborne of the Land Use Coordination Office at the MWLAP, and Mike Collyer of the Long Beach Model Forest Society for providing their GIS expertise and for producing maps for the report and public meetings. Thanks as well to Tim Clermont, Mark Kissinger and Thomas Reid of MWLAP, and Arlene Suski of the Regional Aquatic Management Society for their assistance in gathering information. "There is only one body of water on our planet Earth, constantly traveling from one river to one lake to one ocean... The sea is a bonus to us all, soothing climates, washing beaches, pregnant with resources of all kinds, but still sensitive and vulnerable." Jacques-Yves Cousteau EDITORS NOTE This document has been extracted and edited from the original Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area Management Plan for brevity and distribution purposes. The original Tofino Mudflats WMA Management Plan was a comprehensive in-depth document that has been edited into three documents, a background document, the management plan and finally a wildlife viewing and recreation management document. Every effort to maintain consistency between the documents has been made and any errors found therein are due to editorial changes. The editors would also like to acknowledge the contribution of Jur Bekker and wish him well in coordinating this plan

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ABSTRACT A management plan for the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area (WMA) was initiated by the B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (MWLAP) (formerly Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks). The main objectives of the management plan were to provide a current ecological and human use description, an integrated management strategy that strives to protect the natural resources of the WMA, and a plan for a wildlife viewing network. Current information on ecological and human use was collected from existing documented sources and through consultations with the public, local governments and organizations. A consultation process was initiated in order to gather and incorporate community input in planning for management of the WMA. The Tofino Mudflats WMA is defined by its jurisdictional boundaries; however, it is ecologically connected with surrounding marine and terrestrial environments at local, regional and international levels. These connections are reflected in the management plan. The Tofino Mudflats WMA consists of approximately 1770 hectares of tidal flats and 338 hectares of terrestrial lands, providing a variety of rich habitats for many wildlife species. It is comprised of tidal flats, shallow to deep subtidal areas, rock/gravel beaches, marshes, tidal channels, streams, riparian areas, and western hemlock-western redcedar forests. It supports fish and shellfish species, marine and terrestrial mammals such as the harbour porpoise, harbour seal, mink, river otter, raccoon, black bear, gray wolf, black-tailed deer, and cougar. It provides important habitat for a host of marine and terrestrial birds such as shorebirds, waterfowl, loons, grebes, gulls, cormorants, herons, birds of prey, woodpeckers, kingfishers, hummingbirds, and Passeriformes. It is an internationally significant migratory stop-over for shorebirds and a critical wetland for wintering waterfowl. Also, eight species of herptiles are thought to occur in the WMA. Endangered or threatened plant and wildlife species that occur or thought to occur in the WMA include California Wax-myrtle (Myrica californica), Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), and Northern (Steller) sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Tofino Mudflats WMA is valued by the local communities, visitors to the Clayoquot Sound area and others for its recreational, economic, cultural, scientific and ecological purposes. The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation have historically used the area in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA, and presently continue to do so. There are approximately 50 archaeological sites in the Browning Passage and Lemmens Inlet area, of which there are approximately 20 that occur in and around the WMA. Presently, the WMA is not a major destination for outdoor recreation and tourism activities; however, this may change in the future with increased awareness of the WMA and increased number of visitors to the Tofino area. Outdoor recreation and tourism activities in and around the WMA include kayaking/canoeing, bird and wildlife watching, sight seeing, hunting, sport fishing, and clam and crab harvesting. Commercial and

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industrial uses in the WMA and/or in the surrounding area include aquaculture, shellfish harvesting, mining (one mining lease is active in the WMA), and municipal. A number of people live adjacent to the WMA and some people have established floathouses or cabins and currently reside in the WMA. The Clayoquot Sound area is recognized for its scientific and educational value and Tofino mudflats is recognized for its biological significance. Consistent with the management of all other British Columbia Wildlife Management Areas, Tofino Mudflats WMA follows an integrated management approach. As the administrative authority of the Tofino Mudflats WMA, the B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection is responsible for ensuring the long term viability and ecological health of the fish and wildlife of the WMA. Essential to effectively achieving this goal is the continued efforts of MWLAP to work closely with other regulatory agencies and local governments, and to provide forums for public input and participation from interest groups and citizens. The current advisory committee must be reformed so it is well balanced and gives all those interested a chance to be represented, and a TOR should be drafted to outline the purpose and administration of the committee. A coordinator position should be established as they will be instrumental in achieving goals and obtaining funding. A guardian program should be established. Partnerships and cooperation should be explored with local groups and/or governments. Further protection of some areas outside the WMA should be considered through inclusion in the WMA or legal mechanisms within Districts. MWLAP should ensure cooperation with other regulatory agencies in the area and consider addressing the demand for more of a MWLAP conservation enforcement presence in the area. When managing land use in the WMA, the MWLAP should consider compatibility with other uses and environmental impacts and threats posed to the WMA by that land use. Issues of land use compatibility include hunting, float houses and cabins in the WMA, recreation, and logging. Environmental impacts and threats include resource depletion, bird disturbance, other wildlife – human interactions, and environmental degradation. To address these issues, the MWLAP should consider temporal and spatial zoning/restrictions, ensure open lines of communication with local governments and agencies, increase awareness and education of the WMA, incorporate designated wildlife viewing opportunities, investigate and prohibit/prevent/eliminate activities and substances that negatively effect the WMA. As well, a strategy should be developed to deal with current and future inhabitants in the WMA. The continued growth of the tourism and recreation industry in the Tofino area may negatively impact the wildlife and habitat of the Tofino Mudflats WMA if not regulated appropriately. Careful planning and controlled access will help to alleviate negative impacts from associated tourism and recreational activities. A wildlife viewing and recreation network in the Tofino Mudflats WMA could incorporate a variety of components depending on the level of development and

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ultimately available funding. Potential sites for wildlife viewing and recreational activities include District Lot 129, the terrestrial WMA lands across from Cox Bay, Meares Island, and District of Tofino Designated Park Land. These sites are analyzed using a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and development considerations outlined. The establishment of wildlife viewing guidelines are essential and should be developed and widely disseminated in a variety of media. However, coherence to wildlife viewing guidelines is challenging. Further studies of the WMA include a detailed ecological inventory, further censusing and monitoring of birds and their food sources, fish, crabs and molluscs, and monitoring environmental impacts and land use. Options for revenue generation are provided. Also, infrastructure and maintenance along with budgetary and contractor requirements are outlined.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................. i EDITORS NOTE ................................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... v 1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Methods................................................................................................................ 1 3.0 Tofino Mudflats WMA Designation .................................................................... 2

3.1 HISTORY............................................................................................................. 2 4.0 Tofino Mudflats WMA – General Description ................................................... 5

4.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 5 4.2 LOCATION AND AREA........................................................................................... 6 4.3 ACCESS.............................................................................................................. 9

5.0 Bio-Physical Description of the Tofino Mudflats WMA.................................. 12 5.1 ABIOTIC DESCRIPTION....................................................................................... 12

5.1.1 Climate .................................................................................................... 12 5.1.2 Geomorphology ....................................................................................... 12 5.1.3 Hydrology and Oceanography................................................................. 13 5.1.4 Soils......................................................................................................... 15

5.1.4.1 Tidal Flats ...................................................................................... 15 5.1.4.2 Terrestrial Areas............................................................................. 15 5.1.4.3 Upland of Arakun and Ducking Flats ................................................ 15 5.1.4.4 Esowista Peninsula ......................................................................... 15

5.2 BIOTIC DESCRIPTION......................................................................................... 18 5.2.1 Habitat/Vegetation Types ........................................................................ 18

5.2.1.1 Tidal Mudflats ................................................................................ 18 5.2.1.2 Subtidal Zone................................................................................. 18 5.2.1.3 Intertidal Zone ............................................................................... 18 5.2.1.4 Backshore...................................................................................... 20

5.2.2 Terrestrial Areas ...................................................................................... 20 5.2.2.1 Biogeoclimatic Description .............................................................. 20 5.2.2.2 Terrestrial Area Site Descriptions..................................................... 21

5.2.3 Birds ........................................................................................................ 21 5.2.3.1 Shorebirds ..................................................................................... 22 5.2.3.2 Waterfowl ...................................................................................... 25 5.2.3.3 Loons, Grebes, Cormorants, Gulls and Herons.................................. 27 5.2.3.4 Other Birds .................................................................................... 28

5.2.4 Fish and Shellfish .................................................................................... 29 5.2.4.1 Salmonids ...................................................................................... 29 5.2.4.2 Herring .......................................................................................... 30 5.2.4.3 Other Finfish .................................................................................. 30 5.2.4.4 Shellfish......................................................................................... 30

5.2.5 Mammals ................................................................................................. 31 5.2.6 Amphibians and Reptiles......................................................................... 32 5.2.7 Threatened or Endangered Plants and Wildlife....................................... 32

5.2.7.1 Plant Species ................................................................................. 32 5.2.7.2 Plant Communities ......................................................................... 32 5.2.7.3 Wildlife Species .............................................................................. 32

6.0 Cultural Description: Social Resource Values and Land use ....................... 35

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6.1 TLA-O-QUI-AHT FIRST NATION............................................................................ 35 6.2 RECREATION..................................................................................................... 36

6.2.1 Sport Fishing ........................................................................................... 37 6.2.2 Clam Harvesting ...................................................................................... 37 6.2.3 Crab Harvesting....................................................................................... 37 6.2.4 Kayaking and Canoeing .......................................................................... 37 6.2.5 Camping .................................................................................................. 38 6.2.6 Scuba Diving ........................................................................................... 38 6.2.7 Hunting .................................................................................................... 38 6.2.8 Birdwatching/Wildlife Viewing.................................................................. 38 6.2.9 Sightseeing/Hiking................................................................................... 39

6.3 COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL USE .......................................................................... 40 6.3.1 Aquaculture ............................................................................................. 40 6.3.2 Shellfish Harvesting................................................................................. 40 6.3.3 Crab Harvesting....................................................................................... 41 6.3.4 Forestry ................................................................................................... 41 6.3.5 Mining ...................................................................................................... 41 6.3.6 Other Industrial Uses............................................................................... 41 6.3.7 Tourism.................................................................................................... 41

6.3.7.1 Resorts .......................................................................................... 42 6.3.7.2 Tour Operators and Other Outdoor Tourism Businesses.................... 42

6.4 RESIDENTIAL USE ............................................................................................. 43 6.4.1 Adjacent Residential Use ........................................................................ 43 6.4.2 Float houses and Cabins in the WMA ..................................................... 43

6.5 MUNICIPAL AND REGIONAL DISTRICTS................................................................ 44 6.6 PACIFIC RIM NATIONAL PARK RESERVE ............................................................. 45 6.7 SCIENCE AND EDUCATION ................................................................................. 45 6.8 SIGNIFICANT HISTORIC FEATURES ..................................................................... 46 6.9 DESIGNATIONS.................................................................................................. 46

6.9.1 Current Designations............................................................................... 46 6.9.1.1 Wildlife Management Area .............................................................. 46 6.9.1.2 Regionally Significant Land Area...................................................... 47 6.9.1.3 Important Bird Area........................................................................ 47 6.9.1.4 Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program) ...................................................................................... 47

6.9.2 Potential Designations............................................................................. 47 6.9.2.1 Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve .......................................... 47 6.9.2.2 Ramsar Status................................................................................ 48

7.0 Community Values and Perspectives ............................................................. 49 7.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................... 49 7.2 COMMUNITY ISSUES .......................................................................................... 49

7.2.1 Access and Use in the WMA ................................................................... 49 7.2.2 Tofino Mudflats WMA as a Business Opportunity ................................... 50 7.2.3 Advisory Committee ................................................................................ 50 7.2.4 Float houses and Cabins......................................................................... 50 7.2.5 Hunting .................................................................................................... 51 7.2.6 Awareness, Education and Research ..................................................... 51 7.2.7 Protection and Enforcement .................................................................... 52

8.0 Current Land Status.......................................................................................... 53 9.0 District Planning................................................................................................ 56

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9.1 DISTRICT OF TOFINO ......................................................................................... 56 9.2 ALBERNI-CLAYOQUOT REGIONAL DISTRICT ........................................................ 57

REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 58 APPENDIX A: Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) in British Columbia................... 64 APPENDIX B: Plant Species List ................................................................................. 67 APPENDIX C: Animal Species in the Tofino Mudflats WMA ..................................... 70 Appendix C-1 Birds...................................................................................................... 71 Appendix C-2 Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals ........................................ 76 Appendix C-3 Invertebrates ........................................................................................ 78 APPENDIX D: Contact Information for Potential/Future Designations .................... 79 APPENDIX E: Land Status Designations .................................................................... 80 APPENDIX F: Sections of the draft Tofino Official Community Plan (June 2001)

relevant to the WMA.......................................................................................... 82 APPENDIX G: A4 Zoning in Alberni –Clayoquot Regional District........................... 84 LIST OF MAPS Map 1 Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area ........................................................... 4 Map 2 Location of Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area......................................... 7 Map 3 Jurisdictional boundaries in and around Tofino Mudflats WMA ............................. 8 Map 4 Public Access to Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area .............................. 11 Map 5 Streams and Larger Watersheds that drain into Tofino Mudflats WMA ............... 14 Map 6 Tofino Mudflats WMA Mudflat and Shoreline Habitats......................................... 16 Map 7 Shorebird Migratory Routes for North and South America................................... 23 Map 8 Locations of high tide roost areas for shorebirds in the mudflats of the WMA ..... 26 Map 9 Storm refuge areas for waterfowl ......................................................................... 28 Map 10 Corrections to Tofino Mudflats WMA boundaries............................................... 55 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Land Status within the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area, Vancouver

Island....................................................................................................................... 53

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1.0 INTRODUCTION The Tofino mudflats were designated as a Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in 1997. This designation was the culmination of a process, which began in 1956, where small areas of the Tofino mudflats were given protection under various designations over the years. The WMA consists of approximately 1770 ha of mudflat and intertidal habitat and 338 ha of terrestrial lands. The area includes mudflats and estuarine habitats that support waterfowl, marine birds, shorebirds, salmon and a variety of invertebrates, including crabs and clams, which are economically important to this area. The area is one of the ten most critical wetland areas for migratory birds on Canada’s West Coast and has been designated an Important Bird Area of Canada. As well, it has been nominated as a Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve and it is included as part of the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The development of a management plan for the Tofino Mudflats WMA was initiated by the B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (MWLAP) (formerly Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks) in 2000. The management plan focuses on the protection of wildlife and habitats, and provides for compatible recreational, commercial and cultural activities. The management planning process resulted in the creation of three documents:

1. Background Document – collected historical and biophysical information on the Tofino Mudflats area.

2. Management Plan – outlines management strategies and recommendations for the management of the WMA.

3. Wildlife Viewing & Recreation Management – a document that specifically addresses wildlife viewing development and guidelines.

This background document provides a detailed description of the marine and terrestrial environments in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA and also describes the land use of the area. This document provides the basis for several of the management strategies outlined in the Tofino Mudflats WMA Management Plan (Eggen, Diggon & Mason, 2001). 2.0 METHODS There were four components to the Tofino Mudflats WMA resource management planning project: • gather existing information; • consultation with First Nations, local governments and the Tofino Mudflats

Advisory Committee; • public consultations; and • report preparation.

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The following types of information were collected/reviewed and incorporated into this background document: • available reports and published literature pertaining specifically to the Tofino

Mudflats WMA area, general estuary and mudflat ecology, sensitivity, impacts and management;

• impacts and mitigation measures with regard to boats, planes, helicopters, and shoreline use on the WMA area;

• available reports pertaining to the development of wildlife viewing opportunities and potential impacts, including trail networks, wildlife viewing platforms, and other infrastructure;

• existing maps and air photos for the Esowista Peninsula and surrounding areas;

• field work/ground truthing as necessary; • ecological and human use monitoring; • other WMA management plans. 3.0 TOFINO MUDFLATS WMA DESIGNATION

3.1 History

The ecological significance of Tofino mudflats was recognized over 40 years ago. In the early 1950s, the Provincial Museum and the B.C. Game Department documented waterfowl resources in the Tofino area and conducted preliminary land status reviews. The objective of the analysis was to determine suitability of the area as a 'public shooting ground'. These early surveys revealed the high wildlife values present in the area. (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks 1984) Since then, the MWLAP worked to acquire parcels of land in the Tofino mudflats area which are recognized for their high habitat values. The first formal protection took place in 1956 with a “Use, Recreation and Enjoyment, of the Public” Reserve (UREP). The MWLAP continued to acquire land over the years. In the 1990s, the MWLAP consolidated the reserves into one management unit. In 1993, after the B.C. government enacted legislation allowing for the protection of provincially significant habitats through the establishment of WMAs, the Pacific Estuary Conservation Program1 (PECP) recommended that the Tofino mudflats

1 PECP - is a coalition of governmental agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations, whose goal is to secure estuary habitat through acquisition, creation of nature reserves, and stewardship of privately-owned land. The PECP partners include Environment Canada (led by CWS), B.C. MWLAP, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Nature Trust of BC, and the Habitat Conservation Trust Fund.

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become the top priority on Vancouver Island for the development of a WMA proposal (MoELP n.d.1). A WMA proposal was drafted by the Wetlands Manager and then was referred to approximately 15 agencies, public groups, First Nations, and the Clayoquot Sound Central Region Board (CRB) (a regional board that manages land and resources in Clayoquot Sound, prior to the conclusion of a treaty). All responses and public submissions were positive, with the biggest concern that traditional hunting areas remain open (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks n.d.1). First Nations were initially reluctant to endorse the WMA proposal; however, after several meetings and correspondence over the course of two years, they agreed to not oppose the proposal (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks n.d.1). On April 10, 1997, the Tofino mudflats were officially designated a Wildlife Management Area (See Map 1; For a description on the WMA process see Appendix A).

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Map 1: Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area

Source: Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks; Wildlife Section, Region 1. 1994. Proposal for A Section 13 (Land Act) Designation Use Area and Wildlife Management Area for the Tofino Mudflats, Vancouver Island B.C.

