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TIDAL ENERGY AANCHAL GUPTA 1RV07EC001
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Page 1: Tidal Energy

TIDAL ENERGY

AANCHAL GUPTA1RV07EC001

Page 2: Tidal Energy

The Current Situation• Tidal Energy is sustainable, clean, reliable, widely distributed

renewable source of energy, and can offer significant benefits to many marine nations.

• Tidal Energy can be captured in an efficient and cost-effective way.

• Overall potential of 3000 giga-watts from movement of tides.• Tidal energy projects are extremely site specific. The quality of the

topography of the basin also needs to facilitate civil construction of the power plant.

• Only 40 sites around the world.• Tidal Energy is not yet recognized as an energy resource that should

receive support and funding for its development.

Page 3: Tidal Energy

Introduction• The daily rise and fall in the level of ocean water relative to the

coastline is referred to as tide.• Tides generated by the combination of the moon and sun’s

gravitational forces and the rotation of the earth• The relative motion of the three bodies produces different tidal

cycles which affect the range of the tides. • The tidal range is increased substantially by local effects such as

shelving, funneling, reflection and resonance.• Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces• Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide• For the tidal energy method to work effectively, the tidal difference

should be at least 4m.

Page 4: Tidal Energy

Introduction (Cont..)

• Environmental concerns exist mainly to do with higher silt formation at the shore and disruption to marine life near the tidal basin.

• Wave energy projects have lesser ecological impact than tidal wave energy projects but tidal energy projects are more predictable than those harnessing solar or wind energy, since occurrences of tides are fully predictable.

Page 5: Tidal Energy

Origin

• The moon exerts a larger gravitational force on the earth, though it is much smaller in mass, because it is a lot closer than the sun. This force of attraction causes the oceans to bulge along an axis pointing towards the moon. Tides are produced by the rotation of the earth beneath this bulge in its watery coating, resulting in the rhythmic rise and fall of coastal ocean levels.

• The gravitational attraction of the sun also affects the tides similarly, but to a lesser degree. The oceans also bulge slightly towards the sun.

• Coastal areas experience two high and two low tides over a period of slightly above 24 hours .

Page 6: Tidal Energy

Spring Tide

When the earth, moon and sun are positioned in a straight line i.e on the occasion of a full or new moon, the gravitational attractions are combined, resulting in very large spring tides.

Page 7: Tidal Energy

Neap TideAt half moon, the sun and moon are positioned at right angles, resulting in lower neap tides.

Page 8: Tidal Energy

Shore

Ocean

Page 9: Tidal Energy

Generating MethodsTidal power can be classified into three generating methods:• Tidal stream generator

TSGs make use of the kinetic energy of moving water to power turbines, in a similar way to wind turbines that use moving air. This method is gaining in popularity because of the lower cost and lower ecological impact compared to tidal barrages.

• Tidal barrage Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy in the

difference in height (or head) between high and low tides. Barrages are essentially dams across the full width of a tidal estuary, and suffer from very high civil infrastructure costs, a worldwide shortage of viable sites and environmental issues.

Page 10: Tidal Energy

Generating Methods• Dynamic tidal power

DTP is a theoretical generation technology that would exploit an interaction between potential and kinetic energies in tidal flows. It proposes that very long dams (for example: 30–50 km length) be built from coasts straight out into the sea or ocean, without enclosing an area. Tidal phase differences are introduced by the dam, leading to a significant water level differential (at least 2–3 meters) in shallow coastal seas featuring strong coast-parallel oscillating tidal currents such as found in the UK, China and Korea. Each dam would generate power at a scale of 6 - 15 GW.

Page 11: Tidal Energy

How it Works?

Page 12: Tidal Energy

First Generation, Barrage-Style Tidal Power Plants

• It involves building a dam, across a bay or estuary that has large differences in elevation between high and low tides. Water retained behind a dam at high tide generates a power head sufficient to generate electricity as the tide ebbs and water released from within the dam turns conventional turbines.

