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The War for Independence

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The War for Independence. Chapter 4. A New Imperial Policy (1763). Successful conclusion of the war with France resulted in significant changes in British policies toward the North American colonies, beginning with a new policy on western lands. . England. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: The War for Independence

The War for The War for IndependenceIndependence

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Page 2: The War for Independence

A New Imperial Policy A New Imperial Policy (1763)(1763)

Successful conclusion of the war with Successful conclusion of the war with France resulted in significant changes in France resulted in significant changes in British policies toward the North American British policies toward the North American colonies, beginning with a new policy on colonies, beginning with a new policy on western lands. western lands.

Page 3: The War for Independence

EnglandEngland George III became king of George III became king of

England in 1760. England in 1760. The Treaty of Paris (1763) The Treaty of Paris (1763)

added vast areas in India added vast areas in India and North America to the and North America to the British Empire. British Empire.

Domestic policies involving Domestic policies involving factions within the Whig factions within the Whig Party (led the Glorious Party (led the Glorious Revolution, 1688) held Revolution, 1688) held England’s attention. England’s attention.

Frequent cabinet changes Frequent cabinet changes helped to create an helped to create an unstable colonial policy. unstable colonial policy.

Page 4: The War for Independence

American ColonistsAmerican Colonists Had grown accustomed to running their own Had grown accustomed to running their own

affairs (Period of “salutary neglect,” 1714-affairs (Period of “salutary neglect,” 1714-39). 39).

Through royal governors the colonials dealt Through royal governors the colonials dealt with the monarchy more than with with the monarchy more than with Parliament. Parliament.

Colonial assemblies held the right of Colonial assemblies held the right of taxation (“power of the purse”). taxation (“power of the purse”).

Colonial contributions to the war effort had Colonial contributions to the war effort had often seemed half-hearted or nonexistent.often seemed half-hearted or nonexistent.

Page 5: The War for Independence

Native AmericansNative Americans Losers in the French and Losers in the French and

Indian War.Indian War. With the collapse of New With the collapse of New

France, Indians were no France, Indians were no longer able to play off the longer able to play off the European powers against European powers against each other.each other.

Cherokee lands in the South Cherokee lands in the South were opened to the English. were opened to the English.

PontiacPontiac formed an alliance formed an alliance of Northwest tribes and in of Northwest tribes and in 1763 attacked Detroit and 1763 attacked Detroit and other English forts and other English forts and settlements. settlements.

Pontiac’s war (“conspiracy”) Pontiac’s war (“conspiracy”) ended by treaty in 1766 ended by treaty in 1766

Page 6: The War for Independence

Western FrontiersmenWestern Frontiersmen Resented the lack of Resented the lack of

protection against the protection against the Indians.Indians.

In Pennsylvania In Pennsylvania Paxton Paxton Boys Boys massacred massacred peaceful Indians, and peaceful Indians, and then marched on then marched on Philadelphia. Philadelphia.

In the Carolinas, In the Carolinas, Regulators Regulators were finally were finally subdued by militia (Battle subdued by militia (Battle of Alamance, 1770). of Alamance, 1770).

Page 7: The War for Independence

The Royal Proclamation of The Royal Proclamation of 17631763

Drew a line along the Drew a line along the Appalachian Mountains. Appalachian Mountains.

Americans were Americans were forbidden to settle west forbidden to settle west of the line in Indian and of the line in Indian and former French areas. former French areas.

A new Quebec colony A new Quebec colony was created west of the was created west of the mountains. mountains.

Americans soon ignored Americans soon ignored or defied the line. or defied the line.

Page 8: The War for Independence

Taxation Controversy Taxation Controversy (1764— 1766)(1764— 1766)

Parliaments efforts to raise revenue in the Parliaments efforts to raise revenue in the colonies were met with growing resistance. colonies were met with growing resistance.

The repeal of the Stamp Act gave an The repeal of the Stamp Act gave an impression of a colonial victory. impression of a colonial victory.

Page 9: The War for Independence

George GreenvilleGeorge Greenville The new finance The new finance

minister in 1763, he minister in 1763, he sought to raise sought to raise money to help pay money to help pay the the cost of 10,000 cost of 10,000 British troops left in British troops left in the colonies for their the colonies for their protection, the war protection, the war had doubled the had doubled the British national debt. British national debt.

Page 10: The War for Independence

Revenue ActsRevenue Acts Existing laws were Existing laws were

more strictly more strictly enforced; new enforced; new legislation was legislation was enacted.enacted.

Americans smuggling Americans smuggling to evade the 1733 to evade the 1733 Molasses ActMolasses Act tax tax was to be halted by was to be halted by ridged enforcement. ridged enforcement.

Page 11: The War for Independence

Revenue ActsRevenue Acts The The Currency ActCurrency Act

of 1764 banned of 1764 banned paper currency as paper currency as legal tender.legal tender.

A shortage of hard A shortage of hard currency as a result currency as a result of an unfavorable of an unfavorable trade balance had a trade balance had a

deflationary deflationary effect. effect.

Page 12: The War for Independence

Revenue ActsRevenue Acts The The Sugar ActSugar Act, ,

also passed by also passed by parliament in 1764, parliament in 1764, cut the molasses cut the molasses tax in half but tax in half but added duties on added duties on other imports and other imports and provided for provided for enforcement. enforcement.