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4.0 TOFINO MUDFLATS WMA – GENERAL DESCRIPTION

4.1 Introduction

The Tofino Mudflats WMA covers approximately 1770 ha of tidal flats and 338 ha of terrestrial lands. The area provides critical habitat for a variety of species, in particular over-wintering and migratory waterfowl and shorebirds. As well, the mudflats and associated eelgrass beds provide habitat for juvenile fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Wolf, black bear and deer travel along the shoreline, where black bear are observed foraging in the area with some regularity. Threatened or endangered plants and animals that occur or thought to occur in the Tofino Mudflats WMA include California wax-myrtle, red-legged frog, double-crested cormorant, Brandt’s cormorant, great blue heron, brant, bald eagle, northern goshawk, peregrine falcon, western screech owl, northern pygmy owl, killer whale, gray whale, northern (Steller) sea lion and Vancouver Island ermine. At mid to low tide much of the tidal flat area is exposed. Near shore areas support eelgrass habitat, and rocky islets within the WMA support growths of rocky intertidal seaweeds such as Fucus, and associated fauna (barnacles, etc.) The terrestrial portion of the WMA is part of the coastal western hemlock vegetation zone. Common trees include western hemlock, western redcedar, and alder. Common understory species include salal, huckleberry, Alaskan blueberry, deer fern and mosses. Boat access to most of the Tofino Mudflats WMA is restricted to deep water channels or during periods when the tide is high. Public land access is also limited to two rough trails, one village road, and via the Tofino Cemetery. The WMA is bordered by private residential, municipal, commercial and National Park properties. The area within the Tofino Mudflat WMA lies within the traditional territory of the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation. There are 20 identified archaeological sites on the islands and shorelines of the Tofino Mudflats WMA, which include shell middens, fish traps, canoe skids and general activity (resource utilization) areas. The area of the Tofino Mudflats WMA is still used by the Tla-o-qui-aht people for hunting, fishing, food and material gathering. Recreational activities in the Tofino Mudflats WMA currently include kayaking, canoeing, hunting, crab harvesting, birdwatching and wildlife viewing. These activities are expected to increase in the future. Commercial activities include crab and clam harvesting, and occasional use of the area and surroundings by adjacent commercial resort guests and for guided recreational activities, such as kayaking and whale watching.

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Residential properties occur along the boundaries of the WMA and include waterfront lots and lots bordering terrestrial portions of WMA. Density ranges from low to medium. There are two hobby farms bordering the shoreline of the WMA. Also, there are nine inhabited float houses and cabins situated in or near the WMA. All areas of the WMA lie within the District of Tofino or the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District (ACRD). The District of Tofino recognizes the significance of the WMA and the current draft OCP is supportive of principles of the MWLAP objectives for the WMA. Also, the District would like to see a portion of the terrestrial area designated for research and educational facilities and a natural park area. The ACRD areas in the WMA are designated as park and public use areas and some areas adjacent to the WMA are designated for natural resource development and extraction. Pacific Rim National Park Reserve borders the WMA at the southern end and their use of lands is very much compatible with the MWLAP objectives for the WMA. Also, they are considerate of ecological connections across political boundaries. Research and education are significant pursuits in the Clayoquot Sound area and studies in the WMA and surroundings include waterfowl, shorebird, and waterbird studies, infauna studies (animals living in the ocean floor), and habitat and vegetation studies. Also, a portion of the WMA is currently identified by the District as a potential location for regional research and educational facilities. Presently, the Tofino mudflats have been given three designations: Wildlife Management Area, Regionally Significant Land Area, and Important Bird Area. It is also included in the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. It is a candidate for the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve and Ramsar status. Through the consultation process, community perspectives on aspects of managing the WMA were identified. The main issues/ideas that were brought up during the consultation process included access and use, business opportunities, advisory committee, float houses and cabins, hunting, public awareness and education, research, and protection and enforcement.

4.2 Location and Area

The Tofino Mudflats WMA is located near the village of Tofino on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia at 49°08’N Latitude and 125°52’W Longitude (Map 2). Three separate areas comprise the Tofino Mudflats WMA and are located along the southeast coast of the Esowista Peninsula and along the southwest coast of Meares Island (Map 1). The total land area of the WMA is roughly 2100 ha; 1770 ha of tidal flat foreshore and 338 ha of terrestrial land.

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Map 2 Location of Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area The boundaries of the Tofino Mudflats WMA follow, for the most part, the shoreline and low tide line (Map 1). The exceptions are along the Esowista Peninsula where boundaries include sections of terrestrial area, and along the west and northwest boundaries of each of the three sections of the WMA where boundaries are drawn above low tide line. The largest of the three areas of the WMA is located along the southeastern coast of the Esowista Peninsula. It covers tidal flats and islands locally known as South Bay, Maltby Slough, Doug Banks’ Flats, Jensen’s Bay, Laddie, Mike’s, and Raccoon Islands, and few smaller unnamed islands. This portion of the mudflats

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also includes sections of terrestrial areas, four situated in the District of Tofino and one in the Regional District of Alberni-Clayoquot (Map 3).

Map 3 Jurisdictional boundaries in and around Tofino Mudflats WMA Note: The Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District overlaps the Tofino Mudflats WMA and includes all areas outside of the District of Tofino.

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The other two sections of the WMA are located along the southwest coastline of Meares Island and are comprised of tidal flats and islands locally known as Arakun Flats, Ducking Flats, Arakun Islands, Sloman Island, and Ducking Island.

4.3 Access

Access to the Tofino Mudflats WMA is limited and there is little awareness of the location of and accessibility to the WMA. From the Esowista Peninsula public access is possible from the following locations (numbers correspond with Map 4): 1. Sharp Road, near the Tofino Hatchery

D.L. 129, a terrestrial area of the WMA, borders Sharp Road to the north and access to this area is limited to overgrown cutlines. The shoreline and mudflats of the WMA are accessible at the end of Sharp Road. This location is locally known to be a place where people can go to view the mudflats and birds. There is an informal parking area here and there is a wide view of the mudflats. Parts of the area were previously cleared to accommodate a municipal water pump house and the Tofino Hatchery.

2. Off Highway 4, across from Pacific Sands Resort, Cox Bay An abandoned road and rough trails provides access to the terrestrial area and mudflats of the WMA. It is used infrequently. There is a small parking area off of the Highway and a sign (WMA boundary marker) is located at the entrance to the area. The old road is gated and restricted to pedestrians, and is unofficially maintained.

3. Along west boundary of District Lots 128 and 129 There are a few rough wildlife/human trails that originate from the west boundary of the D.L. 128 and 129 that provide access to the terrestrial areas and mudflats of the WMA. The heads of the trails are located adjacent to residential and commercial properties with access to a few of them from municipal roads.

4. Unnamed road off of Highway 4 (District Lot 264) This unnamed road runs through D.L. 264 and provides access to terrestrial areas of the WMA. District Lot 264 (within the WMA) is accessible by vehicle via an unnamed road (intersecting Highway 4) that traverses a privately owned lot. There are no known trails into the WMA from the road.

5. Tofino Cemetery Access to upland areas and the mudflats of the WMA is possible here; however, there are no trails into the WMA and the shoreline is densely vegetated.

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There is private access from residential lots that border the Tofino Mudflat WMA, from the Tofino Botanical Gardens (point 6, Map 4) and from Clayoquot-Orca Lodge (point 7, Map 4). At high tide almost all of the Tofino Mudflats WMA is accessible by smaller boat. Kayaks and canoes can travel through deep water channels at most tides and can access most of the WMA when the water level is 2 m or higher.

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Map 4 Public Access to Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area

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5.0 BIO-PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TOFINO MUDFLATS

WMA

5.1 Abiotic Description

5.1.1 Climate

Climate of the region is characterized by mild, wet winters and relatively cool, moist summers. In the winter, periods of precipitation are often heavy and prolonged as a result of a succession of frontal storms moving onto the west coast of Vancouver Island. The summer months are relatively dry due to prevailing high pressure systems and decreased frequency of storms (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995a). The average temperature at Tofino ranges from a mean monthly high of 14°C in the summer and a mean monthly low of 4°C in the winter. Mean annual precipitation is 2.983m. The Tofino mudflats are sheltered by a number of land forms including Esowista Peninsula, Vargas Island, Wickaninnish Island, and Meares Island. As a result, the microclimate of the mudflats is often slightly warmer and less windy than the outer beaches and headlands of the Peninsula and outer islands.

5.1.2 Geomorphology

The WMA and adjacent lands are situated primarily on a physiographic feature known as the Estevan Coastal Plain. The Plain lies along the west coast of Vancouver Island and is generally 1.5 to 3 kms wide, but occasionally it reaches a width of 13 kms (Jungen 1989). The area varies from a flat and featureless plain to regions of large hummocks and bluffs. Portions of lands adjacent to the WMA are situated on the Vancouver Island Ranges physiographic subdivision which parallels the Estevan Coastal Plain to the North East. The Esowista Peninsula, located on the Estevan Coastal Plain, has a broad base with a narrow neck and tip. The neck of the Peninsula is relatively flat and the base and the tip exhibit hills and bluffs that reach up to 100 m in elevation in some locations. The terrestrial areas that drain from Meares Island onto Arakun and Ducking Flats feature rolling and steep slopes, with Mount Colnett being the highest peak at 792 m. The Tofino mudflats and surrounding areas are situated on the following geological formations: Pacific Rim Complex, Clayoquot Intrusive Suite, Flores Volcanics, and West Coast Cyrstalline Complex (Long Beach Model Forest Society 1998). Two fault lines run in a southeast to northwest direction across the southwest corner of Meares Island and across Arakun and Ducking Flats (Long Beach Model Forest Society 1998).

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5.1.3 Hydrology and Oceanography

There are numerous streams that drain into the Tofino mudflats (Map 5). Along the Esowista Peninsula, there are over 30 streams: 5 larger streams, MacKenzie Creek, South Bay Creek and 3 unnamed streams that flow out of Pacific Rim National Park, and over 25 unnamed ephemeral streams. Some of these streams were mapped by Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) and are indicated on Map 5 along with other streams. MacKenzie Creek runs through a series of culverts, which in times of heavy precipitation are inadequate, creating floods and damage to municipal roads, particularly on MacKenzie Beach Road. On Meares Island, three larger streams, Sharp Creek (which is just outside the WMA boundary) and two unnamed streams along with numerous ephemeral streams flow into Arakun Flats. Two larger streams, Meares Creek and an unnamed stream along with a few ephemeral streams flow into Ducking Flats. Ginnard Creek just south of Ducking Flats flows into a small bay off of Browning Passage. Both Sharp and Ginnard Creeks are dammed and supply water to the District of Tofino. Streams deliver fresh water and nutrients to the mudflats. When there is a relatively large volume of fresh water discharged in an estuarine environment, it will spread out over seawater creating a lens of low-salinity water that does not mix readily with the seawater below it. As this upper layer flows out during a flooding tide, seawater is drawn upwards creating a current (Gross 1993). When lower volumes of fresh water are discharged, fresh water will mix with seawater as tidal flows cause turbulence and mixing in the water column (Gross 1993). The Tofino mudflats are heavily influenced by tidal flows. The tides are defined as a mixed, mainly semi-diurnal tide with two complete tidal oscillations per day. Ocean flows are transported to and from the mudflats via Browning Passage, Heynen Channel and Lemmens Inlet. Tidal currents in these areas are known to be very swift, with currents in Browning Passage reaching over 4 knots (Howes 1999). The tide brings with it nutrients (small animals and organic debris), and also shifts and alters sediments. Tidal flats are a low energy environment as a result of their sheltered locations (Davies 1980). Although the flats might be prograding or eroding just like a beach environment, this process happens at a much slower and less obvious rate. Tidal flat patterns of deposition and erosion are strongly influenced by tidal currents and less by wave action. Deposition takes place mostly during slack water at high tide (Davies 1980).

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Map 5 Streams and Larger Watersheds that drain into Tofino Mudflats WMA

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5.1.4 Soils

5.1.4.1 Tidal Flats The tidal flats of the Tofino Mudflats WMA have developed on thick marine deposits and consist mainly of fine textured materials, including combinations of clay, silt, sand, and gravel (Jungen 1989). These soils generally exhibit a thin upper layer of oxygenated material and a lower black anoxic layer. The anoxic layer is produced from the reaction of hydrogen sulfide (produced by anaerobic microbes) with iron oxides in the silt. This reaction produces iron sulfide, which turns the mud black (Cannings 1996). It is the hydrogen sulfide that gives the mudflats its characteristic rotten-egg smell. The mudflats provide an abundance of food and water for an array of mud-dwelling animals. The three separate tidal flats (Arakun and Ducking Flats and the mudflats adjacent to the Esowista Peninsula) exhibit slightly different sediments as identified by MoELP (1999) (Map 6). Arakun Flats is classified as a sand flat (>50% sand and <10% gravel). Ducking Flats is classified as a combination of sand flats (>50% sand and <10% gravel) and sand and gravel flats (boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand - >10% sand content and >10% gravel content). The flats along the Esowista Peninsula are classified as mud flats (< 10% gravel and > 50% mud). Sand flats and sand and gravel flats are generally more permeable (depending on the mud content), whereas mud flats have low permeability.

5.1.4.2 Terrestrial Areas The terrestrial areas of the WMA and surroundings exhibit eight different soil types as identified by Jungen (1989): Kennedy Lake, Sprise, Cotter, Goldstream, Sandhill, Vargas, Hankin, and Sarita.

5.1.4.3 Upland of Arakun and Ducking Flats Kennedy Lake and Sprise are the main soil types in the terrestrial areas surrounding Arakun and Ducking Flats, with smaller areas of Cotter, Goldstream, and Sandhill soil types. Lower lying lands exhibit soils that have developed mainly in deep, silty or clayey marine deposits, with some areas of deep, sandy bouldery colluvial deposits. The area generally experiences impeded drainage and has slopes ranging from 9-15%. Upper areas of land exhibit soils that have developed in cobbly and/or sandy colluvial or morainal deposits, with well to moderate drainage and some seepage. Slopes range from 30-60%.

5.1.4.4 Esowista Peninsula Kennedy Lake and Vargas are the main soil types in the terrestrial areas surrounding the Tofino mudflats along the Esowista Peninsula, with smaller areas of soil types Hankin, Sarita and Goldstream. In general, the soils in the area have developed in deep silty, clayey or sandy marine deposits and experience

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Map 6 Tofino Mudflats WMA Mudflat and Shoreline Habitats impeded drainage. Slopes in the area are generally between 2-15%, with some areas over 30%. On a more detailed scale, the northern most upland area along the Esowista Peninsula in the WMA is comprised mainly of the Vargas soil type, accompanied by Sarita, and Hankin soil types. The soils at this location are classified as Placid Ferro-Humic Podzol (60%), Duric Ferro-Humic Podzol (20%), and Orthic Ferro-Humic Podzol (20%) and experience impeded drainage. Slopes range from 15% to over 30%. The more southerly upland areas along the Esowista Peninsula are comprised mainly of the Kennedy Lake soil type, accompanied by the Vargas soil type, with one polygon of the Sarita soil type. The soils are classified as Orthic Humo Ferric Podzol (80%), and Placid-Ferro-Humic Podzol (20%), with some areas of Duric Ferro-Humic

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Podzol (100%). These areas experience impeded drainage and slopes range from 2-15%. All of the soils found in the upland areas of the WMA and surroundings are of the Podzolic soil order. Podzolic soils are generally bright to dark, reddish-coloured, deeply weathered soils which are strongly leached, have low base saturations and can be very acidic (Jungen 1989). Podzolic soils develop via the accumulation of organic matter, iron, and/or aluminum and under humid conditions. Podzols can be found under forest and/or sphagnum moss vegetation cover.

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5.2 Biotic Description

5.2.1 Habitat/Vegetation Types

5.2.1.1 Tidal Mudflats The largest habitat in the Tofino Mudflats WMA is the tidal mudflats or foreshore, which comprises roughly 80% of the WMA including intertidal and subtidal areas. The mudflats within the WMA form a large portion of a greater suite of mudflats in the Tofino area. This complex includes Grice Bay, mudflats around Beck, Stone and Neilson Islands, and Mud Bay on Vargas Island. The Tofino mudflats are comprised of several distinctive tidal zones, reefs, salt marshes, tidal channels, and small estuaries. This portion of the WMA has been mapped according to general habitat classes developed by the B.C. Environment (BCE) in 1983 (in Clermont 1995). The BCE classifies and divides the area into subtidal, intertidal, and backshore zones, which are then divided further into distinct components. The following descriptions for mudflat components were originally developed by BCE (1983) and have been adapted here:

5.2.1.2 Subtidal Zone Reef - This component includes small bedrock islands and reefs. It provides

roosting and loafing sites for waterbirds, and may provide haul-out sites for harbour seals.

Deep Subtidal (10-30m) - This habitat type serves as deep water feeding and

loafing areas for waterbirds, particularly loons, grebes, and cormorants, and as migration routes for harbour seals, killer whales, and occasionally gray whales. Dungeness crabs, other crustaceans, and finfish feed on the accumulation of nutrient-rich material, which originates from adjacent areas.

Shallow Subtidal (Lower low tide line to 10 m) - The lower edge of this habitat

type is frequented by dungeness crabs as they advance to shallower nursery areas. Diving ducks, particularly scoters and scaups, are the predominant avian species utilizing this habitat type. Harbour seals, mink and river otters also occur in the shallow subtidal areas.

5.2.1.3 Intertidal Zone Berm/Beach Face - This component of the intertidal zone typically occurs between the backshore and adjacent flats or shallow subtidal areas. Substrate materials are generally coarser than those found on the flats, and provide attachment for rockweed (Fucus), barnacles and occasionally mussels. The MWLAP mapped and described the shoreline types in the

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area in 1999 (Map 6). Sand and gravel flats are found along the mid-length of Maltby Slough with rock, sand and gravel beaches at its mouth. Sand and gravel beaches line the mid-length of South Bay with a rock and gravel beach at the north end of the mouth of the Bay. The northern most portion of the mudflats along the Esowista Peninsula are beaches comprised of rock, sand and gravel. Barnacles and filamentous green algae are common to sparse on these beaches. Waterbird use is generally limited to shorebird feeding and loafing by dabbling ducks. Mink, river otter, raccoon, and black bear also feed in this habitat type.

Flats - Low-gradient intertidal flats are the most extensive habitat type in the WMA. Substrate materials in the flats range from sand/gravel and, occasionally boulder through coarse sand and shell hash to fine, organic silty and clay sands. Green algae (Ulva and Enteromopha) are common in the upper portions of the flats, whereas eelgrass (Zostera) tends to be the dominant vegetation in the lower intertidal portions. In fact, the Tofino mudflats contain the largest eelgrass beds on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Butler et al. 1992). Polychaete annelids, bivalves (mussels, clams, oysters and occasionally cockles), and crustaceans, such as crabs and ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis) occur throughout the intertidal regions of the flats.

River Channel – Ginnard Creek is the only river channel habitat in the Tofino

mudflats. Substrate materials support green algae and dense stands of eelgrass. The channel is dominated by tidal influences during low flow periods in the summer.

Tidal Channel - These areas are important for juvenile salmonid rearing, and

serve as refuges for other juvenile fish as they retain water throughout the tide cycle. Dabbling ducks and wading birds use tide channels for feeding during migration and over-wintering. Clams also occur in tide channels particularly on Ducking Island Flats.