• Though they have proven very durable, barrage-style power plants are very expensive to build and are fraught with environmental problems from the accumulation of silt within the dam catchment area (requiring regular, expensive dredging). Accordingly, they are no longer considered.

Page 13: Tidal Energy

First Generation, Barrage-Style Tidal Power Plants

• The basic elements of a barrage are caissons, embankments, sluices, turbines and ship locks.

• Sluices, turbines and ship locks are housed in caisson (very large concrete blocks).

• Embankments seal a basin where it is not sealed by caissons. The sluice gates applicable to tidal power are the flap gate, vertical rising gate, radial gate and rising sector.

• Sites in France (La Rance), Canada (Annapolis), and Russia • Future sites possibly on Severn River in England, San

Francisco bay.

Page 14: Tidal Energy

First Generation, Barrage-Style Tidal Power Plants

Page 15: Tidal Energy

Barrage Style Tidal Power Plant

Page 16: Tidal Energy

Second-Generation Tidal Power Plants

• It use turbines to generate electricity via large current areas such as Cook Strait in New Zealand.

• Engineers have recently created two new kinds of devices to harness the energy of tidal currents (AKA ‘tidal streams’) and generate renewable, pollution-free electricity.

• These new devices may be distinguished as Vertical-axis and Horizontal-axis models, determined by the orientation of a subsea, rotating shaft that turns a gearbox linked to a turbine with the help of large, slow-moving rotor blades. Both models can be considered a kind of underwater windmill.

Page 17: Tidal Energy

Second-Generation Tidal Power Plants

• While horizontal-axis turbine prototypes are now being tested in northern Europe (the UK and Norway) a vertical-axis turbine has already been successfully tested in Canada

• More efficient because they allow for energy production on both the ebbing and surging tides

• One site has potential to equal the generating power of 3 nuclear power plants

Page 18: Tidal Energy

Second-Generation Tidal Power Plants

Page 19: Tidal Energy

Tidal Energy can be captured• efficiently and • inexpensively

using the helical

turbine

Page 20: Tidal Energy

Schematic view of the helical turbine mounted in a frame.

Page 21: Tidal Energy

Features of the Helical Turbine:

Basic Concept

• designed for hydroelectric applications in free-flowing water • operates in ocean, tidal, and river currents • does not require expensive dams that can harm the environment

Page 22: Tidal Energy

Features of the Helical Turbine

Operation

• self-starting with flow as low as 0.6 m/s • smooth-running• rotates in same direction regardless of the direction of flow, making it ideal for tidal applications

Page 23: Tidal Energy

Features of the Helical Turbine 35% Efficiency

Page 24: Tidal Energy

Features of the Helical Turbine

Power increases 8 times when velocity doubles

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Free Flow (Ft/sec)

Pow

er (w

atts

)

Source: GCK Technology

I Knot =1.69 ft/sec

I M/sec =3.28 ft/sec

Page 25: Tidal Energy

Features of the Helical Turbine Installation Cost: dollars/kw

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

1000011000120001300014000

Source: GCK Technology, Inc.

Red: high estimate Blue: low estimate

Page 26: Tidal Energy

The Worldwide Distribution of Tidal

Energy

Page 27: Tidal Energy
Page 28: Tidal Energy

Developing Nations that could receive significant

benefits from Tidal Energy

________________________________________

Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Maldives, Seychelles. Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, Vietnam.Pacific Ocean: Fiji, Kiribati, Micronesia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Timor, Tuvalu, Vanuatu. Central and South America: Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Surinam.Atlantic Ocean: Cape Verde.All coastal nations with tidal passes between coral reefs or offshore islands.

Page 29: Tidal Energy

La Rance Tidal Power Station

• The world's first tidal power station located on the estuary of the Rance River, in Brittany, France.

• With a peak rating of 240 Megawatts, generated by its 24 turbines, it supplies 0.012% of the power demand of France.

