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The World of Islam Dar al Islam A Kingdom of God.

Jan 18, 2018

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Peregrine King

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The World of Islam Dar al Islam A Kingdom of God Arabia Before Islam - 1 Bedouin Tribes (camel nomads) Bedouin Tribes (camel nomads) Organized by kinship Led by Shaykhs Large warrior class Conflicts over power Oasis Camel Caravan Towns and Trade Towns and Trade Mecca: Center of trade Site of the Kaba Sedentary society Yathrib Becomes Medina Conflict over rule (hebrews/bedouins) Arabia Before Islam - 2 Mecca Mecca Arabia Before Islam - 3 Society Society Women had greater freedom than classical societies Women had key economic role Polygamy Culture Culture No art/architecture Poetry only form of art (no written language) Religion: blend of animism and polytheism Standards for conduct come from tribal tradition The Rise of Islam Muhammad Muhammad Born 570 CE Wealthy family in Mecca Merchant worked for Khadijah Later married 610 CE 1 st Revelation from Angel Gabriel Power Grew/Notables feared him The Flight Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina Muhammad fled Mecca to Medina Known as Hijra (Hegira) Faith Grew Beginning of Islam What Does Islam Have to Offer? One religion for all tribes One religion for all tribes An Arab religion An Arab religion Closest relationship with God (Allah) Closest relationship with God (Allah) Promise of peace Promise of peace Moral-Ethical Code Moral-Ethical Code Afterlife Afterlife 5 Pillars of Islam Code of conduct Code of conduct 1)Confession of Faith 2)Prayer 3)Ramadan Month of Fasting 4)Zakat Almsgiving 5)Hajj Pilgrimage Aim: Islamic Empires in Southwest Asia The Islamic World Problem of Succession Problem of Succession Muhammad dies whos next? Caliph: Political and religious successor 1 st Caliph: Abu Bakr 632 634 Ridda Wars: against apostosy and rebels Motives for Expansion Common cause and strength Common cause and strength Stand up against non-arab oppression Stand up against non-arab oppression Booty (treasure) Booty (treasure) Glorify Religion Glorify Religion Military Conquest Muslim Strengths Muslim Strengths Religious Zeal Courage Military Prowess Weak Enemies N. Africa, Mesopotamia, Persia, Byzantine Weak Enemies N. Africa, Mesopotamia, Persia, Byzantine Expansion Defeated Persians (Sasanian Empire) Defeated Persians (Sasanian Empire) Won battles against Byzantines Won battles against Byzantines Reached C. Asia (conflict with Buddhism) Reached C. Asia (conflict with Buddhism) Conquered Spain Conquered Spain Battle of Tours 732 CE held out of France Battle of Tours 732 CE held out of France Muslims controlled Mediterranean (NAVY) Muslims controlled Mediterranean (NAVY) 8 th Century NW India 8 th Century NW India The Islamic Caliphate The Split Divisions in Islamic Community Divisions in Islamic Community The Spark for conflict The Spark for conflict SUNNI/SHIITE SUNNI/SHIITE The Sunni (Umayyad) and Shia (Ali) The Sunni (Umayyad) and Shia (Ali) Division in Muslim society Sunni 85% Shia 15% Umayyad Society 1 Political center at Damascus (Syria) Political center at Damascus (Syria) Only Muslim Arabs were 1 st class citizens Only Muslim Arabs were 1 st class citizens Dhimmi People of the Book Dhimmi People of the Book Christianity and Judaism Mawali Muslim Converts Mawali Muslim Converts Gender Roles in Muslim Society Women had a role in Islamic society Women had a role in Islamic society Equality before God Equality before God Contributions of Women Contributions of Women 1 st Martyr Hadiths: Traditions of the prophet (recorded by women) Women could have jobs Umayyad Decline Leadership focused on personal pleasure Leadership focused on personal pleasure No more expansion No more expansion Abandoned simple, frugal lifestyle Abandoned simple, frugal lifestyle 747 CE Warriors revolted under Abbasid Party 747 CE Warriors revolted under Abbasid Party Abbasid Rule Harsh Rule Harsh Rule Eliminated Umayyads Rejected former allies (Shia, Malawi) Moved Capital to Baghdad Moved Capital to Baghdad Abbasid Government Strong Central Power Strong Central Power Absolute Rulers Increasing Bureaucracy Wazir Chief Administrator Royal Executioner (Harsh Rule) Fairly Efficient Conversion No more dividing treasure No more dividing treasure Mass Conversions Mass Conversions Berbers Persians Turks Converts could hold important positions Converts could hold important positions Persians cam to dominate positions in administration Persians cam to dominate positions in administration Economics 1 Large Merchant and Landlord Class Large Merchant and Landlord Class Increased urbanization Revived afro-eurasian trading network Dhows: Sailing vessels with triangular (lateen) sails Cooperative with Christians and Jews Profits reinvested: commerce, mansions, land, mosques, schools, baths and hospitals Economics 2 Artisans and Craftspeople Artisans and Craftspeople Low wages Valued skills Formed guildlike organizations Slave Class Slave Class Slaves could earn freedom Mostly non-muslims Worst was rural labor and salt mines Economics 3 Ayan Wealthy landed elite Ayan Wealthy landed elite Large estates in country Soldiers, Old Land Owners, Merchants Peasants did not own land Abbasid Caliphate Harun al-Rashid (786 809) Harun al-Rashid (786 809) Entertained Charlemagne's Emissaries Dependent of Persian Advisors Death led to civil war Abbasid Coins Julius Kckert's painting of Harun al-Rashid Problems of Caliphate Overspending Overspending New imperial sites More spending = More taxes Villages are pillaged and abandoned Villages are pillaged and abandoned Irrigation falls apart Irrigation falls apart Floods, Famine Floods, Famine PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION Changing Role of Women Increased subjugation Increased subjugation Veil Harem Rich Women No Careers (less rights) Rich Women No Careers (less rights) Slaves often had more freedom Peasants could work to support family Losing Control Internal struggles prevented caliphs from defending losses in outer territory Internal struggles prevented caliphs from defending losses in outer territory Lost Egypt and Syria Lost Egypt and Syria 945 Buyids of Persia capture Baghdad 945 Buyids of Persia capture Baghdad 1055 Seljuk Turks from Central Asia took control 1055 Seljuk Turks from Central Asia took control Christian Crusades More of an impact on Western Europe More of an impact on Western Europe Christians had initial success due to lack of Muslim preparedness Christians had initial success due to lack of Muslim preparedness 1099 Jerusalem was taken and Muslims and Jews were massacred 1099 Jerusalem was taken and Muslims and Jews were massacred