Marsh – Small bands of marsh occur around the edges of Doug Banks’ Flats,

and in the upper fingers of Maltby Slough and South Bay. Fairly continuous bands of marsh occur along the upper edges of Ducking and Ginnard Flats. Common salt marsh plants found in the area include saltwort, seaside arrow-grass, Lyngby’s sedge, Arctic rush, Nootka reedgrass, tufted hairgrass, western lilaeopsis, sea plantain and silverweed (See Appendix B for the plant species list). This habitat type provides valuable forage for dabbling ducks, geese and shorebirds. In addition, it contributes nutrients to the food chain utilized by juvenile salmon.

Reef - This includes outcrops of bedrock occasionally covered by gravel

veneer. Intertidal reefs provide loafing sites for waterbirds and are sometimes used as haul-out sites by harbour seals.

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5.2.1.4 Backshore River Channels - Numerous creeks flow into the heads of all major flats

except Mike's Island Flat. Sharp, Meares, Close, South Bay, Mackenzie and a few other creeks support runs of chum, coho, and/or pink salmon.

5.2.2 Terrestrial Areas

The forested uplands comprise approximately 20% of the Tofino Mudflats WMA.

5.2.2.1 Biogeoclimatic Description The British Columbia Ministry of Forests’ biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system is a hierarchical classification scheme for identifying and describing terrestrial biogeoclimatic units in British Columbia (Meidinger and Pojar 1991). The system classifies and describes units using regional, local, and chronological levels, in combination with climatic, soil, vegetation, and physiographic factors. It is widely used in British Columbia by foresters, biologists, and other resource managers, as it provides a common framework for fundamental understanding of landscape ecology (Meidinger and Pojar 1991). The Tofino Mudflats WMA is located in the Windward Island Mountains Ecosection of British Columbia (Demarchi 1995). The entire terrestrial area in the WMA is in the Coastal Western Hemlock (CWH) vegetation zone. On average, this is the rainiest biogeoclimatic zone in British Columbia, with a mean annual precipitation of 2228 m. Soils in the zone are found in areas that accumulate acid organic matter on the forest floor. Characteristic features of the CWH zone are the prominence of western hemlock, a sparse herb layer, and the predominance of several moss species. The Esowista Peninsula, and terrestrial lands on the southwest side of Meares Island (draining into Ducking and Arakun Flats) to an elevation of 150 m are within the Southern Very Wet Hypermaritime Coastal Western Hemlock Variant (CWHvh1) (Green and Klinka 1994). This variant is typically dominated by western hemlock, along with amabilis fir, western redcedar and minor amounts of yellow cedar. The main understory species include salal, Alaskan blueberry, red huckleberry, deer fern, and a few moss species. Evergreen huckleberry is a minor species, but is a good indicator of CWHvh1. Areas that drain into the Arakun and Ducking Flats from Meares Island that are roughly 150 – 600 m in elevation are in the Submontane Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock Variant (CWHvm1) (Green and Klinka 1994). This variant is typically dominated by western hemlock, amabilis fir, with lesser amounts of western redcedar. The understory usually exhibits a well-developed shrub layer dominated by red huckleberry and Alaskan blueberry and a well-developed moss layer. There are few herbs, including deer fern, five-leaved bramble, bunchberry, and queen’s cup.

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Areas above 600 m are in the Montane Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock Variant (CWH vm2). This variant occupies a small area located at the tops of the mountain peaks upslope of Arakun and Ducking Flats on Meares Island. Western hemlock and amabilis fir along with lesser amounts of western redcedar, yellow cedar, and mountain hemlock characterize this variant. The understory includes Alaskan blueberry, five-leaved bramble, and a few moss species.

5.2.2.2 Terrestrial Area Site Descriptions The terrestrial areas of the WMA consist of three separate portions along the Esowista Peninsula (Map 1). These areas are characterized by soils classified as dry to very moist and nutrient poor to medium in some areas and relatively wet and nutrient poor in other areas. Canopies range from open or patchy to closed and are mainly dominated by western hemlock and western redcedar, with the presence of shore pine, red alder, Pacific crabapple, Pacific yew, and Sitka spruce. Shore pine is the dominant tree species in wet and nutrient poor areas. Stands along the shoreline generally have closed canopies, with larger diameter trees. The understory in forests with more open canopies is generally well developed and is dominated by evergreen huckleberry and salal with some false azalea, red huckleberry and oval-leaved blueberry. Where soils are wetter and nutrient poor, Labrador tea is present in the understory, and slough sedge, giant horsetail, skunk cabbage, Pacific reedgrass, and bracken fern are found in the herb layer. The herb layer is often poorly developed under a dense understory and is dominated by deer fern and bunchberry. The wetter areas have a well developed moss layer with small red peat moss, fat bog moss, and spread-leaved peat moss, while the moss layer is less developed in other areas, with red-stemmed feather moss as a common species. All terrestrial portions of the Tofino Mudflats WMA include disturbed sites. The Tofino D.L. 129 has four connecting lengths of cutline that were cleared in 1993 and are now overgrown with shrubs and saplings. The terrestrial area located directly across from Cox Bay was logged along the eastern shoreline in the 1960s (D.L. 276-279) and a road and small scale saw mill were established in the 1980s. The road is now inactive and the mill has been removed. These areas are characterized by dense stands of red alder with an understory dominated primarily by salmonberry. The southernmost terrestrial area (Alberni-Clayoquot D.L. 263, 264, 267) has a road accessing other properties north of the WMA boundary from Highway 4, which is currently active. Also, according to current map sources, there is a very small logged area located in the northeastern portion of this area of the WMA. It was logged in 1990s and is part of a cut block on an adjacent property.

5.2.3 Birds

A host of marine and terrestrial birds utilize the Tofino Mudflats WMA. The designation of the Tofino mudflats as a WMA is largely due to the recognition of significant feeding and resting habitat in the area for migratory and over-wintering

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birds. The mudflats are known to be the one of the most important habitats within the Pacific flyway (MoELP 1997). The majority of birds that utilize the WMA are those that rely heavily on the intertidal and subtidal habitat, including shorebirds, waterfowl, loons, grebes, gulls, cormorants, and herons (Butler et al. 1992). These birds are also the most visible and most studied group of wildlife in the WMA due to research efforts of the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), MWLAP, and local naturalists over the years. Since 1968, a variety of surveys have been conducted in the area. The information collected was gathered intermittently by different researchers and using a variety of census techniques. The information presented in this report is a compilation of previous studies and gives insight into general bird use of the Tofino Mudflats WMA. While the Tofino mudflats themselves are very important habitat for birds, they are really one part of a larger suite of important bird feeding and resting areas located near Tofino. Grice Bay and other small mudflats, the outer beaches of the Esowista Peninsula and Pacific Rim National Park, Cleland Island and the tidal flats and beaches of Clayoquot and Vargas Islands together with the Tofino Mudflats WMA compose an area of critical habitat for birds and other wildlife.

5.2.3.1 Shorebirds The Tofino mudflats area supports internationally significant shorebird populations. Bird Studies Canada (1998) estimates that numbers of western sandpipers recorded at the Tofino mudflats represent at least 2.25% of the global population in spring and as much as 8.2% during the fall. During the spring migration in 1995, 142 000 shorebirds were tallied in the Tofino mudflats area (Butler and Lemon 2001; see Map 7 for migration routes). On two single day surveys, counts reached over 17 000 and 19 000. In comparison to other birds that utilize the mudflats throughout the year, shorebirds account for more than half the total birds found in the mudflats (Butler et al. 1992). Ecology Migrating shorebirds use the Tofino mudflats for roosting and for the abundant supply of macroinvertebrates, a key food resource. Shorebirds utilizing coastal habitats such as Tofino mudflats exploit benthic invertebrate fauna, which are dominated by polychaetes, crustaceans, molluscs, and/or insects. The majority of shorebirds using the mudflats can be classified as aquatic gleaners or probers that feed in areas that are flooded or saturated with water. The majority of feeding by shorebirds on tidal flats is done during low tide (US Fish and Wildlife

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Northern Migration

Southern Migration

Map 7 Shorebird Migratory Routes for North and South America Source: Environment Canada. 2001. Shorebird Flyways – Northward and Southward Migration. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/shorebd/shorebirds.html

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Service 2000). Shorebirds utilize lower tidal flats during low tide, where food density is relatively high, and they utilize upper beach front habitat during high tide, primarily for resting (US Fish and Wildlife Service 2000). Shorebirds have a wide range of foraging techniques, both across and within species depending on the habitat and foods available. These techniques range from picking terrestrial insects from dry mudflats (such as plovers) to probing for molluscs in tidal mud flats (such as oystercatchers). Differences in body size and bill length allow shorebirds to partition and share feeding areas (Helmers 1992). Species Composition The composition of species that use the Tofino Mudflats WMA is similar to that found on many mudflats along the Pacific coast of North America with Calidris (sandpipers and others) and Limnodromus (dowitchers) as predominant genuses (Butler and Lemon 2001). The predominant calidrids of the Pacific coast are the western sandpiper, least sandpiper, dunlin, and sanderling. On the Tofino mudflats, the western sandpiper is the most common species present. (See Appendix C for a list of bird species in the WMA). The Tofino mudflats are second only to the Fraser River Delta in importance as feeding and resting sites for western sandpipers in British Columbia (Butler et al. 1992). In 1995, the western sandpiper along with short-billed and long-billed dowitchers made up almost 90% of all shorebirds counted in the Tofino mudflats (Butler and Lemon 2001). Other predominant species on the Tofino mudflats in 1995 include the least sandpiper and dunlin, and to a lesser extent sanderling and black-bellied plover (Butler and Lemon 2001). Groups of 100 to 400 whimbrel have been reported on beaches near Tofino and up to 750 individuals have been recorded on Cleland Island (an outer island) at high tide, substantially more than found in the Fraser River delta (Butler and Lemon 2001). Also, a sub-species of short-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus grisesus caurinus) which breeds in Alaska is thought to utilize Tofino mudflats as a key stopover rather than the Fraser River delta (R. Butler, pers. commun.). Seasonal Distribution The northward spring migration spans several weeks, but there is a sudden influx of birds for a few days near the end of April and early May (Butler and Lemon 2001). For the most part, the main southward migration occurs over the months of July and August where at times total numbers of birds can be higher than in the northward migration (Butler et al. 1992). The length of stay of western sandpipers at stop-overs during migration, including Tofino mudflats, is typically less than 3 days (Warnock 1998). Spatial Distribution Arakun Flats is known to support over half of the shorebirds in the area and other mudflats (Ducking, Esowista Flats and Grice Bay) and Chesterman Beach

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support about 2-12% of the shorebirds (Butler et al. 1992; Dorst 1986). Abundant species such as dowitchers, dunlins, least sandpipers, and western sandpipers are widespread throughout the area. There are approximately five high tide roosting sites that are commonly used by shorebirds (Map 8) (Butler et al. 1992; A. Dorst pers.commun.). Shorebird Population Decline The role of the Tofino mudflats in providing critical habitat is emphasized further with the widespread decline of shorebird populations across North America. Shorebird decline is a result of a variety of factors including loss and degradation of nesting, migratory and wintering habitat, and impacts of environmental contaminants (Helmers 1992). Therefore, the long term conservation and protection of the Tofino Mudflats WMA and its environs is paramount.

5.2.3.2 Waterfowl The Tofino Mudflats WMA ranks among the top ten most critical wetlands for migratory waterfowl on Canada’s west coast (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks 1997). It supports some of the highest water bird densities in British Columbia (Butler et al. 1992). Tens of thousands of waterfowl over-winter in and/or migrate through the Tofino mudflats area annually (Butler et al. 1992). In 1988-89, the CWS found that Tofino mudflats supported over 33 000 waterfowl (Butler et al. 1992). Species Composition Common species that utilize the mudflats include green-winged teal, common merganser, mallard, northern pintail, American wigeon, surf scoter, bufflehead and to a lesser extent northern shoveler, Canada goose, brant, and trumpeter swan (Butler et al. 1992; Dorst 1986). (See Appendix C for a list of bird species in the WMA). From 1968 to 1980, average peak numbers of waterfowl in the Tofino Mudflats WMA and area were 150-200 geese, 2000-2500 dabbling ducks, and 500-1000 diving/sea ducks (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks 1984). Also, small numbers of trumpeter swans frequented the area during winter. Local hunters and naturalists report that numbers of waterfowl in the WMA have consistently declined over the years, and there are significantly less waterfowl in the WMA in recent years than compared with 20 years ago. Seasonal Distribution Although thousands of geese (primarily Canada geese and brant) migrate along the west coast of Vancouver Island in April, only a few stop near Tofino (Butler et al. 1992). The heaviest use by Canada geese occurs in autumn (Butler et al. 1992). Butler et al.(1992) found that both dabbling ducks and diving ducks are plentiful through the autumn and winter; however, dabbling ducks are most

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numerous in November and diving ducks were more numerous in spring.

Map 8 Locations of high tide roost areas for shorebirds in the mudflats of the WMA

Spatial Distribution During waterfowl surveys in the 1970s and 1980s, Arakun Flats and the area east of Laddie Island were identified as areas that supported relatively high numbers of waterfowl compared to other areas of the Tofino mudflats (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks 1985 and Hatler 1973 in Clermont 1995; Canadian Wildlife Service 1984). The area west of Mike’s Island and Ducking Flats were also noted as areas that supported significant numbers of waterfowl. The area southeast of Laddie Island was noted by CWS as a natural refuge and one of the most intensively used goose and dabbler feeding areas as a result of the availability of food and the inaccessibility of the area. Also, during stormy weather, locations in Arakun Flats, Maltby Slough, South Bay, and Grice Bay were noted as being important refuges for waterbirds (Canadian Wildlife Service 1984). Current significant storm refuge areas have been identified by local naturalists and are located in Arakun Flats, South Bay, Maltby Slough and Doug Bank’s Flats (Map 9).

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Densities and Biomass Butler et al. (1992) showed that although the greatest density of birds on the mudflats occurred in April and August (800 birds/km2) during the main shorebird migration, the greatest bird biomass actually occurs in winter and autumn, when diving ducks and geese are present. Waterfowl Population Decline The role of the Tofino mudflats in providing critical habitat is emphasized further with the widespread decline of waterfowl populations across North America. Waterfowl decline is a result of a variety of factors including loss and degradation of habitat and below normal precipitation on mid-continent prairie landscapes (U.S. Department of the Interior et. al., 1999). Therefore, the long term conservation and protection of the Tofino Mudflats WMA and its environs is paramount.

5.2.3.3 Loons, Grebes, Cormorants, Gulls and Herons Butler et al. (1992) noted that loons, grebes, cormorants and herons primarily use the mudflats outside summer months. Loons and cormorants are most abundant in the mudflats during December and grebes in both December and March (Butler et al. 1992). Of these species, the common loon, Pacific loon, western grebe and pelagic cormorant were most common during the study (Butler et al. 1992). (See Appendix C for a list of bird species in the WMA.) Butler et al. (1992) found that gulls are most prevalent in August and September when large numbers of California gulls arrive. The glaucous-winged gull visits the mudflats after the breeding season ends in August and the mew gulls arrive in March and April to feed on Pacific herring in the Clayoquot Sound area. Gulls made up about 7% of the numbers of birds counted and 10% of the biomass of the Tofino mudflats during the study (Butler et al. 1992). Great blue heron are common throughout the tidal flats year round and are most numerous in September (Butler et al. 1992). Arakun Flats has been reported as a major heron feeding area with counts as high as 94 birds in some surveyed areas of the mudflats (Clermont 1995). In 1986, during a water bird census, Adrian Dorst documented a significant heron roosting site on the Arakun Islands (Dorst 1986).

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Map 9 Storm refuge areas for waterfowl

5.2.3.4 Other Birds Other birds that utilize the Tofino Mudflats WMA include birds of prey, woodpeckers, kingfishers, hummingbirds, and a variety of passeriformes. Some of these birds are year round residents, some breed in the WMA, and some are migrants. (See Appendix C for a list of bird species in the WMA.) The majority of these bird species utilize the terrestrial areas, but some rely on the shoreline and intertidal areas. Terrestrial associated birds that are known to breed or are expected to breed in the WMA and surrounding areas include the following (Parks Canada 1985): bald eagle Steller’s jay cedar waxwing osprey northwestern crow orange-crowned warbler ruffed grouse common raven Townsend’s warbler common nighthawk chestnut-backed chickadee Wilson’s warbler Vaux’s swift brown creeper fox sparrow rufous hummingbird winter wren song sparrow belted kingfisher Swainson’s thrush white-crowned sparrow hairy woodpecker American robin brown-headed cowbird northern flicker varied thrush pine siskin

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Bald eagles are known to nest in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Eagle nest data recorded by MWLAP and CWS over a six year period was compiled and mapped for the Clayoquot Sound area in 1998 (Moul). The report indicated that in 1997 there were six non-active nests along the shore and islands of Arakun Flats, and six active nests were found in Lemmens Inlet and on the islands just south of Meares Island. Also, the study indicated that in previous surveyed years, nests were found along the Esowista Peninsula; however, this area was excluded from the survey in 1997. Current active eagle nests are unknown for the Peninsula. Eagles are frequently observed in and around the mudflats, often perched on large trees along the shoreline near foraging areas, and sometimes perched on the tidal flats themselves. Osprey are known to nest on the Esowista Peninsula and frequently forage on Chesterman Beach and occasionally forage in and around the mudflats. Other birds of prey that have been recorded in the area include peregrine falcon (mainly during shorebird migration), northern goshawk, red-tailed hawk, sharp-shinned hawk, western screech owl, great horned owl, and northern saw-whet owl (Diggon and Eggen, unpublished; Hatler et al. 1978). As many as five species of woodpecker and numerous passerines inhabit the study area. Large diameter standing dead wood, and down and decaying coarse woody debris are important for woodpeckers and some passerines for nesting and foraging. These important habitat features are relatively common in the upland areas, particularly close to the shoreline. There are also abundant berry producing shrubs such as evergreen huckleberry, salal, salmonberry, and red huckleberry, which are palatable to many different passerine species in the area.

5.2.4 Fish and Shellfish

5.2.4.1 Salmonids The Tofino Mudflats WMA provides important habitat for salmonids. The tidal channels and eelgrass beds found throughout the WMA are important feeding areas for juvenile salmonids. The estuarine marshes provide excellent rearing habitat for salmonids and a host of other finfish (Clermont 1995). Also, the creeks that drain into the mudflats, although relatively small, provide spawning habitat and support small runs of chum, coho, and pink salmon (DFO 2000; D. Palfrey, pers. commun.). Sharp, Meares, and Close Creeks on Meares Island primarily support runs of chum with a few coho present. Meares Creek supports the largest runs of chum, although numbers have declined. The DFO recorded up to 3500 chum in the 1960s and ‘70s, and only 30-600 in the ‘90s (DFO 2000). Close and Sharp Creeks each support chum runs upwards of 280 (DFO 2000). (DFO records do not include other smaller creeks.)

