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The Constitution and the Consequences of History This power point presentation is for educational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material. Please do not post, redistribute or copy without the permission of the author or Dr. Kevin Brady at the American Institute for History Education.
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This power point presentation is for educational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material. Please do not post, redistribute or copy without the permission.

Dec 30, 2015

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Page 1: This power point presentation is for educational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material. Please do not post, redistribute or copy without the permission.

The Constitutionand the Consequences of History

This power point presentation is for educational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material. Please do not post, redistribute or copy without the permission of the author or Dr. Kevin Brady at the American Institute for History Education.

Page 2: This power point presentation is for educational purposes. It may contain copyrighted material. Please do not post, redistribute or copy without the permission.

Theories of History Normally we would go through the various

theories, but since we just did that, there is no sense in that now is there?

© 2010 AIHE

1.Cyclical2.Linear

Progress3.Linear Decline4.Great Men5.Great Events

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Flow Chart of Consequences

Action or Event

Reaction

Intended Consequence

Unintended Consequence

Long-Term Consequences

© 2010 AIHE

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The Plan The Constitution is Presented

Reaction to the Constitution

Background information on the Reaction

Discussion of Reaction

The Intended Consequence and outcomes

ARTIST + R&B

The Unintended Consequences

Conclusion© 2010 AIHE

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A Constitution of Compromises

i.e. no one is totally happy with the document!

© 2010 AIHE

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Remember this?The Constitution becomes a document based on a series of compromises on many different levels.

RepresentationSlavery

Selecting a President

Commerce

© 2010 AIHE

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The Great Compromise(Representation)

The Connecticut Compromise was legislation that was put together by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut. It would lead to the creation of a government that would have an upper and lower house. The Compromise featured ideas from both the New Jersey and Virginia Plans. In the lower house of government, representation would be chosen due to the population of the states, as can be seen in the Virginia Plan. Representatives would be nominated and elected by the people. A census, which was a survey of the population, would be taken every ten years to see how the representation in the United States would change. Membership in the upper house would be two representatives from each state, no matter what the size of the population was.

Just a little narrative history.

© 2010 AIHE

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Slavery

Three-fifths of slave populations would be included in determining House representation

The North agreed not to interfere with slave importation for 20 years (1807)

Compromises avoided makingslavery an issue for debate

Framers ended up merelypostponing a national calamity

© 2010 AIHE

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Selecting a President

Delegates wanted to limit democracy (mob rule)

Plan to indirectly elect the president

Federal judiciary made an appellate court

Power to declare any law unconstitutional not stated, but possibly implied

The Philadelphia state house around the time of the Constitutional Convention

© 2010 AIHE

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Commerce

Congress to have the power to pass tariffs

Tariff could be on imports only South feared tariffs on exports

South gave in on the commerce issue in return for the 3/5 Compromise

© 2010 AIHE

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Possible IssuesSlavery President Commerce

Why might certain groups have been in favor of the compromise?

Why might certain groups have been opposed to the compromise?

© 2010 AIHE

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The Constitution is sent to the states

The document is completed and accepted by the convention

It is then sent to the states for ratification

This process would unleash forces in support of the document and in opposition to it

© 2010 AIHE

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ReactionWhat happened as a result of the

event!

© 2010 AIHE

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The Struggle for Ratification

Congress agrees to send the Constitution to the states

Ratification procedure called for direct input from the people and not the state legislatures or Congress

Two distinct views emerged: The Federalists The Anti-Federalists

© 2010 AIHE

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Federalists Central government essential

Believed the Constitution addressed all the shortcomings of the Articles

Provisions in place to check government’s power

John JayJames MadisonAlexander Hamilton

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Anti-Federalists Central government had too much power

The “distant” government would neglect their needs

The Constitution favored the wealthy and commercial classes

No protection of individual liberties

Richard Henry Lee Patrick Henry Samuel Adams

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Discussion of the Reaction

Intended

What was the intended consequence of the development of the Constitution?

Unintended

What unforeseen consequences could come from the development of the Constitution?

Two main types of Consequences

© 2010 AIHE

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The Intended Consequence

What was supposed to happen

© 2010 AIHE

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The Federalists’ “Hard Sell”

Argued that the Constitution adequately addressed the country’s problems

The Federalist Papers provided sound, reasoned arguments

Portrayed the Constitution as the best—and only—plan available

Sometimes you may run into a situation where you can use multiple methods.

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ARTIST + R&B?

What is ARTIST?

A.R.T.I.S.T. is a method of primary source analysis that allows students to process information in a written or visual source of a historic nature.

An acronym, each letter stands for an important part of the process.

© 2010 AIHE

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A.R.T.I.S.T. Method of Document Analysis• Author

• Reason

• To whom

• Immediate effect

• Subsequent effects

• Time period© 2010 AIHE

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What is R&B?

R&B is the logical extension of the ARTIST analysis.

R&B stand for Reliability and Big picture ideas respectively.

It is absolutely imperative that students have a grasp of the reliability of historical documents as well as the big picture ideas contained in them.

© 2010 AIHE

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A

R T I

S T

R & B

© 2010 AIHE

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Early Battles for Ratification

Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut Were small states, ratified quickly, feared the larger states

Battles in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts Both were populous and feared the apportionment issue Mass. even proposed some amendments

Cartoon satirizing events in Connecticut at the time of the state’s ratification convention

© 2010 AIHE

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The Ratification Battle in Virginia

Famous figures on both sides of the debate Antifederalists played on fears while the Federalists used logical

arguments

Maryland, South Carolina ratify by the time the Virginia convention opens

New Hampshire ratifieswhile the convention is going on

Virginia ratifies the Constitution by a slim margin soon afterward

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The Final States Ratify

New York

North Carolina ratifies in November of 1789

Rhode Island ratifies in May of 1790

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The Unintended ConsequenceWhat we didn’t see coming

It is impossible to predict the future. Some decisions have rather obvious results, but others are much more difficult to predict. The law of unintended consequences should teach all that future outcomes should be closely examined and considered before making big decisions for short term gains.

© 2010 AIHE

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Creation of a Bill of Rights

Initially, the Constitution had no bill of rights

Briefly mentioned during the federal convention but rejected as unnecessary and redundant

During the ratification conventions, it became clear a bill of rights was desired and even required to assuage fears about the new government Federalists agreed to include a bill of rights

Bill of Rights drafted and approved in the first Congress in 1789

Approved by the people through the amendment process in 1791

© 2010 AIHE

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The Promise in the Bill of Rights

Written rights don’t guarantee rights

The Bill of Rights continued the discussion about liberty and freedom discussed at the Federal convention

14th amendment (later): Federal and state governments are held accountable to not violate people’s rights

Democracy is best practiced by people defending their rights *

The Supreme Court serves as the forum for continued dialogue over people’s rights and freedoms *

© 2010 AIHE

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Other Unintended Consequences

Short-Term

Question of strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution

Formation of political parties or “Factions”

Question of who would and could decide the constitutionality of laws

Long-Term

How many and to what extent would states have rights

Could states remove themselves from the Union of their own volition

© 2010 AIHE

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Thank you!If there is anything that I can change or re-do to

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