Commercial Revolution (1300s-1700s) Scientific Revolution (1543-1687)
Commercial Revolution
(1300s-1700s)Scientific
Revolution(1543-1687)
Objectives
• I can define the concept of a commercial revolution and explain how new economic ideas and resources contributed to the beginning of this Commercial Revolution in Europe from 1450 – 1750. (WHS 7F)
• I can describe the origins [beginnings] and impact of the 16th century European Scientific Revolution. (WHS 27D)
Commercial Revolution (1300s-1700s)
European economic expansion that rises during the 1500s and the 1700s. European empires expand and define new economics.• Spain, Portugal, Britain, France,
NetherlandsRise of banks and capitalism.
Causes of the Commercial Revolution
European exploration brings back new foods, goods, and
riches.
New food sources means
population increases.
Larger populations
allow for large empires to
form.
Europeans racing to
build wealth and power.
More power requires more
money.
Mercantilism • World power depends on wealth
(gold and silver).
• Empires create colonies.• The “Mother Country” exports
finished goods to colonies for cheap raw materials.
• Colonies could only get finished goods from the Mother Country.
Mother Country• Finished Goods• Clothes• Textiles• Luxuries
Colonies• Raw Materials• Tobacco• Cotton• Sugar
Capitalism/Free EnterprisePrivate businesses and industries run mostly free of government control.To make a profit, owners must risk capital (money).Lots of money is needed to grow businesses and reduce the impact of a loss.“You have to spend money to make money.”
Joint-Stock Companies• Formed to raise large sums of money. • Companies sold stock to investors.• Investors bought stock for a share of
profits and part ownership. • Company uses this money to fund
business expenses.• Stock value went up or down
depending on success or failure.• Buying stocks reduced money lost in
high risk businesses.
Changes in the Banks
• Governments and banks sell funds to the public.
• Buyers of funds were paid interest.• Government issues you a $100 fund with 15%
interest.• Over time the government will pay you $115.
• Banks and merchants became powerful in government. • Dutch government ruled by a few- Oligarchy
Insurance
• Insurance companies were made to reduce the risk of business
• Insurance company is paid a premium and make a policy to cover losses under certain conditions.• Cellphone insurance- You pay the
company extra money and if your phone breaks under certain conditions it can be replaced for free.
Effects of the Commercial Revolution
Larger population and more
wealth creates the
middle class.
New products for entertainment and learning.• Books,
schools, newspapers. Raised the
standard of living for
many Europeans.
Trading center
shifts from Mediterranean to the Atlantic.
Scientific Revolution (1543- 1687)
• New interests in science creates new fields of study.
• Desire for new technology for military use.
• Begins questioning the state of accepted science:• Aristotle, Ptolemy, Galen• The Bible, Catholic Church,
Religious teachings
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, 1543Heliocentric
Theory- Sun is the center of the solar system
-Earth revolves around the Sun
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
Believed in Geocentric Theory
-Earth is the center of the universe
-Accepted by the Catholic Church
Mapped over 700 stars in 20 years without a
telescope.
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Laws of planetary motion.
Improved refracting telescope.
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Galilei Galilei (1564-1642)
Inertia Gravitational
constant Improved telescope
Isaac Newton (1643-1727)Principia Mathematica,
1687Universal Gravitation
3 Laws of MotionUniverse acts according to
natural laws.
Changing how we see the universe works.
Knowledge comes from sensory experience.Created the scientific method.
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
• Father of modern Chemistry
• Tested theories with controlled experiments and published results.
Robert Boyle (1627-1691)
“Science must be a series of valid deductions from self-evident truths.”
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
Effects of the Scientific Revolution
Scientific laws can be discovered by human reason and The Scientific Method.View that the universe runs like a machine according to natural laws.
The study of the universe does not require a deity.
Deistic view of God emerges, the Watchmaker • “Watchmaker” wound up the universe
and then left it alone.
The discoveries which have hitherto been made in the sciences are such as lie close to vulgar notions, scarcely beneath the surface. In order to penetrate into the inner and further recesses of nature, it is necessary that both notions and axioms [be] derived from things by a more sure and guarded way, and that a method of intellectual operation be introduced altogether better and more certain. …
There is no soundness in our notions, whether logical or physical. Substance, quality, action, passion, essence itself are not sound notions; much less are heavy, light, dense, rare, moist, dry, generation, corruption, attraction, repulsion, element, matter, form, and the like; but all are fantastical and ill-defined. …
There are and can be only two ways of searching into and discovering truth. The one flies from the senses and particulars to the most general axioms, and from these principles, the truth of which it takes for settled and immovable, proceeds to judgment and the discovery of middle axioms. And this way is now in fashion. The other derives axioms from the senses and particulars, rising by a gradual and unbroken ascent, so that it arrives at the most general axioms last of all. This is the true way, but as yet untried. …
Francis Bacon Rejects Superstition and Extols the Virtue of Science, 1620
ROLE Merchant Middle Class Worker
Scientist Priest
AUDIENCE Merchants and Bankers
Other Workers Scientists Faithful
FORMAT YOUR CHOICE YOUR CHOICE YOUR CHOICE YOUR CHOICE
TOPIC In the heart of the Commercial Revolution you have come $20,000 and want to turn it into $100,000.
During the Commercial Revolution how might you use your money to earn more money?
How might Capitalism help you?
What other innovations from the Commercial Revolution might help you with your goal?
In the heart of the Scientific Revolution you have come across the writings of the great scientists for the first time.
How do these writings differ from your view of the universe?
What do these discoveries do to the mysteries of the universe?
How might these views affect your faith?
Strong View Persuade Persuade Inform Inform