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Creeks along the Esowista Peninsula support small runs of salmon (D. Palfrey, pers. commun.; DFO 2000). South Bay Creek is one of the largest creeks along the Peninsula and supports chum, coho and pink (DFO 2000). MacKenzie Creek and many other small creeks along the Peninsula support a few coho (D. Palfrey, pers. commun.).

5.2.4.2 Herring Herring spawn in sheltered bays along the coast in late winter, with heaviest concentrations in March, some in February and April, and occasionally as late as June and July. Herring eggs become sticky when they come in contact with seawater and often adhere in great masses to seaweed and eelgrass. Many birds and mammals are attracted to spawning areas, and include bald eagles, gulls, ducks, loons, cormorants, sea lions, and gray whales. Herring spawn has been recorded in areas around Beck, Neilson, Stockham and Stone Islands and at the mouth of Lemmens Inlet by DFO (2001). The only spawning area recorded by DFO that is within the WMA boundaries is small and located east of Stockham Island at the low tide line on Arakun Flats. Although there are large amounts of eelgrass in the lower intertidal areas of the Tofino mudflats, herring spawn is not commonly found there.

5.2.4.3 Other Finfish Other finfish that use the tidal flats and small streams in the Tofino Mudflats WMA area include cutthroat, steelhead, lingcod, and rockfish (D. Palfrey, pers. commun.; G. Adams, DFO pers. commun.). The tidal channels serve as refugia for juvenile fish as the channels retain water throughout the tide cycle. The tidal flats also provide foraging areas.

5.2.4.4 Shellfish Crabs Clermont (1995) describes the use of the mudflats by Dungeness crab. The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) is dependent on a variety of habitats within the mudflats at various times in its life cycle. The slopes of the intertidal channels are used by female crabs during the incubation period. After hatching, the free swimming larva exist in the water column until they reach the megalops stage and settle on the bottom, usually on the higher mudflats. As they grow larger, the crabs enter the intertidal channels and make use of the intertidal mudflat areas. The vegetated intertidal areas provide important habitat as nursery areas and as refuge from predators, particularly when crabs moult. By age 1-2 years, crabs move off the flats to deeper water areas. Legal harvest size is usually reached at about 3 years. Molluscs In a comparative mollusc study of the Tofino mudflats area, Palm (2000) found the following common mollusc species: bent nose clam, butter clam, cockle, false mya, and native little-neck clam, mud clam and horse clam. As well, other less

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common species were found throughout the mudflats, including the Japanese oyster. (See Appendix C for a list of molluscs in the WMA.) The subtidal and lower intertidal areas of Meares Island provide excellent habitat for horse clams, which are primarily found in association with sandy bottoms and eelgrass beds. DFO considers this area to be regionally significant for horse clams as it represents the major stock of this species on the south coast of British Columbia (Clermont 1995).

5.2.5 Mammals

Many terrestrial and marine mammals utilize the tidal flats and/or surrounding terrestrial areas of the Tofino Mudflats WMA. (See Appendix C for a list of mammals in the WMA and status.) Marine mammals such as the harbour porpoise, harbour seal, gray whale and killer whale use the deep subtidal areas of the mudflats mainly as a travel corridor, but some species use the area to forage. Harbour seals have been known to haul-out on reefs and bedrock islands such as the unnamed island at the mouth of Maltby Slough. The upper intertidal, shoreline and terrestrial areas of the Tofino Mudflats WMA provide important habitat features and attract many terrestrial mammals, including black bear, raccoon, mink, and river otter. River otter, raccoon, and mink frequently forage in the intertidal areas for crustaceans and molluscs. Black bear utilize intertidal zones throughout the year, but particularly in spring, when they forage on marine invertebrates and emergent marsh sedges and grasses. During the summer, various forbs and fruits (e.g. salal, salmonberry, blueberries) dominate the black bear diet. Black bear, and occasionally black-tailed deer and gray wolf travel along the shoreline, as it provides a natural travel route with cover and nearby foraging areas. Cougars are infrequently observed in the area. A relatively well-established wildlife trail exists in the forest along the eastern shoreline of Esowista Peninsula and is often used by wildlife in the area. Gray wolf have been observed with some frequency during the winter months along the Esowista Peninsula. Due to the important habitat values of the intertidal and terrestrial areas of the WMA, Tofino residents bordering the mudflats observe a variety of wildlife. For example, black bears are frequently observed on residential properties along the Esowista Peninsula between spring and autumn, sometimes disturbing residents and damaging property while foraging for natural foods and/or non-natural foods (i.e. garbage, compost, orchard fruit). Also, gray wolves, which prey on small mammals, have been observed more frequently in the area over the past few years, and on occasion have killed or injured domestic animals.

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5.2.6 Amphibians and Reptiles

Ten species of herptiles occur or are thought to occur in the Tofino Mudflats WMA: western red-backed salamander, clouded salamander, northwest salamander, western toad, Pacific treefrog, red-legged frog, rough-skinned newt, Puget Sound garter snake, northwestern garter snake, and wandering garter snake (ECL Envirowest Consultants Ltd. 1995; Beasely et.al. 2000). See Appendix C for a species list and status.

5.2.7 Threatened or Endangered Plants and Wildlife

Plants and wildlife known to occur or are likely to occur in the Tofino Mudflats WMA that are threatened or endangered are identified on conservation status lists developed by MWLAP Conservation Data Centre (CDC) and are noted below.

5.2.7.1 Plant Species California Wax-myrtle (Myrica californica) – Blue list California wax-myrtle is an evergreen shrub that commonly occurs along the outer coast from Gray’s Harbour to southern California. In Canada, it is represented by a small, disjunct population on the outer coast of Vancouver Island between Ucluelet and Tofino. It also is found on the outer coasts of Vargas and Stubbs (Clayoquot) Islands. Within the Tofino Mudflats WMA, California wax-myrtle is found at the road edge in D.L. 129.

5.2.7.2 Plant Communities The following is a list of plant communities that are listed as threatened or endangered by the CDC that may occur in the terrestrial areas of the WMA. (Site Series are used in the British Columbia Ministry of Forests’ biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification system to classify and describe plant communities.) CWHvh1/05 – Blue list (Old growth climatic climax) CWHvh1/07 – Blue list (Old growth climatic climax) CWHvh1/08 – Red list (Old growth edaphic climax) CWHvh1/09 – Red list (Old growth edaphic climax, disclimax) CWHvh1/15 – Blue list (Old growth edaphic climax) CWHvh1/16 – Blue list (Old growth disclimax) CWHvh1/17 – Blue list (Old growth disclimax) CWHvh1/18 – Blue list (Old growth edaphic climax) CWHvh1/19 – Blue list (Old growth edaphic climax, disclimax) A more detailed field study is required to determine if any of these threatened or endangered plant communities exist in the Tofino Mudflats WMA.

5.2.7.3 Wildlife Species Red-Legged frog (Rana aurora) – Blue list

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The red-legged frog is known to breed in bogs, fens and marshes in Clayoquot Sound. It is thought to favour small wetlands (<0.5 ha) with open canopies (Beasley et al. 2000). Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) – Blue list Double-crested cormorants are not known to breed in the Tofino Mudflats WMA; however, they do use the area to feed and roost. Brandt’s cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus) – Blue list Brandt’s cormorants are known to breed on small islands on the outer coast between Tofino and Ucluelet. This species may occasionally use the Tofino Mudflats WMA to feed and roost. Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) – Blue list The great blue heron is common in the Tofino Mudflats WMA throughout the year, with the highest numbers recorded in late summer and early fall. There are no known nesting areas in the region; however, it is an important foraging and roosting area, and a significant roosting area has been recorded on the Arakun Islands (Dorst 1986). Great blue herons are blue listed due to loss of nesting habitat (ECL Envirowest Consulting Ltd. 1995). Brant (Branta bernicla) – Yellow list Brant are common migrants in the Tofino area in the spring. Although they are not common in the Tofino Mudflats WMA, they heavily utilize eelgrass beds along the coast on their northward migration and commonly stage and feed on the sand spit of Stubbs (Clayoquot) Island. It is thought that the number of brant utilizing the area is declining (Hatler et al. 1978). Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) – Yellow list Bald eagles are common residents in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA where they are known to nest, forage, and roost. Important habitat features in the Tofino Mudflats WMA and adjacent areas include nesting, roosting, and perching trees along the shoreline of the mudflats. Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) – Red list Northern goshawks are considered a rare winter visitor to the Tofino Mudflats WMA and adjacent areas. Although there are no known breeding records of this bird in the area Hatler et al. (1978) stated that in the future it could likely be found nesting in the area. Northern goshawks prefer to nest in large trees in dense forest canopies and are vulnerable to changes in forest stands (e.g. timber harvesting). Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) – Red and Blue lists Peregrine falcons are uncommon migrants in the Tofino area and generally arrive in the spring to coincide with the migration of shorebirds. In winter months they are known to prey on waterfowl. No breeding records exist in the area, however

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Hatler et al. (1978) determined that there was suitable nesting habitat (coastal cliffs) in local inlets. Since populations of peregrine falcons are increasing they may breed in the area in the future. Most likely, subspecies Falco peregrinus pealei (blue list) occurs in the area as it is known to breed at the north end of Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlottes. Subspecies Falco peregrinus anatum (red list) most likely does not occur in the area, as it breeds in interior BC, with some occurrences in the Fraser Delta and the Gulf Islands (Sydney Cannings pers. commun.). Western screech owl (Otus kennicottii saturatus) – Blue list The subspecies saturatus may occur in the area; however, to date accounts of this species have only been recorded on eastern Vancouver Island and have not been verified for western Vancouver Island. The species is considered a rare resident in the Tofino area. Northern pygmy owl (Glaucidium gnoma swarthi) – Blue list This subspecies is considered a rare resident in the Tofino area and is endemic to Vancouver Island. It has been recorded in the Tofino and Kennedy Lake area. Pine grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) – Blue list The pine grosbeak is a very rare over wintering bird in the area. Killer whale (Orcinus orca population 3)(West coast transient population) – Blue list Transient killer whales are sighted with some frequency in the Clayoquot Sound area. Due to its shallow nature, killer whales rarely use the Tofino Mudflats WMA but they have been sighted within the area in deep water channels and during higher tides. Gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) – Blue list Over 24 000 gray whales pass by Clayoquot Sound during their migrations between Mexico and the Arctic. Some gray whales stop their migration here and form a small resident gray whale population that remains in the area much of the summer and into the fall. Gray whales will occasionally travel and feed within Tofino Mudflats WMA. Northern (Steller) sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) – Red list The northern (Steller) sea lions haul-out on rocky shorelines and feed in various areas of Clayoquot Sound, particularly in the spring. They do not frequent the Tofino Mudflats WMA, but they may use the area as a travel corridor. Vancouver Island Ermine (Mustela erminea anguinae) – Blue list Very few records exist for the Vancouver Island ermine, therefore its habitat requirements are not fully understood. This species may inhabit the forested area in the Tofino Mudflats WMA and adjacent forested areas as food sources, such as deer mice and red squirrel, are common.

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6.0 CULTURAL DESCRIPTION: SOCIAL RESOURCE VALUES

AND LAND USE

6.1 Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation

The Tofino Mudflats WMA lies within the traditional territory of the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation. The Tla-o-qui-aht live in two settlements in the Tofino area, Esowista (within the boundaries of Pacific Rim National Park) and Opitsat (on Meares Island, approximately two kilometres away from Tofino and over one kilometre away from Arakun Flats). Also, some members live in the District of Tofino. The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation have historically used the area in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA, and presently continue to do so. As one of the tribes of the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, the Tla-o-qui-aht are the traditional landowners and resource users of the area. The Nuu-Chah-Nulth land use ethic stems from two important concepts: hishuk ish ts’awalk and hahuulhi. Hishuk ish ts’awalk, or “everything is one,” embodies the Nuu-Chah-Nulth sacredness and respect for all life forms and their approach to resource stewardship. Hahuulhi, the Nuu-Chah-Nulth system of hereditary ownership and control of traditional territories, represents a long history of resource use and management in the area. The Tla-o-qui-aht are closely tied to the natural environment, and their connection with it has been and still is essential for their economic, cultural, and spiritual well-being. Traditionally, the Tla-o-qui-aht have used the Clayoquot Sound area for a variety of purposes important to their survival: food, medicine and material harvesting, ceremonial and spiritual needs, traditional history, transportation, habitation, recreation, cross-cultural interaction, traditional land management, education and training purposes (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). The traditional land uses of First Nations of the west coast can be categorized into two types: 1) those that have physical or documented evidence of land use such as middens, burial sites, habitation sites, culturally modified trees and wood, and rock art; and 2) those that include places where events in traditional stories or “histories” occurred or are alluded to. Traditional stories or “histories” are important knowledge passed on through stories to individuals and family members and are usually very personal by nature (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). While both of these types of land uses are important to the survival of First Nations, the physical or documented evidence is most commonly recognized by non natives and used in describing historic land use of First Nations (e.g. archaeological sites are only recognized in the Heritage Conservation Act) (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). Significant sites tied to traditional stories or

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“oral traditions” are just as important to recognize as historic sites of a physical nature. These, however, are not commonly considered or documented and are sometimes overlooked (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). Also, as oral traditions are of a personal and sensitive nature, to document them may infringe upon the wishes of the First Nations. Several archaeological studies and historical accounts have been documented about the Nuu-Chah-Nulth of Clayoquot Sound. Foster (1987) documented the historical land use of the Tla-o-qui-aht in the Tofino mudflats. He identified approximately 50 archaeological sites in the Browning Passage and Lemmens Inlet area, of which there are approximately 20 that occur on the islands and shorelines of Arakun, Ducking and Esowista Peninsula mudflats. The majority of these are located in and around Arakun and Ducking Flats and include shell middens, fish traps, canoe skids and general activity areas. The type of features that have been identified reflect the long established importance of resource utilization of local shellfish and finfish. Currently, many traditional sustenance and commercial uses of the land and sea continue and contribute to the well-being and economy of Nuu-Chah-Nulth communities. Traditional uses include hunting, fishing, and food and material gathering. Since traditional practices are, in many ways, linked to cultural understanding and well-being, traditional use of lands and waters will be sustained and may increase in the future (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). Also, participation in more mainstream economic uses is expected (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). Fishing is currently the leading employer in Nuu-chah-nulth communities, while tourism is second and forestry, aquaculture, and mining collectively account for a distant third (Clayoquot Scientific Panel 1995b). However, unemployment remains high in the Tla-o-qui-aht communities, a situation which communities are striving to remedy.

6.2 Recreation

There are significant opportunities for recreational activities in the Tofino Mudflats WMA, however due to limited access to the area it is not currently a major destination for recreationalists. At present kayaking/canoeing, bird and wildlife watching, and hunting are the most common recreational activities. These activities have potential to increase in the future as evidenced by several local businesses that are beginning to advertise the area’s potential for “soft recreation” activities such as birdwatching in their businesses literature. Two businesses (Tofino Botanical Gardens and Clayoquot-Orca Lodge) that currently border the Tofino Mudflats WMA already promote bird and wildlife watching.

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6.2.1 Sport Fishing

Sport fishing is one of the most common recreational uses of Clayoquot Sound. Coho, spring, chum, pink, sockeye, steelhead and cutthroat occur in Clayoquot Sound. Rockfish and lingcod also frequent the Sound (Ministry of Forests 1982 in Clermont 1995). While these species occur in the Tofino mudflats (i.e. Browning Passage and Tsapee Narrows), they are not as abundant in the Tofino Mudflats WMA and therefore are not sought out intensively by sport fishers. Areas near the WMA that are frequented by sports fishers include Tsapee Narrows and Grice Bay. Fly fishing is becoming more popular in the area and fly fishers are known to fish in Grice Bay, a nearby tidal flat in Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.

6.2.2 Clam Harvesting

Recreational harvesting of clams is relatively infrequent in the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Clam species pursued in the Clayoquot Sound area include butter clam, native littleneck clam, horse clam and geoduck.

6.2.3 Crab Harvesting

The crab population in the Tofino mudflats area and adjacent Lemmens Inlet supports a significant recreational and commercial fishery (also see Section 6.3). Depending on the density of crabs and time of year, the number of recreational crab pots in Browning Passage and the mouth of Lemmens Inlet averages between 50 to 100 per day (G. Adams, pers. commun.). Also, recreational crab fishing increases between May and October when the number of sports fishers in the area increases (G. Adams, pers. commun.).

6.2.4 Kayaking and Canoeing

The sheltered waters, scenic landscapes and numerous landing sites in the Clayoquot Sound region offer kayakers (and canoeists to a lesser extent) a variety of passages and destinations. A number of other recreational activities such as hiking, fishing, camping, sightseeing, birdwatching and wildlife viewing can be combined with kayaking and canoeing, and these activities are increasingly popular for both visitors and residents (Ministry of Forests, 1982 in Clermont 1995). Like most recreational activities in the area, the summer is the most popular season for kayaking. Although the mudflats are frequented by kayakers, the nearby beaches and rocky shorelines of Vargas Island and other islands attract the majority of kayakers in the area. However, with increasing popularity of kayaking and pressures on

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more frequented areas, the popularity of the Tofino Mudflats WMA for kayaking may increase.

6.2.5 Camping

There are no developed campsites in the Tofino Mudflats WMA. The potential for camping in the terrestrial areas of the WMA is limited as there are few trails, limited boat access and few suitable tenting areas. However, there have been records of campers in the WMA, some of which have left garbage behind.

6.2.6 Scuba Diving

There are several diving sites within Clayoquot Sound; however, Tofino mudflats is not favorable to diving due to shallow waters and high currents in the nearby channels.

6.2.7 Hunting

During the open season, the tidal flats of the WMA are frequented by hunters in search of waterfowl. They primarily pursue dabbling ducks such as mallards and teal, and also some geese (M. Cooper, pers. commun.). Over the past three decades though, hunting activities have decreased significantly along with the number of geese and waterfowl taken (Davies 1991; K. Gibson, pers. commun.). More hunters from outside the Tofino area used to frequent the mudflats, but now primarily local residents use the area. The Pacific Rim Fish and Game Association, Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation and other community members enjoy hunting in the Tofino mudflats and would like to continue to do so. The Association indicated that they hunt primarily in Ducking Flats, near Laddie Island and at the south end of Arakun Flats. During the course of the consultation process hunters indicated that they recognize and respect the biological importance of the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Some feel that those that do not agree with hunting are pushing hunters out of the area, by deterring hunting activities.

6.2.8 Birdwatching/Wildlife Viewing

The Tofino mudflats provide a combination of factors, which favour year-round birdwatching. The protected waters are accessible at all times of the year, and the mudflats are important staging grounds for migrating waterfowl throughout autumn and winter, and support internationally significant shorebird populations during their migrations in spring and summer. Canada geese, trumpeter swans, green-winged teals, western sandpipers, black oystercatchers, and great blue herons are among the waterbirds observers enjoy in this area. The area also attracts other birds such as bald eagles, great horned owls, goshawks, and peregrine falcons. Rare birds, such as falcated teal, have also been seen in the mudflats. The WMA is becoming increasingly known by birdwatchers as a destination, particularly during the spring shorebird migration.