• The annual output is approximately 600 GWh.• The barrage is 750 m long, from Brebis point in the west

to Briantais point in the east.• The power plant portion of the dam is 332.5 m (1,091 ft)

long. The tidal basin measures 22.5 km2(9 sq mi).

Page 30: Tidal Energy

Aerial View of La Rance Tidal Power Station

Page 31: Tidal Energy

Indian Context

• India being surrounded by sea on three sides has a high potential to harness tidal energy.

• The three most potential locations in this regard are – Gulf of Cambay, – Gulf of Kutch (west coast) and – Ganges Delta, Sunderbans, West Bengal (east coast).

• The total potential of tidal energy in India is estimated at 8,000 MW with Gulf of Cambay accounting for over 90 per cent.

Page 32: Tidal Energy

Proposed Tidal Power Projects in India

Page 33: Tidal Energy

Kachchh Tidal Power Project• It was identified in 1970 by the CEA.• More than twelve specialized organizations of Govt. of India and

Govt. of Gujarat were involved in the field of investigations for sea bed analysis.

• The proposed tidal power scheme envisages an installation of 900 MW project biggest in the world, located in the Hansthal Creek. It comprises of the following:

• The main tidal rockfill barrage of 3.25 Km length was proposed to be constructed across Hansthal Creek which will accommodate the power house, sluice gates and navigational lock.

• It envisages installation of 900 MW capacity comprising of 36 geared bulb type turbo-generators units of 25 MW each and 48 sluice gates each of 10 M. x 12 M. size would generate 1690 Gwh of energy annually. Unfortunately, this project execution has not been taken up so far because of unknown

Page 34: Tidal Energy

Durgaduani Creek

• The country's first tidal power generation project is coming up at Durgaduani Creek of the Sundarbans. The 3.75 mw capacity Durgaduani Creek tidal energy project is a technology demonstration project and will span over an area of 4.5 km. (Oct 2008 data).

Page 35: Tidal Energy

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

Page 36: Tidal Energy

Advantages• No pollution• Renewable resource• More efficient than wind because of the density of

water• Predictable source of energy vs. wind and solar • Second generation has very few disadvantages– Does not affect wildlife – Does not affect silt deposits– Less costly – both in building and maintenance

Page 37: Tidal Energy

Tidal Barriers Problems Faced in Exploiting Tidal Energy

• Intermittent supply - Cost and environmental problems, particularly barrage systems are less attractive than some other forms of renewable energy.

• Cost • The altering of the ecosystem at the bay - Damages like reduced flushing,

winter icing and erosion can change the vegetation of the area and disrupt the balance.

• Several prerequisites that make it only available in a small number of regions. For a tidal power plant to produce electricity effectively, it requires a basin or a gulf that has a mean tidal amplitude (the differences between spring and neap tide) of 7 meters or above. It is also desirable to have semi-diurnal tides where there are two high and low tides everyday. A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely on the tide uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages.

Page 38: Tidal Energy

Tidal Barriers Problems Faced in Exploiting Tidal Energy

• Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out.

• Present designs do not produce a lot of electricity, and barrages across river estuaries can change the flow of water and, consequently, the habitat for birds and other wildlife

• Power is often generated when there is little demand for electricity

• Limited construction locations• Barrages may block outlets to open water. Although locks

can be installed, this is often a slow and expensive process.

Page 39: Tidal Energy

Tidal Barriers Problems Faced in Exploiting Tidal Energy

• Barrages affect fish migration and other wildlife- many fish like salmon swim up to the barrages and are killed by the spinning turbines.

• Fish ladders may be used to allow passage for the fish, but these are never 100% effective.

• Barrages may also destroy the habitat of the wildlife living near it.• Barrages may affect the tidal level - the change in tidal level may

affect navigation, recreation, cause flooding of the shoreline and affect local marine life.

• They can only be built on ocean coastlines, which mean that for communities which are far away from the sea, it's useless.