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Marine wildlife is fairly common and includes harbour seals, harbour porpoises, northern (Steller) sea lions, gray whales and killer whales. These animals are mostly observed in the deeper channels and passages in and adjacent to the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Terrestrial wildlife is also abundant and includes black bears, cougars, and gray wolves, as well as the black-tailed deer, river otter, mink, marten, and raccoon. These mammals are often observed along the shoreline and wildlife sign (i.e. scat, prints) can be found there and in adjacent terrestrial areas. Shorebird festival Initiated in 1997, the Shorebird Festival has been held in Tofino around the last two weeks in April. For the most part the festival has been a “low key” event and public activities have included speakers and organized viewing tours. During the first year, brochures and two signs were produced to help raise awareness of the migrating shorebirds in the local area and the importance of the habitat. Initially, the goal of the festival was to raise local awareness of the importance of the Tofino area (primarily Chesterman Beach and the mudflats) to migrating shorebirds. Of primary concern was the harassment of shorebirds by dogs off the leash. While many knew that shorebirds were occasionally present, few, other than some local naturalists and biologists were aware of the significance of the area. In 2001, the Tofino Chamber of Commerce helped with the organization and the festival and shorebird migration is being marketed as another natural attraction of the Tofino area.

6.2.9 Sightseeing/Hiking

Over 50% of visitors to the Tofino area rate sightseeing at the top of their list of activities (Tofino Chamber of Commerce 1999). Due to the dense forest and limited trails in the Tofino area, present recreational use is primarily ocean and shoreline oriented. The Big Tree Trail on the southwest corner of Meares Island (flat land between Arakun and Ducking Flats) below Mount Colnett features an old-growth western redcedar, western hemlock and Sitka spruce forest on an easy, one hour return trail. Approximately 1000 visitors explore this trail during the summer season. Lack of trails in the Tofino Mudflats WMA precludes extensive hiking and backpacking.

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6.3 Commercial/Industrial Use

6.3.1 Aquaculture

No commercial finfish or shellfish aquaculture tenures currently exist on the lands included in the Tofino Mudflats WMA (T. Hilborn pers. commun. 2001; Clermont 1995). Clayoquot Sound, however, supports 18 salmon aquaculture operations and a number of shellfish operations. Both industries may expand in the future. A moratorium on the expansion of salmon farms has been partially lifted by the B.C. government. This allows for some companies to relocate existing farms to areas where they presently hold foreshore leases. Local initiatives have been exploring the possibility of expanding shellfish aquaculture (and associated infrastructure) in the Clayoquot Sound area. For example, the biological carrying capacity of the region for intensive shellfish aquaculture is being explored along with the potential for a shellfish processing plant in the region. The closest salmon farm in proximity to the WMA is approximately four kilometers away at Baxter Point on the southeastern side of Meares Island. Lemmens Inlet supports more than five shellfish farms. The WMA designation does not prohibit the development of commercial aquaculture operations, but any proposal to do so will first have to meet approval of the Fish and Wildlife Branch, MWLAP. Only those operations that are deemed to have no detrimental effects to the natural values of the site will be allowed.

6.3.2 Shellfish Harvesting

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans considers the Tofino mudflats area to be regionally significant for horse clams as it represents the major stock of this species on the south coast of British Columbia (Clermont 1995). Commercial harvest occurs primarily on Ducking and Arakun Flats and this harvest is viewed as having potential for growth (Clermont 1995). Commercial harvest of geoducks also occurs in the Tofino area. Statistical Area 24, which includes Lemmens Inlet and Browning Passage, is assigned the largest geoduck quota on the British Columbia coast by the DFO (Clermont 1995). At 3.3 million kilograms, the quota is significantly greater than the next largest area, which is assigned 1.76 million kilograms. Although, Arakun Flats possesses the most potentially important geoduck harvest location within the WMA, geoducks were not a common species found in the Tofino Mudflats WMA in a recent comparative mollusc study (Clermont 1995; Palm 2000). No commercial wild oyster harvesting occurs in or around the Tofino area. The only area in Clayoquot Sound for commercial oyster harvesting is in the Sydney Inlet area.

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6.3.3 Crab Harvesting

The Tofino area annually accounts for 10-15% of the annual commercial dungeness crab landings in the British Columbia (Clermont 1995). Approximately one-half of these landings are dependent on the Tofino Mudflats WMA. According to Clermont (1995), this area is as important as other provincially significant crab harvesting areas such as the outer Fraser River Estuary.

6.3.4 Forestry

The Ministry of Forests indicated that the Tofino Mudflats WMA is not required for forest harvest, booming or storage of logs (Clermont 1995). MLWAP may selectively log portions of the WMA in the future to create bio-diversity and land management values. Small portions of the Tofino Mudflats WMA were logged in the 1960s and in the 1990s. Also, a small scale saw mill was established and operational for a few years in the 1980s. Current owners of lands adjacent to the Tofino Mudflats WMA have expressed an interest in logging their properties. One owner has requested road access through WMA property for these purposes and is in communication with MWLAP. The permission for a 100 m access was granted in exchange for a stewardship role in monitoring activity occurring in that portion of the WMA (T. Clermont, pers. commun. 2001). MWLAP may want to selectively log portions of the uplands to create more biodiversity and land management revenues (T. Clermont, pers. commun. 2001).

6.3.5 Mining

There is one mineral claim active in the WMA: Daisy Leach Mineral Claim on D.L. 1303 or “Raccoon Island.”

6.3.6 Other Industrial Uses

An abandoned water supply pipeline runs from Ginnard Creek on Meares Island across Browning Passage, down Maltby Slough to private property (D.L.257). The pipeline was intended to supply a proposed commercial campground, but this plan and pipeline was abandoned.

6.3.7 Tourism

Tourism is generally considered commercially based, involving expenditures such as travel and accommodation compared to recreation, which is considered to be a non-commercially based pursuit of activities (e.g. self-guided kayaking, or sports fishing with personal boat). Tourism and recreation overlap considerably

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in the Tofino area, where many recreational pursuits also involve travel and some expenditures. The tourism industry drives a large majority of economic activity in Tofino and is expanding at a significant rate. In fact it is among the top three industries in Tofino (B.C. Statistics 1996). It is estimated that approximately 1 million people visit the west coast of Vancouver Island annually. The Tofino Chamber of Commerce estimates that number is significantly increasing each year (Tofino Chamber of Commerce 1999).

6.3.7.1 Resorts Tofino offers motel, hotel, bed and breakfast, resort and campsite accommodation. Currently there are 1315 beds available for nightly rental and current resort developments and expansions will soon increase this number (Tofino Chamber of Commerce 1999). There are 816 sanctioned campsites (Tofino Chamber of Commerce 1999). Nine resorts/campgrounds and numerous bed and breakfasts operations are situated directly across from the WMA on the Esowista Peninsula, and are within approximately 1-15 minute walk from the WMA boundary, depending on access. One resort property is located directly adjacent to the shoreline of the WMA. Although the WMA is not currently a major destination of Tofino resort guests (due in part to difficult land access and limited awareness of the WMA), some resorts have expressed an interest in providing guests with the opportunity to utilize the WMA for its recreational values. In fact, some resorts and bed and breakfasts operations have expressed an interest in boosting business in the low and shoulder season by promoting the recreational values of the WMA, particularly during shorebird migration in the spring and from autumn through spring when waterfowl use of the WMA is high.

6.3.7.2 Tour Operators and Other Outdoor Tourism Businesses In the Tofino area, there are over 25 businesses that provide services to visitors who are pursuing outdoor adventures in Clayoquot Sound. In addition, there are many other companies from outside the area that bring tour groups to Clayoquot Sound to enjoy the wilderness. Services offered are oriented around activities such as whale watching (including other wildlife viewing such as bear watching) kayaking, sports fishing, and to a lesser extent aerial flights, other boat excursions (with land destinations), scuba diving, surfing, and biking. Also, resorts offer inclusive packages that include accommodation and tour adventures such as whale watching. In general, the Tofino Mudflats WMA is not one of the main destinations for marine based tourism such as whale watching/wildlife viewing and kayaking. Gray whales, the main attraction for wildlife viewing boat tours, are mainly found in the outer bays of Clayoquot Sound and less frequently in Grice Bay. On route to other destinations (e.g. Grice Bay), whale watching boat operators will sometimes stop in Browning Passage or venture briefly into tidal channels to point out wildlife in the WMA. Further exploration by motorized boats is limited

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due to shallow waters and frequent tidal fluctuations. Although kayakers do frequent the WMA, it is not a major destination for guided kayaking tours. However, this may change with increased awareness of the WMA and pursuit of less frequented kayak routes and destinations. A new tourism-based business, bordering the WMA at its northern perimeter, has recently been established, and is interested in promoting the recreational and educational values of the adjacent WMA. The Tofino Botanical Gardens is a unique operation aimed at promoting the appreciation and education of cultivated and native plants, coupled with environmental landscaping. They hope to attract visitors with interests in gardening, nature, and birdwatching.

6.4 Residential Use

6.4.1 Adjacent Residential Use

Several residential properties border the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Some are adjacent to the terrestrial areas, but most are waterfront properties. These are desirable locations to live, offering natural beauty, viewpoints, peaceful surroundings, and opportunities to view wildlife. In fact, properties for sale in the area are often marketed in this way. The highest densities occur along the western boundary of D.L. 128 and 129. Zoning in these lots is for single family residents and mobile homes. At present, the mobile home subdivision is not fully developed yet. The rest of the residential properties that border the WMA are located along the shoreline and are low density single family residences; however, some properties have been subdivided. Two residential properties bordering the shoreline of the Tofino Mudflats WMA operate hobby farms.

6.4.2 Float houses and Cabins in the WMA

Clayoquot Sound is intermittently dotted with float houses, houseboats, and cabins. Presently, there are six inhabited float houses and cabins situated in or near the WMA. These dwellings are inhabited either temporarily or year round. Some of the structures have been located in the WMA for a number of years, and some have just recently been located or erected. Float house occupants tend to seek out private areas, with calm waters, and occasionally move from one location to another. Presently, there are three float houses/houseboats located in the WMA. There are three cabins located within the boundaries of the WMA. People are attracted to live in remote areas of Clayoquot Sound as it offers privacy and outstanding natural surroundings. Also, some people are forced to

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seek some form of accommodation on crown lands in the area due to the housing shortage in Tofino, particularly in the summer months with the influx of tourists and seasonal residents. As with many small communities that are tourist destinations, year-round, affordable housing can be difficult to secure. Under the Provincial Land Act, residents living in these cabins and float houses are illegally occupying crown land. As well, this type of land use is not permitted in the District of Tofino or in the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District. Presently, one cabin occupant has expressed that they are willing to leave, and remove the cabin and other belongings and garbage from the WMA. One float house occupant has been asked to leave their present location from an adjacent private property owner. Another float house occupant and another cabin occupant have been informally acting as guardians, and have expressed an interest in becoming formalized guardians for the WMA. These two individuals collect garbage, coordinate major clean ups (in the terrestrial portion of the WMA across from Cox Bay) and occasionally advise the Tofino Bylaw enforcement officer of Bylaw infringements within the WMA.

6.5 Municipal and Regional Districts

Water to the District of Tofino is supplied from three sources on Meares Island near the Tofino Mudflats WMA: Sharp, Number One, and Ginnard Creeks. The District’s water supply is transported to Tofino via submerged pipelines. One submerged pipeline crosses Browning Passage and tidal flats of the WMA (D.L 1990; Plan 43680) from Ginnard Creek to a pumphouse at the end of Sharp Road. The pipeline from Sharp and Number One Creeks crosses Arakun Flats and Browning Passage to Bay Street (Plan 43564) (I. Howatt, pers. commun.). In the mid-1990s, the District of Tofino proposed a water storage facility on terrestrial areas of the Tofino Mudflats WMA (D.L. 129). The water storage facility was proposed because the current facility on Meares Island would not be suitable for expansion in the future as Meares Island is a part of First Nations land claim negotiations. Also, the District wanted to alleviate possible damage and future maintenance of the submerged pipeline. The proposed site was tested for suitability, an ecological inventory was conducted, and the development was conditionally approved by the MWLAP. However, the facility was not developed and there are no plans to utilize it in the future. Presently, the District of Tofino is pursuing a new water system that will draw water from Kennedy Lake. The District of Tofino is considering acquiring and developing D.L. 129 for instructional/institutional purposes in the future. Also, the District is considering acquiring D.L. 128 to have as a natural park area. All legally conforming properties adjacent to the WMA are linked to the municipal sewer system, and there are no known properties using septic tanks or fields, except cabin residence in trespass. The District of Tofino currently operates two

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sewage outfalls which discharge untreated raw domestic sewage into Duffin Passage, west of downtown Tofino. As sewage outflows have recently exceeded the permitted discharge (as permitted by MWLAP under the Waste Management Act), the District is adopting a Liquid Waste Management Plan (LWMP) to provide new options for sewage treatment. Stage One of the LWMP assumes that the District of Tofino will provide secondary treatment of wastewater at some point and that fish processing operations would provide their own outfalls (District of Tofino 2001).

6.6 Pacific Rim National Park Reserve

Pacific Rim National Park Reserve (PRNPR) borders the WMA at the southern end of the Esowista Peninsula, along the coastline of South Bay. The Park draws many people to the Tofino area annually. The Park’s use of the adjacent lands is very much compatible with the MWLAP objectives for the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Like all other national parks, the goal of the PRNPR is to ensure the protection of the “ecological integrity” of the Park. In order to achieve this goal, the Park recognizes the importance of adjacent lands and is considerate of the ecological connections across the Park boundaries.

6.7 Science and Education

Clayoquot Sound is an area that has attracted several educational organizations and inspired various research pursuits over the years. It has been the subject of many government and university studies for decades. Local groups have formed such as Long Beach Model Forest Society, the Clayoquot Biosphere Project, the Regional Aquatic Management Society and several others to pursue varying types of research and/or educational projects in recent years. The Clayoquot Sound area is recognized as an ecologically diverse and unique environment that has been in the public eye because of land use debates in recent years. This, coupled with increasing pressures on natural resources and the public’s desire for changes in resource-based industries, has urged resource managers, university researchers, and many others to pursue investigations in the area. Research conducted in the Tofino Mudflats WMA and surroundings includes waterfowl, shorebird, and waterbird studies, infauna studies (animals living in the ocean floor), and habitat and vegetation studies. As well, new forest practices (over 100 recommendations) were adopted specifically for Clayoquot Sound by the Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel (1995a). Scientific and educational pursuits are likely to increase in the Clayoquot Sound area in the future as efforts to manage for environmental, socio-economical, and cultural sustainability increase. The recent designation of Clayoquot Sound as a UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve (MAB) reflects this pursuit. The main objective of the MAB Programme is to promote the sustainable use and

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conservation of biological diversity, for the improvement of the relationship between people and the environment, where research and training in natural resource management is a priority. The draft mission of the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (for the UNESCO Clayoquot Biosphere Reserve) is “working with the communities in the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Region, the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (CBT) will promote conservation and sustainable development through the support of research, education and training initiatives” (Clayoquot Biosphere Trust 2001). The CBT received a $12 million endowment from the Federal Government of Canada to be used for local research, education and training initiatives that supports conservation and sustainable development. The District may seek to acquire and utilize D.L. 129 in the WMA for research/educational purposes as outlined in the draft OCP. The OCP describes the intention to build “a high technology, educational research business park on District Lot 129 in a campus style layout with retention of large expanses of natural vegetation and open space and associated buffer along Browning Passage”. Section 3.4.2.3 Item 2 states: Research and education facilities and associated businesses will be encouraged to cluster in the Sharp Road business park area consistent with the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area management regime” (District of Tofino 2001).

6.8 Significant Historic Features

The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation are the traditional landowners and resource users of the Tofino Mudflats WMA and adjacent area. Archaeological sites of shellfish and finfish use are located in and around Arakun and Ducking Flats (See Section 6.1 for further information). These are important historical sites as they denote the importance of the area to people who lived here previously.

6.9 Designations

The Tofino mudflats received four designations, ranging from regional to international significance. It is also a candidate for two other internationally significant designations. For contact information on these designations and associated programs see Appendix D.

6.9.1 Current Designations

6.9.1.1 Wildlife Management Area In 1993, the Pacific Estuary Conservation Program recommended that the Tofino mudflats become the top priority on Vancouver Island for the development of a WMA. In 1997, the Tofino mudflats were officially designated a Wildlife Management Area. This designation falls under the provincial Wildlife Act and

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serves to protect critical fish and wildlife habitat and provide for compatible public use.

6.9.1.2 Regionally Significant Land Area In the Committee on Resources and Environment (CORE) Land Use Plan for Vancouver Island, the Tofino Mudflats WMA was designated as Regionally Significant Land Area #15.

6.9.1.3 Important Bird Area The Important Bird Areas (IBA) program is an international effort to identify, conserve, and monitor a network of sites that provide essential habitat for bird populations. The Tofino Mudflats WMA is designated as IBA BC002 as it provides habitat where birds concentrate in significant numbers when wintering or migrating. The IBA program identifies significant sites and works with local communities and stakeholder groups, scientists and non-government organizations to conserve, monitor and educate others about IBAs. In Canada, the IBA program is supported by The Canadian Nature Federation, Bird Studies Canada, Birdlife International, and Natural Legacy 2000 (a Government of Canada Millennium program).

6.9.1.4 Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program)

In 2000, the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve was officially declared. The Reserve covers approximately 350 000 ha which includes the Tofino Mudflats WMA. Biosphere Reserves have legally-protected core areas, which give long-term protection to landscapes and ecosystems (e.g. provincial and national parks), buffer zones where activities which help support conservation objectives of core areas can be carried out, and a zone of cooperation, where people work together to use the area’s resources in a sustainable manner. Biosphere Reserves serve to combine three functions: conservation, sustainable development, and support for research, education and training. The Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve received a $12 million endowment from the federal government. The Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (CBT) will support programs with the income earned from this trust fund.

6.9.2 Potential Designations

6.9.2.1 Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve The Tofino mudflats area has been nominated for an international designation as part of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network (WHSRN). To be nominated for such a designation, an area must support at least 100 000 shorebirds annually or 15% of a species flyway population. The Tofino mudflats area and Chesterman Beach shorebird population is estimated to exceed

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200 000. If the area receives such a designation, it would eligible for assistance with management and conservation initiatives, research initiatives, and public outreach/education. Eligible sites can participate in WHSRN networking activities such as site “twinning”, personnel exchanges, training, and strategic planning. Successful sites also receive an exterior sign, brochures, newsletters, and education/technical materials.

6.9.2.2 Ramsar Status The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat treaty (also known as the Convention on Wetlands or the Ramsar Convention) was an intergovernmental treaty adopted on February 2, 1971 in Ramsar, Iran. The Convention recognizes wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity conservation and for the well-being of human communities (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, n.d.1). As of February 2000 more than 1000 wetlands have been designated for inclusion in the List of Wetlands of International Importance, covering over 73 million hectares. Canada currently has 36 Ramsar sites, covering 13 051 258 ha (Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, n.d.2). The Ramsar Convention has eight criterion for consideration as a Wetland of International Importance. The criterion that pertain to the Tofino Mudflats WMA include:

Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities. Criterion 3: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports populations of plant and/or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region. Criterion 4: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it supports plants and/or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles, or provides refuge during adverse conditions. Criterion 5: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 20 000 or more waterbirds. Criterion 6: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it regularly supports 1% of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.

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7.0 COMMUNITY VALUES AND PERSPECTIVES

7.1 Background

The consultation process was an important component of the management plan for Tofino Mudflats WMA. The process provided an opportunity for local people to discuss ideas, and raise issues and concerns regarding the management of the Tofino Mudflats WMA at the outset of management planning. The process also provided an opportunity to raise local awareness and educate local people. Sixty people were consulted in the process, through interviews and/or meetings. The consultation process suggested that there is a moderate level of interest towards the Tofino Mudflats WMA, although there is little awareness about the area. The majority of people contacted were interested in discussing the WMA and its management; however, there were relatively few people who turned out for the public meetings. Those that did attend the meetings were keenly interested. Most people know that the area was recently given a designation and the area is important to birds, but know little about the designation itself, the location of the WMA, the boundaries, or the ecological sensitivities. In general, there is an overall concern for the well-being of the Tofino Mudflats WMA, although people place value on it for different reasons. For the most part the area is valued for tourism, recreation, commercial and traditional use. Main issues/ideas that were brought up during the consultation process included access and use, business opportunities, advisory committee, float houses and cabins, hunting, public awareness and education, research, and protection and enforcement.

7.2 Community Issues

7.2.1 Access and Use in the WMA

There is concern regarding current and future increased use in the WMA. Some people would like to see improved access with limitations, while some others believe that there should not be any further access provided. Those that do not want further access are concerned that improving access will increase the use in the area, resulting in potential negative impacts in the WMA and surrounding properties. Those that want improved access believe that with the right controls, people can enjoy the WMA without negatively impacting the area. Some suggestions for providing improved access and controlled use include the following: • provide access to WMA from areas that have been developed already in

order to limit development in the area and minimize disturbance (e.g. Sharp Road);

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• limit access to certain areas during certain times of the year and perhaps restrict use in some areas to minimize disturbance to wildlife (e.g. keep people out and/or away from less accessible areas that have high habitat values);

• provide signage to educate visitors about the WMA; • limit or restrict water based activities; • specifically provide improved viewing opportunities of shorebirds and

waterfowl in the mudflats without disturbing them; • place any parking lots away from water; • standardize wildlife viewing guidelines for the WMA.

7.2.2 Tofino Mudflats WMA as a Business Opportunity

A few people expressed interest in the WMA as a vehicle to enhance their businesses, by promoting the recreational values and the ecological significance to clientele. A few indicated that they are interested in providing support for developing wildlife viewing opportunities and other recreational activities in the WMA.

7.2.3 Advisory Committee

The advisory committee was formed in early 1999 via a public meeting held in Tofino by the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. During the consultation process, several people asked about the composition of this committee and expressed an interest in being involved or in ensuring that there was a more comprehensive representation of the community on the committee. Some expressed concern that those presently on the Advisory Committee were there only because they had a vested interest in the WMA (e.g. business opportunity).

7.2.4 Float houses and Cabins

Presently, there are nine float houses, house boats and cabins located in or directly adjacent to the WMA (see Section 6.4 for background information). The community perspective on this topic is broad and includes the following suggestions: 1) inhabitants should vacate immediately and anyone else should be prohibited

from living in the WMA; 2) give those living in the WMA time to vacate, and do not allow any others to

take occupancy; 3) those that live in the WMA should be permitted, and do not allow any others

to take occupancy; 4) those that live in the WMA should be grandfathered into the WMA; 5) those that live in the WMA should be charged rent or a fee, or in exchange of

work to benefit the WMA; 6) or a combination of the above.

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There were two main reasons expressed for excluding people from living in the WMA: 1) some visitors to the WMA felt that they could not enjoy parts of the WMA

because they did not want to intrude on those who live there and sometimes their presence was actually deterred by occupants; and

2) it is an area designated to protect habitat, and there are probably enough impacts on the WMA from the adjacent terrestrial areas.

Some reasons people expressed for allowing those that live in the WMA to stay include the following: 1) Tofino is experiencing a housing shortage and exclusion from the WMA may

render some people homeless; 2) Float houses, cabins, and temporary structures are a part of the area’s

history, character, and uniqueness; 3) The impact of some people living in the WMA is less than other uses of the

area; 4) The presence of people within the WMA provides a “safety net” and some

level of guardianship over the area.

7.2.5 Hunting

A number of individuals enjoy hunting in the Tofino area, including in the WMA. Hunting in the area has been popular for decades, although numbers of hunters have decreased significantly (see Section 6.2.7 for further information). Hunters would like to continue hunting in the WMA, and the designation allows for this kind of use. For some people who recreate or live in or adjacent to the WMA, they would prefer that there was no hunting in the area. They are concerned that there is a public safety risk, and it detracts from their experience in the WMA. Also, some believe that allowing hunting in the WMA is contrary to conservation objectives. Some suggest that hunting should be limited to certain areas at certain times in order not to conflict with other user groups.

7.2.6 Awareness, Education and Research

Many people would like to see increased public awareness and education of the Tofino Mudflats WMA. People believe it will instigate responsible use and promote a sense of stewardship of the area. Also, some people think that it is very important to improve current base of ecological information of the WMA. People indicated that they would like to see long term studies conducted particularly for birds and water quality.

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7.2.7 Protection and Enforcement

Protection and enforcement are thought to be important parts of management of the WMA. Some people think that wildlife and habitat of the WMA may be better protected if there are changes made to the boundaries: • consider changing marine boundaries so that all follow the natural boundary

of the mudflats; • where feasible, consider including streams that drain into the mudflats; • consider including Chesterman Beach in WMA; • consider including terrestrial lands (D.L. 265, 266, 268, 269, 270) as these are

bordered by WMA properties on all sides; and • consider including the intertidal area up to Usatzes Point. Also, enforcement of laws and regulations are thought to be a very important factor in effective management of the WMA. People are concerned that with increased use, enforcement of laws and regulations pertaining to the WMA will have to be stepped up. People do not want to be over-policed; however, currently people feel that the presence of an enforcement officer is required to address issues specifically related to wildlife. Presently, Tofino does not have a resident conservation officer; however, MWLAP Wildlife Branch Conservation Officers from Port Alberni are often requested to take action on issues in the area. This proves to be difficult, as the officers are located two hours away. Other enforcement officers (i.e. Tofino Bylaw officer, RCMP, and Wardens from PRNPR) are often called to respond to wildlife issues that require immediate assistance. With an expected increase in use of the WMA, particularly if infrastructure (i.e. trail network) is developed, people believe that enforcement in the area should be increased (e.g. official enforcement officer, WMA guardian). There is public concern that the air traffic (i.e. floatplanes) in the area causes bird disturbance. Suggestions were made to establish minimum aircraft elevation levels and adjust flight patterns to avoid disturbing birds especially during migration periods and over wintering months in the WMA.

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8.0 CURRENT LAND STATUS In April 1997, Tofino Mudflats was designated a Wildlife Management Area. The WMA is a “Designated Use Area” and is provincially owned Crown land, administered by the B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. Table 1 describes the current land status of the WMA. For file identification numbers see Appendix E. Table 1 Land Status within the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area, Vancouver Island Clayoquot Land District, District Lot

Place Name/ Location

Partially Owned/ Lease

Area(ha) Foreshore (Tidal Flats & Islands): D.L. 1165

Ducking Island N/A 6.82

D.L. 1303

“Raccoon Island” (Mouth of South Bay and Maltby Slough)

Daisy Leach Mineral Claim

3.07

D.L. 1306

Arakun Islands N/A 7.04

D.L. 1307

Arakun Islands N/A 1.53

D.L. 1308 Sloman Island (Arakun Flats)

N/A 3.4

D.L. 1485

Doug Banks’ Flats, Jensens Bay

N/A 97.93

D.L. 1990 Foreshore West of D.L. 128, 129

N/A 185.35

D.L. 1995 Arakun Flats

N/A 55.44

D.L. 1997

Foreshore near “Raccoon Is.” N/A 42.08

D.L. 2000 Arakun Flats

N/A 35.02

D.L. 2007

Arakun Flats N/A 30.10

D.L. 2011

Arakun Flats N/A 20.59

D.L. 2012

Arakun Flats N/A 29.29

D.L. 2013

Ducking Flats N/A 11.13

D.L. 2016

Section of foreshore near “Raccoon Island”

N/A 6.55

D.L. 2019

Arakun Flats N/A 16.39

Unsurveyed Foreshore Unalienated & Unencumbered C.L. & F/S, unsurveyed

N/A 1218.00

TOTAL FORESHORE AND ISLANDS: 1769.73

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Clayoquot Land District, District Lot

Place Name/ Location

Partially Owned/ Lease

Area(ha) Terrestrial (District of Tofino): D.L. 128

Adjacent to D.L. 129 N/A

12.95

D.L. 129

Adjacent to Sharp Rd.

N/A

20.23

D.L. 271 Land across from Cox Bay Except Pl. 12123 subdivision

16.99

D.L. 272– in question - in/out of WMA?

Land across from Cox Bay

N/A ?

D.L. 275

Land across from Cox Bay N/A 44.11

D.L. 276

Land across from Cox Bay N/A 31.6

D.L. 277

Land across from Cox Bay N/A 23.5

D.L. 278

Land across from Cox Bay N/A 35.2

D.L. 279

Land across from Cox Bay N/A 24.82

D.L. 255

Head of Maltby Slough N/A 16.19

D.L. 254

Head of Maltby Slough

Except Blk A, District of Tofino Cemetery

13.76

Terrestrial (Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District): D.L. 263

East side of Maltby Slough N/A 16.18

D.L. 264

East side of Maltby Slough N/A 66.36

D.L. 267

East side of Maltby Slough N/A 16.18

Total Terrestrial: 338.07 Total WMA: 2107.80 District Lot and WMA boundary Notes District Lot 272 is currently in question whether it is in the WMA. The MWLAP should clarify whether this D.L. is within the WMA. Also, D.L. 1308 or Sloman Island was formerly thought to be outside the boundaries of the WMA, but recent information indicates that it is in the WMA. Current information also indicates that a portion of D.L. 264 is not represented on current maps. MWLAP should ensure that all forthcoming maps of the WMA include D.L. 1308 and the missing portion of D.L. 264. See Map 10 for corrections to WMA boundaries.

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Map 10 Corrections to Tofino Mudflats WMA boundaries

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9.0 DISTRICT PLANNING

9.1 District of Tofino

The area of the Tofino Mudflats WMA that is within the District of Tofino is located along the Esowista Peninsula. It includes terrestrial areas and foreshore. There are four separate sections of terrestrial lands: (1) D.L. 128, 129 (2) D.L. 271, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279 (3) D.L. 254 (4) D.L. 255 The District of Tofino boundary extends out over the foreshore approximately 200 metres, bordering the Esowista Peninsula from D.L. 128 to D.L 254 in the WMA. All Districts lands within the WMA boundaries are primarily intended for public and recreation uses. The current draft OCP is supportive of the principles of the MWLAP objectives for the Tofino Mudflats WMA. The OCP encourages environmentally sensitive development in the District, particularly in and around the Tofino Mudflats WMA, and states that “the mud flats of Browning Passage provide critical habitat for migratory shorebirds and resident birds. Development near the mud flats should be sensitive to their use by shorebird populations” (District of Tofino 2001). Land use adjacent to the Tofino Mudflats WMA is a result of historical settlement patterns. A nucleus of medium/high density development exists at the north end of Esowista Peninsula at the town of Tofino. Lower density residential development extends on the eastern coastline along the Esowista Peninsula. Tofino's draft OCP establishes the basis for continuing these traditional development/settlement patterns (District of Tofino 2001). The OCP Neighbourhood Area Policy refers to this area as “existing rural lots east of Pacific Rim Highway [in the Chesterman Beach Neighbourhood] remain rural in character and density.” A one acre minimum property lot size is established for the majority of this area. Other adjacent lands in the District include four sections of district land designated as public parks and areas. Two large residential properties that border the shoreline are designated as rural districts, which provide for retention of wildland as non-urban land for use of farm or forest and recreational activities. There is one area of medium-high density residential properties, which back onto terrestrial areas of the WMA. Also, there is a single section designated for primarily institutional and educational type uses, which is located along the shoreline of the WMA, north of D.L. 128. The draft OCP states that the Local Area Plan for District Lots 128 and 129 shall include: “a high technology, educational research business park on District Lot 129 in a campus style layout with retention of large expanses of natural vegetation and open space and associated buffer along Browning Passage”.

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Section 3.4.2.3 Item 2 states: Research and education facilities and associated businesses will be encouraged to cluster in the Sharp Road business park area consistent with the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area management regime” (District of Tofino 2001). Also, D.L. 128 is intended to be a natural park. The District may seek to acquire both D.L.s in the future. (Note: D.L. 128 and 129 are in the WMA. In the past, there was an agreement for water storage on the lots, however this did not exclude this land from the WMA. The village is now looking to other alternatives to supply water and will not exercise this option.) In general, land within the WMA and adjacent marine and terrestrial areas are zoned in a manner that support the MWLAP management objectives of the Tofino Mudflats WMA. The District of Tofino has long recognized the environmental importance of the Tofino Mudflats WMA, and is managing land use in a manner that will promote the long term conservation of the resources and habitats of the area. The current OCP reinforces this relationship. Section 3.5.2.1 (Stewardship Policies) Item 5 of the draft OCP states: The District shall support the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Unit for the protection of shorebird and migratory bird habitat by: • Ensuring that a natural [area] is dedicated and maintained; • Identifying a dogs-free area on mudflats between District Lot 128 and District

Lot 278. For specific sections of the Tofino OCP that directly relate to the Tofino Mudflats WMA please see Appendix F.

9.2 Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District

Areas of the Tofino Mudflats WMA that lie within the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District (ACRD) include the majority of foreshore area and one section of land. The foreshore area includes all tidal flats outside of the Tofino District and all of Arakun and Ducking Flats. The terrestrial section is located on the east side of Maltby Slough and consists of D.L. 263, 264, 267. All areas of the Tofino Mudflats WMA within the ACRD are designated for park and public use. Lands on the Esowista Peninsula adjacent to the WMA are designated as forest reserve for the retention of forest and wildlands, where natural resource development and extraction is the primary use allowed (Forest Reserve District (A4)) (Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District 2000). See Appendix G for a description of A4 zoning and uses permitted. This type of land use is inconsistent with the conservation objectives of the WMA.

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REFERENCES Adams, Gordon. Fisheries Officer, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 2001. Personal Communication. March 19, 2001. Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District. 2000. Zoning Bylaw. Consolidated February 29, 2000. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. n.d.1. Conservation History of Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area. Unpublished document. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks files. 2pp. _____. n.d.2. Wildlife Management Areas. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks public information document. 2pp. _____. 1984. Letter from R.G. Davies to D. W. Berry, re: review referral of Tofino mudflats lands, October 1, 1984. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks files. _____. 1994. Maintaining British Columbia’s Wildlife Heritage: Provincial Wildlife Strategy to 2001. Victoria, B.C. 20pp. _____. 1994. Proposal for a Section 13 (Land Act) Designated Use Area and Wildlife Management Plan for the Tofino Mudflats, Vancouver Island, B.C. March 15, 1994. Wildlife Section, Region 1. 19pp. _____. 1997. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks News Release: Tofino Mudflats Designated Wildlife Management Area. _____. 2000. Planning Guide to Wildlife Management Areas. Unpublished report. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. 42pp. _____. 2001a. News Release: Wildlife Management Areas Expanded on Vancouver Island. April 7, 2001. _____. 2001b. Environmental Objectives, Best Management Practices and Requirements for Land Developments. B.C. Provincial Government. 1996. B.C. Wildlife Act, Wildlife, RS Chap. 488. B.C. Statistics. 1996. Tofino Community Profile. Information from web page: http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/data/dd/facsheet/cf022.pdf. Beasley, B. 2001. Project Coordinator for The Long Beach Model Forest Society. Personal Communication.

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_____, Addison, C, and K. Lucas. 2000. Clayoquot Sound Amphibian Inventory 1998-1999. Prepared for The Long Beach Model Forest Society and the Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. Bird Studies Canada. 1998. Canadian Important Bird Area: Tofino Mudflats. Information from web page: www.bsc-eoc.org/iba/ibasites/Bc022.html British Columbia Wildlife Watch Program, 2001. Information from website: http://www3.bc.sympatico.ca/driftwood/program.htm Butler, R.W. Canadian Wildlife Service. February 19, 2001. Personal Communication. _____, Dorst, A., and Mark A. Hobson. 1992. Seasonal abundance and biomass of birds in eelgrass habitats in Browning Passage on the west coast of Vancouver Island, in The ecology, status and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Edited by K. Vermeer, R.W. Butler and K. H. Morgan. Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper Number 75, Ottawa. _____ and Moira J.F.Lemon. 2001. Spring Shorebird Migration at Tofino Mudflats, British Columbia. Unpublished. Campbell, B. 2000. Ecosystem Secretariat. Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. August 23, 2000. Personal Communication. Canadian Wildlife Service. 1984. Letter from the Regional Director to D.W.Berry, re: Crown foreshore reserves – Tofino, October 3, 1984. Cannings, Richard J. and Sydney Cannings. 1996. British Columbia: A Natural History. Vancouver: Greystone Books. Cannings, S. 2001. Conservation Data Centre. May 25, 2001. Personal Communication. Clayoquot Biosphere Trust. 2001. Discussing a Vision for the Clayoquot Biosphere Trust (public workbook). Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel. 1995a. Sustainable ecosystem management in Clayoquot Sound, Report 5. Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound, Victoria. 296pp. _____. 1995b. First Nations’ Perspectives, Report 3. Scientific Panel for Sustainable Forest Practices in Clayoquot Sound, Victoria. 74 pp.

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Clermont, T. 1995. Preliminary Management Plan for the proposed Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area (Presently a Section 13 Designated Use Application). Prepared for Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ducks Unlimited Canada, Habitat Conservation Fund. Cooper, M. 2000. President of the Pacific Rim Fish and Game Association. Meeting held with members August 19, 2000. Davies, J.L. 1980. Geographical Variation in Coastal Development, 2nd Edition. Longman Inc.: New York. 212pp. Davies, R. 1991. MoELP Memo to G. Radcliffe; Re: Waterfowl Inventory and Hunting Statistics for Tofino Area. Demarchi, D. 1995. Ecoregions of British Columbia. Fourth edition. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks, Victoria. Map. Department of Fisheries and Oceans. January 25, 2001. Herring Spawn Areas in British Columbia: A Review, Geographic Analysis and Classification at DFO website: http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/herspawn/herspawn/project.htm Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 2000. Escapement records for Area 24. Diggon, S. and M. Eggen. Unpublished field notes. District of Tofino. 1984. The District of Tofino Official Community Plan. _____. 2001. Official Community Plan Update, Issue Paper: Water and Sewer Service. Dorst, Adrian. 1986. Tofino Mudflats Waterbird Census: Summary Report. For Ducks Unlimited Canada. Dorst, Adrian. 2001. Local Naturalist. July 2001. Personal Communication. ECL Envirowest Consultants Ltd. 1995. Ecological Inventory of District Lot 129, Clayoquot District. Prepared for the District of Tofino. 31pp. Environment Canada. 2001. Shorebird Flyways – Northward and Southward Migration. http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/hww-fap/shorebd/shorebirds.html Foster, J. 1987. Arakun Flats-Tofino Area [Archaeological Sites]. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks, Inventory Section, Archaeology Programs. Gibson, K., Tofino resident. Nov. 13, 2000. Personal communication.

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Green, R.N. and K. Klinka. 1994. A field guide to site identification and interpretation for the Vancouver Island Forest Region. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria. 285pp. Gross, M. Grant. 1993. Oceanography A View of Earth, Sixth Edition. Prentice-Hall Inc.: New Jersey. 446pp. Harestad, A.S. and B.M. Van Der Raay. 1982. Winter Waterbirds of Meares Island. Hatler, D.F., Campbell, R.W., and Adrian Dorst. 1978. Birds of Pacific Rim National Park. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum No.20. Helmers, Douglas, L. 1992. Shorebird Management Manual. Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. Manomet, MA. 58pp. Hilborn, Tom. 2001. Land Officer, Land and Water B.C. Inc.. May 15, 2001. Personal Communication. Howatt, I. 2001. District of Tofino Administrator. May 9, 2001. Personal Communication. Howes, D.E. 1999. Coastal Resource and Oil Spill Response Atlas, for the West Coast of Vancouver Island. Province of British Columbia, Land Use Coordination Office, Victoria. Hubbard, B. 2001. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. May 17, 2001. Personal Communication. Jungen, J.R. 1989. Ministry of Environment Technical Report 17: Soils of Southern Vancouver Island, Report No.44, British Columbia Soil Survey. Victoria, B.C. 198pp. Korschgen, C. E. and R. B. Dalgren. 1992. Human disturbances of Waterfowl: Causes, Effects, and Management: Waterfowl Management Handbook, Fish and Wildlife Leaflet. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Long Beach Model Forest Society. 1998. Geology of the LBMF Area. Draft Working Copy for Discussion. Map, 1:125 000. McNamara, Cathy. 2001. District of Tofino Planner. May 14, 2001. Personal Communication.

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Meidinger, Del and Jim Pojar. 1991. Ecosystems of British Columbia. BC Ministry of Forests, Special Report Series 6. Victoria. 330pp. Moore, Dave. 2001. Land and Water B.C. Inc.. May 17, 2001. Personal Communication. Moul, I. 1998. Nest Inventory and Productivity Assessment for Bald Eagles in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. Prepared for the Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. Pacific Rim National Park Reserve. 2000a. Shoreline Wildlife – Draft Viewing Guidelines, Marine Wildlife Viewing Workshop – Living With Wildlife 2000. _____. 2000b. Seabirds – Draft Viewing Guidelines, Marine Wildlife Viewing Workshop – Living With Wildlife 2000. Palfrey, D., Tofino Hatchery Operator; previous DFO Stock Assessor for the area. March 14, 2001. Personal communication. Palm, Rod. 2000. Comparative Mud Flat Survey. Unpublished. Parks Canada. 1985. The Birds of Pacific Rim National Park Checklist. Pfister, C., Harrington, B. A., and Michael Lavine. 1992. The Impact of Human Disturbance on Shorebirds at a Migration Staging Area in Biological Conservation. 60, 115 – 126. Professional Environmental Recreation Consultants Ltd. 2001. Draft Master Plan for the Tofino Recreation Commission. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. n.d.1 What is the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands? Ramsar Information Paper No. 2. _____. n.d.2. Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Ramsar Information Paper no. 18. _____. n.d.3. The Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance. Ramsar Information Paper No. 5. Tofino Chamber of Commerce. 1999. History and Demographic Information in the Tofino - Long Beach Area at http://www.island.net/~tofino/tcabout.htm U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, SEMARNAP, Mexico and Environment Canada. 1999. Expanding the Vision: 1998 Update, North American Waterfowl Management Plan.

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U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 2000. Shorebird Ecology and Management Course Notes. August 15 – 18, 2000. Ocean Shores, Washington. US Tongass National Forest Recreation, Guidelines for Viewing Wildlife. 2001 http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/recreation/wildlife_viewing/viewguide.htm Warnock, Nils, and Mary Anne Bishop. 1998. Spring Stopover Ecology of Migrant Western Sandpipers, in The Condor. 100:456-467.

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APPENDIX A: WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (WMA) IN

BRITISH COLUMBIA British Columbia’s wildlife heritage consists of a vast natural treasury of native animals, comprised of over 1000 species of birds, mammals, fish, reptiles and amphibians, which are dependent on the most diverse range of ecosystems found in Canada (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks n.d.2). Since 1987, the Wildlife Program of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection (MWLAP) has worked to actively manage and maintain British Columbia’s rich wildlife heritage through the establishment of WMAs (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks n.d.2). WMAs are intended to protect endangered or threatened species and to facilitate management of habitat critical to fish and wildlife. Often these habitats are vital to sustain wildlife during a life cycle phase crucial for their survival (e.g. staging grounds and stop over areas for migratory birds). There are currently 22 WMAs in British Columbia. Presently, there are five WMAs on Vancouver Island: • Parksville-Qualicum Beach (coastal foreshore and estuarine habitat); • Green Mountain (critical habitat for the endangered Vancouver Island

Marmot); • Lazo Marsh (significant marsh habitat); • Cluxewe (significant wetland and salt marsh habitat); and • Tofino Mudflats WMA (critical habitat for migratory and over wintering birds).

(B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks 2000; B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks 2001a).

Wildlife Management Area Legislation The mandate of the WMA program is established by the B.C. Wildlife Act. This act outlines the ability of the Minister of Environment, Lands, and Parks to designate, with Cabinet approval, land under his/her administration as a WMA, and states that WMAs are subject to prior rights granted and that resource use compatible with WMA management objectives may occur. All existing WMAs follow an integrated management philosophy, with the Regional Fish and Wildlife Manager making the final decision regarding activities, which may impact upon the wildlife resources in a WMA. Steps to Wildlife Management Area Designation Each year, candidate areas for WMA designation are submitted to the MWLAP’s Wildlife Branch from a variety of sources including provincial fisheries and wildlife staff, other government agencies, public interest groups, research institutes, and the general public. All candidates are evaluated with respect to program

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objectives. A list of candidates is submitted to Cabinet, who then makes the final decision on which areas receive WMA designation. (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks n.d.2) Once an area has been approved, an application is prepared by MWLAP for a Section 13 Land Act “Designated Use Area” and is submitted to Land and Water B.C. Inc. (LWBC). LWBC then coordinates the referral process where all affected agencies and stakeholders review and comment on the application. A key component of the application is a WMA Management Plan, which outlines the purpose and long term management objectives for the area. People living near a proposed WMA are invited to a public open house to learn about the WMA, review the management plan, and give their input. Finally, the proposal is submitted to Cabinet for final approval. Once approved, the WMA is designated by an Order-in-Council (OIC). Management Plan A management plan must be prepared for each proposed WMA. The purposes of management plans are to: • inform other government agencies about proposed strategies for

management of the resource base. Resources may include water, timber, forage, gravel, minerals, archaeological sites, fish, oil and gas;

• justify the transfer of administrative control; • inform the public about the proposed management strategies, possible use

restrictions and opportunities for public participation with respect to WMAs; and

• identify specific prescriptions for fisheries and wildlife management. A plan should include such things as a basic description of the area, statement of management objectives and prescriptions, effective period of the plan, any Order-in-Council regulations affecting the area and a discussion of potential land use conflicts. Note: For the Tofino Mudflats WMA, the management plan was created after official designation as a WMA. See Section 2.2. Public Involvement Public involvement in the operation of a WMA will be through regular contact with MWLAP staff or by participation on a public advisory committee. Public interest groups may wish to become more involved through specific projects within WMAs. Projects could include wildlife or habitat inventory, construction of trails and interpretive facilities. They could also involve habitat development projects, such as planting of native vegetation, clearing of invasive species, and placing of nesting or roosting structures for birds.

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Wildlife Management Area impacts on community planning Wildlife Management Areas will allow greater control over public activities within critical habitat, such as the Tofino foreshore. Multiple use of WMAs is permitted where such uses are compatible with, or complementary to, the objectives for fish and wildlife management. (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks n.d.2) Existing foreshore tenures and recreational activities will not be affected by the establishment of a WMA. Development proposals that may harm critical fish and wildlife habitats will be restricted.

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APPENDIX B: PLANT SPECIES LIST This list is based on information from the field reconnaissance and previous inventories, and species expected to occur in the area. Status is based on conservation status lists developed by MoELP Conservation Data Centre (CDC). Status Red – candidates for legal designation as threatened or endangered. Blue – vulnerable or sensitive. Yellow – management emphasis.

Common Name Latin Name Status TREES

Amabilis fir Abies amabilis - - - Big leaf maple Acer macrophyllum - - - Pacific crabapple Malus fusca - - - Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia - - - Red alder Alnus rubra - - - Shore pine Pinus contorta var.

contorta - - -

Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis - - - Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla - - - Western redcedar Thuja plicata - - - Yellow-cedar Chamaecyparis

nootkatensis - - -

SHRUBS

California wax-myrtle Myrica californica Blue Evergreen blackberry Rubus laciniatus - - - Evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum - - - False azalea Menziesia ferruginea - - - Labrador tea Ledum groelandicum - - - Oval-leaved blueberry Vaccinium ovalifolium - - - Red huckleberry Vaccinium parvifolium - - - Salal Gaultheria shallon - - - Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis - - - Twinflower Linnaea borealis - - - Western mountain ash Sorbus scopulina - - -

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HERBS

Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum - - - Deer fern Blechnum spicant - - - Licorice fern Polypodium glycyrrhiza - - - Common rush Juncus effusus - - - Small-fruited bulrush Scirpus microcarpus - - - Toad rush Juncus bufonius - - - Arctic rush Juncus arcticus - - - Slough sedge Carex obnupta - - - Lyngby’s sedge Carex lyngbyei - - - Nootka reedgrass Calamagrostis nutkaensis - - - Sea-side arrow-grass Triglochin maritimum - - - Tufted Hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa - - - Bunchberry Cornus canadensis - - - Clasping twistedstalk Streptopus amplexifolius - - - False lily-of-the-valley Maianthemum dilatatum - - - Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium - - - Giant horsetail Equisetum telmatiea - - - Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margariacea - - - Round-leaved sundew Drosera rotundifolia - - - Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius - - - Sea plantain Plantago maritima - - - Silverweed Potentilla anserina - - - Skunk cabbage Lysichiton americanum - - - Star-flowered false Soloman’s seal Smilacina stellata - - - Western lilaeopsis Lilaeopsis occidentalis - - -

AQUATIC AND ALGAE

Common eel-grass Zostera marina - - - Saltwort Salicornia spp. - - - Brown algae Fucus spp. - - - Green algae Ulva spp. - - - Green algae Enteromopha spp. - - -

MOSSES & LICHEN

Black-tufted rock moss Racomitrium aciculare - - - Fat bog moss Sphagnum papillosum - - -

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Lanky moss Rhytidiadelphus loreus - - - Red-stemmed feather moss Pleurhozium schreberi - - - Small red peat moss Sphagnum capillifolium - - - Spread-leaved peat moss Sphagnum squarrosum - - - Step moss Hylocomium splendens - - - False pixie cup Cladina chlorophaea - - - Reindeer lichen Cladina portentosa - - -

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APPENDIX C: ANIMAL SPECIES IN THE TOFINO MUDFLATS

WMA Appendix C-1 – Birds Appendix C-2 – Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians, and Mammals Appendix C-3 – Invertebrates

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APPENDIX C-1 BIRDS BIRDS The bird species list is based on observations by authors, local naturalists and expected species to occur in the area. Abundance and seasonal occurrence are based on the Pacific Rim National Park Bird List (1985). Status is based on conservation status lists developed by MoELP Conservation Data Centre (CDC). Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence BREEDING - * - known to breed in the area ABUNDANCE - the relative abundance of the species in its preferred habitat at the appropriate season a – abundant - can almost always be seen, and often in large numbers c – common - usually seen, but generally in small numbers u – uncommon - often seen, but not on every occasion r – rare - seen on a few occasions each year vr – very rare - may not be seen every year acc – accidental - a documented sighting, however, the species is out of its range and may not be seen again SEASONAL OCCURRENCE - the principle time of occurrence of a species in this area R – RESIDENT - year-round bird which breeds or is suspected to breed here NBR – NON-BREEDING RESIDENT – year-round occurrence but does not breed here S – SPRING – spring migrant F – FALL – fall migrant M – MIGRANT – both spring and fall migrant SU – SUMMER – summer-breeding bird which does not remain year-round NBSU – NON-BREEDING SUMMER – bird present primarily in summer but does not breed here W – WINTER – over wintering bird Status Red – candidates for legal designation as threatened or endangered. Blue – vulnerable or sensitive. Yellow – management emphasis.

SPECIES Common Name Latin Name

Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence

Status

BIRDS

Red-throated loon Gavia stellata *uR - - - Pacific loon Gavia pacifica aM, uW - - - Common loon Gavia immer *cR - - - Yellow-billed loon Gavia adamsii vrW - - - Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps *rR - - - Horned grebe Podiceps auritus cW, rNBR - - - Red-necked grebe Podiceps grisegena cW, rNBR - - -

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Western grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis uW, uNBR - - - Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus uW, rNBR Blue Brandt’s cormorant Phalacrocorax penicillatus *cR Blue Great blue heron Ardea herodias cR Blue Trumpeter swan Cygnus columbianus uW - - - Brant Branta bernicla cS Yellow Canada goose Branta canadensis cM - - - Green-winged teal Anas crecca cM - - - Mallard Anas platyrhynchos *uR, cW - - - Northern pintail Anas acuta cF, uW - - - Northern shoveler Anas clypeata uM - - - Gadwall Anas strepera rM - - - Eurasian wigeon Anas penelope rW - - - American wigeon Anas americana aW - - - Canvasback Aythya valisineria rW - - - Greater scaup Aythya marila cW - - - Lesser scaup Aythya affinis rM - - - Oldsquaw Clangula hyemalis uW - - - Black scoter Melanitta nigra rNBR - - - Surf scoter Melanitta perspecillata aNBR Blue White-winged scoter Melanitta fusca cNBR - - - Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula cW - - - Barrow’s goldeneye Bucephala islandica rW - - - Bufflehead Bucephala albeola aW - - - Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucllatus uR - - - Common merganser Mergus merganser *cR - - - Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator cW, rSU - - - Osprey Pandion haliaetus *cSU - - - Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus *cR Yellow Northern harrier Circus cyaneus rF - - - Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus uR - - - Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis rF Red Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis uR - - - Merlin Falco columbiana rM, vrSU - - - Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus rM, vrSU Red/

Blue Blue grouse Dendragapus obscurus *uR - - - Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus *cR - - - Virginia rail Rallus limicola rW - - - American coot Fulica americana uM, rW - - - Black-bellied plover Pluvialis squatarola uM, rW - - - American golden plover Pluvialis fulva unk - - - Lesser golden plover Pluvialis dominica vrS, rF - - - Snowy plover Charadrius alexandrinus acc - - - Semipalmated plover Charadrius semipalmatus cM - - - Killdeer Charadrius vociferus *uR - - - Black oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani *cR - - -

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Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca uM - - - Lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes rM - - - Solitary sandpiper Tringa solitaria acc - - - Spotted sandpiper Actitus macularia *uR - - - Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus uM - - - Marbled godwit Limosa fedoa vrM - - - Ruddy turnstone Arenaria interpres uM - - - Black turnstone Arenaria melanocephala cW, uNBR - - - Red knot Calidris canutus rM - - - Sanderling Calidris alba cM, uW - - - Semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla vrM - - - Western sandpiper Calidris mauri aM - - - Least sandpiper Calidris minutilla cM - - - Baird’s sandpiper Calidris bairdii vrS, uF - - - Pectoral sandpiper Calidris melanotos rS, uF - - - Sharp-tailed sandpiper Calidris acuminata vrF - - - Dunlin Calidris alpina cM, uW - - - Stilt sandpiper Calidris himantopus vrM - - - Short-billed dowitcher Limnodromus griseus cM - - - Long-billed dowitcher Limnodromus scolopaceus uM - - - Common snipe Gallinago gallinago uW - - - Franklin’s gull Larus pipixcan vrF - - - Bonaparte’s gull Larus philadelphia uM, vrNBR - - - Heerman’s gull Larus heermanni cF - - - Mew gull Larus canus *cR - - - Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis rM - - - California gull Larus californicus aF, uNBR - - - Herring gull Larus argentatus uNBR - - - Thayer’s gull Larus thayeri uNBR - - - Western gull Larus occidentalis uNBR - - - Glaucous-winged gull Larus glaucescens *cR - - - Glaucous gull Larus hyperboreous vrS, vrW - - - Sabine’s gull Xema sabine rM - - - Caspian tern Sterna caspia rNBSU - - - Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea vrF - - - Band-tailed pigeon Columba fasciata *cSU - - - Mourning dove Zeneida macroura vrM - - - Western screech owl Otus kenicotti rR Blue Great horned owl Bubo virginianus vrR - - - Snowy owl Nyctea scandiaca vrW - - - Northern pygmy owl Glaucidium gnoma swarthi vrR Blue Northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus vrR - - - Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor *rSU - - - Black swift Cypseloides niger rSU - - - Vaux’s swift Chaetura vauxi *rSU - - - Anna’s hummingbird Calypte anna vrR - - - Rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus *cSU - - - Belted kingfisher Cerle alcyon *uR - - - Red-breasted sapsucker Sphyrapicus ruber rR - - - Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens vrR - - - Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus *uR - - -

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Northern flicker Colaptes auratus *uR - - - Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus rR - - - Olive-sided flycatcher Contopus borealis uSU - - - Western wood peewee C. sordidulus vrSU - - - Willow flycatcher Empidonax traillii rSU - - - Pacific –slope flycatcher Empidonax difficilis cSU - - - Ash-throated flycatcher Myiarchus cinerascens vrF - - - Tropical kingbird Tyrannus melancholichus acc - - - Western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis vrF - - - Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus vrNBSU - - - Horned lark Eremephila alpestris vrF - - - Purple martin Progne subis vr - - - Tree swallow Trachycineta bicolor uSU - - - Violet green swallow Tachycineta thalasinna *rSU - - - Steller’s jay Cyanocitta cristata *cR - - - Northwestern crow Corvus caurinus *aR - - - Common raven Corvus corax *uR - - - Chestnut-backed chickadee Parus rufescens *cR - - - Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus vr - - - Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis rR - - - Brown creeper Certhia americana rR - - - Winter wren Troglodytes troglodytes *cR - - - Marsh wren Cistothorus palustris rW - - - American dipper Cinclus mexicanus rR - - - Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa cR - - - Ruby-crowned kinglet R. calendula cS, uW - - - Blue-gray gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea acc - - - Mountain bluebird Sialia currucoides vr - - - Townsend’s solitaire Myadestes townsendi vr - - - Swainson’s thrush Catharus ustulatus *cSU - - - Hermit thrush C. guttatus uR - - - American robin Turdus migratorius *cR - - - Varied thrush Ixoreus naevius *cR - - - Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos vr - - - Brown thrasher Toxostoma rufum acc - - - Water pipit Anthus spinoletta uM - - - Bohemian waxwing Bombycilla garrulus acc - - - Cedar waxwing B. cedrorum *cS, vrW - - - Northern shrike Lanius excubitor rW - - - Europeon starling Sturnus vulgaris *cR - - - Solitary vireo Vireo solitarius vr - - - Hutton’s vireo Vireo huttoni rR - - - Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus rSU - - - Tennessee warbler Vermivora peregrina acc - - - Orange-crowned warbler Vermivora celata *cSU - - - Nashville warbler Vermivora ruficapilla vr - - -

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Yellow warbler Dendroica petechia rSU, rF - - - Yellow-rumped warbler Dendroica coronata uM - - - Townsend’s warbler D. townsendi *cSU - - - Palm warbler Dendroica vrFW - - - American redstart Setophaga ruticilla acc - - - MacGillivary’s warbler Oporornis tolmiei uSU - - - Common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas uSU - - - Wilson’s warbler Wilsonia pusilla *cSU - - - Western tanager Piranga ludoviciana vrM - - - Black-headed grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus vrF - - - Rufous-sided towhee Pipilo erythrophthalmus uW - - - American tree sparrow Spizella arborea vr - - - Chipping sparrow Spizella passerina vrS - - - Vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus acc Red Lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus acc - - - Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis cM - - - Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca *cR - - - Song sparrow Melospiza melodia *cR - - - Lincoln’s sparrow M. lincolnii rM, vrW - - - Swamp sparrow M. georgiana acc - - - White-throated sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis vrM - - - Golden-crowned sparrow Z. atricapilla cS, rF - - - White-crowned sparrow Z. leucophrys *uSU - - - Harris’s sparrow Z. querula vr - - - Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis *cR - - - Lapland longspur Calcarius lapponicus vrM - - - Chestnut-collared longspur C. ornatus acc - - - Snow bunting Plectrophenax nivalis vrM - - - McKay’s bunting P. hyperboreus acc - - - Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus rNBR - - - Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta rM - - - Yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus

xanthocephalus vrM - - -

Rusty blackbird Euphagus carolinus acc - - - Brewer’s blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus rM - - - Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater *uSU - - - Northern oriole Icturus galbula vrM - - - Brambling Fringilla montifringilla acc - - - Rosy finch Leucosticte arctoa vr - - - Pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator vrW Blue Purple finch Carpodacus purpureus uR - - - House finch C. mexicanus acc - - - Red crossbill Loxia curvirostra uR - - - White-winged crossbill L. curvirostra acc - - - Pine siskin Carduelis pinus *uR - - - American goldfinch C. tristis uSU - - - Evening grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertina vrW - - - House sparrow Passer domesticus r - - -

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APPENDIX C-2 FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES AND MAMMALS FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES , AND MAMMALS This species list is based on previous biological inventories and observations by local naturalists. Status is based on conservation status lists developed by MWLAP Conservation Data Centre (CDC). Activity Primary – habitats of the WMA are required to fulfil critical life history functions. Secondary – habitats of the WMA are not required to fulfil the critical life history functions. Transient – includes migratory and/or occasional sporadic occurrences. Status Red – candidates for legal designation as threatened or endangered. Blue – vulnerable or sensitive. Yellow – management emphasis.

SPECIES Common Name Latin Name

Resident/ Transient

Activity

Status

FISH

Pacific Herring Clupea harengus Transient Transient - - - Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Resident Resident - - - Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta Resident Resident - - - Coho Oncorhynchus kisutch Resident Resident - - - Rockfish Sebastes spp. Transient Transient - - - Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus Transient Transient - - - Cutthroat trout Salmo clarki Resident Primary - - - Rainbow trout/Steelhead Salmo gairdneri Resident Primary - - -

AMPHIBIANS Western red-backed salamander Plethodon vehiculum Resident Primary - - - Clouded salamander Aneides ferreus Resident Primary - - - Northwestern salamander Ambystoma graile Resident Primary - - - Western toad Bufo boreas Resident Transient - - - Pacific treefrog Hyla regilla Resident Transient - - - Red-legged frog Rana aurora Resident Transient Blue Roughskin Newts Taricha granulosa Resident Transient - - -

REPTILES

Puget Sound garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis pickeringi Resident Primary - - -

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Northwestern garter snake T. ordinoides Resident Primary - - - Wandering garter snake T. elegans vagrans Resident Primary - - -

MAMMALS Dusky shrew Sorex monticolus Resident Primary - - - Vagrant shrew S. vagrans Resident Primary - - - California bat Myotis californicus Transient Secondary - - - Little brown bat M. lucifugus Transient Secondary - - - Long-legged bat M. volans Transient Secondary - - - Yuma bat M. yumanensis Transient Secondary - - - Townsend’s vole Microtus townsendii Resident Primary - - - Red squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Resident Primary - - - Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Resident Primary - - - Columbian mouse P. oreas Resident Primary - - - Gray wolf Canus lupus Transient Transient - - - Cougar Felis concolor Transient Transient - - - River otter Lontra canadensis Resident Primary - - - Marten Martes americana Resident Primary - - - Vancouver Island Ermine Mustela erminea anguinae Resident Primary Blue Mink M.vison Resident Secondary - - - Northern (Steller’s) Sea Lion Eumetopias jubastus Transient Transient Red Raccoon Procyon lotor Resident Primary - - - Black bear Ursus americanus Transient Secondary - - - Killer whale Orcinus orca population 3 Transient Transient Blue Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus Transient Transient Blue Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena Transient Transient - - - Black-tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus

columbianus Transient Secondary - - -

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APPENDIX C-3 INVERTEBRATES INVERTEBRATES This species list is based on previous biological inventories and observations by local naturalists. Status of marine invertebrate species is not currently available from MWLAP Conservation Data Centre. Activity Primary – habitats of the WMA are required to fulfil critical life history functions. Secondary – habitats of the WMA are not required to fulfil the critical life history functions. Transient – includes migratory and/or occasional sporadic occurrences.

SPECIES Common Name Latin Name

Resident/ Transient

Activity

Bent nose clam Macoma nasuta Resident Primary Blue mussel Mytilus edulis Resident Primary Butter clam Saxidomus giganteus Resident Primary Cleft clam Macoma secta Resident Primary Cockle Clinocardium nuttali Resident Primary False Mya Cryptomya californica Resident Primary Fan mussel Modiolus rectus Resident Primary Geoduck Panope generosa Resident Primary Horse clam Tresus nuttalli Resident Primary Horse clam Tresus capax Resident Primary Jack knife clam Solen sicarious Resident Primary Japanese little-neck Tapes japonica Resident Primary Japanese Oyster Crassostrea gigas Resident Primary Mud clam Mya arenaria Resident Primary Native little-neck Protothaca staminea Resident Primary Sea mussel Mytilus californianus Resident Primary Tellina carpenteri Resident Primary Ghost shrimp Callianassa californiensus Resident Primary Blue mud shrimp Upogebia pugettensis Resident Primary Green shore crab Hemigrapus oregonensis Resident Primary Dungeness crab Cancer magister Resident Primary Worms Lumbrineris spp. Resident Primary Abarenicola pacifica Resident Primary

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APPENDIX D: CONTACT INFORMATION FOR

POTENTIAL/FUTURE DESIGNATIONS Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network Manomet Centre for Conservation Science P.O. Box 1770 81 Stage Point Rd. Manomet, MA 02345 (508) 224-6521 (508) 224-9220 Fax www.manomet.org Bureau of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Rue Mauvernay 28 CH-1196 Gland Switzerland 41-22 999 01 70 41-22 999 01 69 (Fax) [email protected] http://ramsar.org

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APPENDIX E: LAND STATUS DESIGNATIONS NOTE: All D.L.s are in MoELP File # 1408160 Clayoquot Land District, District Lot

Identification Numbers

Clayoquot Land District, District Lot

Identification Numbers

Foreshore (Tidal Flats & Islands): Upland (District of Tofino): D.L. 1165

PIN: 258120

D.L. 128

PIN: 164150; Lands File:0187556; OIC: 2439/56

D.L. 1303

PIN: 262840

D.L. 129

PIN: 164280; Lands File:0187556; OIC: 2439/56

D.L. 1306

PIN: 263170 D.L. 271

PIN: 178320

D.L. 1307

PIN: 263200

D.L. 275

PIN: 178740; Lands File:0187556; OIC: 2439/56

D.L. 1308 PIN: 263330

D.L. 276

PIN: 178870

D.L.1485

Blks A,B,C; PIN: 135430; Lands File: 0187556; OIC: 2439/56

D.L. 277

PIN: 178900

D.L. 1990 PIN: 228460; Lands File:0344540; OIC: 2251/58

D.L. 278

PIN: 179070

D.L. 1995 PIN: 228910

D.L. 279

PIN: 179100

D.L. 1997

PIN: 229110 D.L. 255

PIN: 176760

D.L. 2000 PIN: 229400

D.L. 254

PIN: 176630

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D.L. 2007

PIN: 229950 Upland (Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District):

D.L. 2011

PIN: 230360 D.L. 263

PIN: 177540

D.L. 2012

PIN: 230490 D.L. 264

PIN: 177670

D.L. 2013

PIN: 230520 D.L. 267

PIN: 177960

D.L. 2016

PIN: 230780

D.L. 2019

PIN: 231010

Unsurveyed Foreshore

PIN: 16241220

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APPENDIX F: SECTIONS OF THE DRAFT TOFINO OFFICIAL

COMMUNITY PLAN (JUNE 2001) RELEVANT TO THE WMA Environmental Issues 1.6.2 (bullet 5) The mud flats of Browning Passage provide critical habitat for migratory shorebirds and resident birds. Development near the mud flats should be sensitive to their use by shorebird populations. Regional Context Statement 1.7.2 Tofino will ensure that development is reflective of regional environmental considerations. Future growth will be undertaken in a manner which reduces sprawl, concentrates future growth within identified neighbourhoods, reduces reliance upon the private automobile, provides a buffer between ‘urban’ uses and Pacific Rim National Park and between ‘urban’ uses and Browning Passage mud flats, and safeguards tourism destination features. Neighbourhood Area Policies 3.2.3.4.7 For District Lot 128 and 129: High technology, educational research business park on District Lot 129 in a campus style layout with retention of large expanses of natural vegetation and open space and associated buffer along Browning Passage; Trail system and low impact recreation on District Lot 128 with connecting pedestrian access via Hellesen Drive. Industrial and Research Park Policies 3.2.3.8.3 The District will explore research opportunities of mutual interest, including the potential designation and development of a Research Park whose design reflects the green character of Tofino. Parks and Recreation Policies 3.3.3.7.9 The District shall be dedicated as a natural park to be retained in its natural state. Other Jurisdictions 3.3.3.12.5 The District will encourage Department of Fisheries and Oceans and Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks to work cooperatively with community landowners, developers and industry in the development of the community. Industrial and Research Park Policies 3.4.2.3.2 Research and education facilities and associated businesses will be encouraged to cluster in the Sharp Road business park area consistent with the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Area management regime.

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Stewardship Policies 3.5.2.1.5 The District shall support the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Unit for the protection of shorebird and migratory bird habitat by: ensuring that a natural buffer is dedicated and maintained identifying a dogs-free area on mudflats between District Lot 128 and District Lot 278. 3.5.2.1.6 The District will work co-operatively with federal and provincial agencies to implement legislation relating to wildlife, fisheries habitat and environmental protection. Environmentally Sensitive Area Policies 3.5.2.2.3 The District of Tofino will review and consider the recommendations of the Tofino Mudflats Wildlife Management Plan. Riparian and Wetland Protection Policies 3.5.2.4.1 The District will work co-operatively with federal and provincial agencies to implement legislation relating to wildlife, fisheries habitat and environmental protection. Environmental Enforcement Policies 3.5.2.11.3 A dogs-free area will be enforced for the foreshore and shoreline area between District Lot 128 and District Lot 278.

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APPENDIX G: A4 ZONING IN ALBERNI –CLAYOQUOT

REGIONAL DISTRICT 104 FOREST RESERVE DISTRICT (A 4) The intent of this district is to provide for the retention of forest and wildland. The primary uses allowed by this district are natural resource development and extraction, protecting the land from premature building development or subdivision fragmentation. 104.1 Uses Permitted In considering applications for building permits, the Building Inspector shall pay due regard to the general purpose of this District, namely: to conserve the natural resources of the area for purposes of primary production and to prevent the wastage of land by premature or scattered subdivision and building activities. (1) Airfields, airports, enterprises engaged in Air Transport. (2) A single family dwelling, provided that where the area of a lot is 32 hectares [80 acres] or greater, not more than two such dwellings may be located on one lot. Such dwellings may be located on the same lot as any other use permitted in this district. (3) Farms and grazing of livestock (a) Where a property is classified as farm land in accordance with the Taxation Act, the following accessory uses may be permitted provided they are demonstrated to be essential to the operation of a farm. i) more than one single family dwelling ii) temporary accommodation in the form of mobile homes or dormitory units for employees. When such uses cease to be essential to operation of the farm they shall be removed. (4) Harvesting, transportation, storage of forest resources, including log booming, dumping and storage grounds and the operation of primary processing such as portable sawmills for resources harvested from the property, but excluding other processing activities not directly related such as equipment repair depots. (a) Where a property is being used for primary processing as a portable

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sawmill in accordance with the regulations of this by-law, the following accessory uses may be permitted provided they are essential to the operation. i) temporary accommodation in the form of mobile homes or dormitory units for employees. When such uses cease to be essential to the operation they shall be removed. (5) Harvesting of wild crops, such as salal, ferns, moss, berries and tree seeds, or fishing and trapping. (6) Processing incidental to the operation of Mines, Quarries and other natural resource extraction industries. (7) Parks, playgrounds, campgrounds and buildings accessory to these uses, which are owned by public agencies. (8) Public services and utilities including buildings accessory to these uses: sewage disposal, utility storage, waste disposal grounds and similar uses. (9) Rights-of-way for railways, conduits and transmission lines. (10) Water resource development including intake, storage, and transmission conduits, and hydro-electric works. (11) Upland aquaculture (fish farming) including all activities incidental to such operations such as hatchery and nursery facilities, grow out ponds, storage and processing aquatic organisms cultivated, reared and harvested on the lots. (12) Foreshore and water-based aquaculture including hatchery and nursery facilities, grow-out ponds and pens , docks, storage, ancillary parking and employee accommodation, but excluding processing subject to Section 104.2(5) below. Wineries and Cideries provided that a vineyard or orchard at least 2 hectares (5 acres) in area is under continuous cultivation on the same farm or legal parcel. Sales of wine and cider produced on the farm and related products, provided that the retail area does not exceed 500 square feet or 5 percent of the floor area of the winery, whichever is more; winery and cidery tours, as ancillary uses to a winery or cidery.

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104.2 Conditions of Use (1) Nothing shall be done in any part of this district within 60 meters [197 feet] of any other district, recreation area, public roadway or navigable waterway, which is or will become a nuisance or reduce enjoyment of the use of surrounding land. The use and operation being proposed is to be conducted so it will not cause nor permit any objectionable or dangerous conditions outside the property, including but not limited to: Noise Vibration Dust, smoke and other kinds of particulate matter Odour Toxic and noxious matter Fire and explosive hazards, heat, humidity and glare. (2) Notwithstanding regulations contained elsewhere in this by-law, Schedule II requirements shall not be applied to rights-of-way or licence of occupation granted by the Ministry of Forestry. (3) The provisions of subsection 104.1(11) shall not apply to or within any lot less than 8 909 square meters [2 acres] in area and, notwithstanding any other relevant provision contained in this By-law, any and all such facilities placed within a lot must be setback a minimum of 21.54 meters [75 feet] from all property lines. (4) The following other conditions apply in respect of subsection 104.1(11) uses; i) aquaculture shall be conducted within an enclosed building except necessary nursery and/or growout ponds; ii) all such ponds (i.e. conventional holes whether lined or unlined or water containment devices located above ground wherein fish are kept) shall be encircled by a fence of no less than 1.524 meters [5 feet] in height constructed so as to prevent the passage of a spherical object having a diameter of 200 millimetres [8 inches] through and underneath such fence unless it can be shown that the location and size of openings which exceed this limit do not represent a hazard. Any gates located within such perimeter fences shall be self closing with locking mechanism located on the inside of the gate; iii) the fence referred to in subsection (ii) above shall be located within a 3.048 to 6.096 meters [10 foot to 20] foot setback from the ponds edge; iv) nothing shall be done in any part of this District that will become an annoyance or nuisance to the surrounding areas by reason of unsightliness,

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the emission of odours and noise including generator or pump noise and use of floodlighting. (5) i) foreshore and water-based aquaculture permitted under section 104.1(12) above shall be exempt from the minimum parcel size and width requirements contained in Schedule II, Bulk and Site Regulations. ii) nothing shall be done that will become an annoyance or nuisance to the surrounding areas by reason of unsightliness, the emission of odours and noise including generator or pump noise and use of floodlighting. (6) Log booming, dumping and storage grounds permitted under Section 104.1(4) above shall be exempt from the minimum parcel size and width requirements contained in Schedule II, Bulk and Site Regulations. (7) Sand and gravel extraction operations and incidental processing permitted under Section 104.1(6) above shall be exempt from the minimum parcel size and width requirements contained in Schedule II Bulk and Site Regulations.