Page 13: The War for Independence

Revenue ActsRevenue Acts The The Stamp ActStamp Act of of

1765 required a tax 1765 required a tax stamp on most printed stamp on most printed material and legal material and legal documents. documents.

This alienated This alienated important colonial important colonial leaders such as leaders such as lawyers, merchants, lawyers, merchants, and journalists. and journalists.

Page 14: The War for Independence

Revenue ActsRevenue Acts A A Quartering ActQuartering Act

required the required the colonies to provide colonies to provide housing and housing and provisions provisions

for British for British troops. troops.

Page 15: The War for Independence

ProtestsProtests Took a variety of forms.Took a variety of forms.

James OtisJames Otis argued in 1751 argued in 1751 in a Boston court against in a Boston court against writs of assistance writs of assistance (general search warrants to (general search warrants to enforce mercantilist laws) enforce mercantilist laws)

Otis protested the Stamp Act Otis protested the Stamp Act by appealing to the natural by appealing to the natural rights of English subjects rights of English subjects including the right to be including the right to be taxed only with their consent. taxed only with their consent.

Page 16: The War for Independence

ProtestsProtests Greenville’s government Greenville’s government

offered the theory of offered the theory of “virtual representation”: “virtual representation”:

Each member of Each member of Parliament represented Parliament represented the interests of the entire the interests of the entire empire. empire.

““No taxation without No taxation without (actual) representation” (actual) representation” was the American slogan was the American slogan

The Virginia House of The Virginia House of Burgesses adopted the four Burgesses adopted the four most moderate of most moderate of Patrick Patrick Henry’sHenry’s Stamp Act Stamp Act Resolves. Resolves.

Page 17: The War for Independence

ProtestsProtests Mass meetings and demonstrations Mass meetings and demonstrations

by mobs occurred throughout the by mobs occurred throughout the colonies. colonies.

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty chapters linked chapters linked resistance leaders.resistance leaders.

Distribution and sale of the stamps Distribution and sale of the stamps was effectively halted. was effectively halted.

Page 18: The War for Independence

The Stamp Act CongressThe Stamp Act Congress Met in New York City in October 1765.Met in New York City in October 1765. Delegates from nine colonies issued a Delegates from nine colonies issued a

series a documents.series a documents. A “Declaration of the Rights and Grievances A “Declaration of the Rights and Grievances

of the Colonies”of the Colonies” A petition for relief was sent to king George A petition for relief was sent to king George

III III An appeal was addressed to Parliament to An appeal was addressed to Parliament to

repeal the Stamp Act repeal the Stamp Act

Page 19: The War for Independence

The Stamp Act CongressThe Stamp Act Congress A distinction was again drawn A distinction was again drawn

between imperial regulatory laws between imperial regulatory laws (permissible) and internal taxation.(permissible) and internal taxation.

American merchants organized non-American merchants organized non-importation associations to apply importation associations to apply pressure on Britain’s economy.pressure on Britain’s economy.

Page 20: The War for Independence

Repeal of the Stamp ActRepeal of the Stamp Act By Parliament in March By Parliament in March

1766, Followed by another 1766, Followed by another change of ministers in change of ministers in London. London.

In the debate, In the debate, Edmund Edmund BurkeBurke and others spoke and others spoke sympathetically of the sympathetically of the colonists’ plight. colonists’ plight.

The The Declaratory ActDeclaratory Act, , passed at the same time, passed at the same time, affirmed Parliament’s power affirmed Parliament’s power to pass laws affecting the to pass laws affecting the colonies “in all cases colonies “in all cases whatsoever” but did not whatsoever” but did not specifically mention taxes.specifically mention taxes.

Page 21: The War for Independence

The Crisis Deepens The Crisis Deepens (1766 - 1774) (1766 - 1774)

The British government’s efforts to tighten The British government’s efforts to tighten controls on the colonies and to raise controls on the colonies and to raise revenue by various taxes met with revenue by various taxes met with growing resistance from American radicals growing resistance from American radicals hastening the drift toward revolution. hastening the drift toward revolution.

Page 22: The War for Independence

The Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts Passed by parliament in 1767. Passed by parliament in 1767. Acts of the New York Assembly were Acts of the New York Assembly were

suspended until the assembly obeyed the suspended until the assembly obeyed the Quartering Act. Quartering Act.

Duties (external taxes) were placed on glass, Duties (external taxes) were placed on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea (which could only lead, paint, paper, and tea (which could only be legally imported from England). be legally imported from England).

Customs (tariff) administration was now to Customs (tariff) administration was now to be centered in Boston.be centered in Boston.

Money raised would pay governors and other Money raised would pay governors and other English officials, independent of colonial English officials, independent of colonial legislatures. legislatures.

Page 23: The War for Independence

Resistance to the New Resistance to the New TaxesTaxes

Mounted again.Mounted again. John Dickenson’sJohn Dickenson’s

Letters of a Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, Pennsylvania Farmer, objecting to all forms of objecting to all forms of taxes for revenue, were taxes for revenue, were widely distributed. widely distributed.

The governor dissolved The governor dissolved the Massachusetts the Massachusetts legislature after it legislature after it circulated a protesting circulated a protesting Circular LetterCircular Letter

Page 24: The War for Independence

Resistance to the New Resistance to the New TaxesTaxes

Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Sons of Liberty and Daughters of LibertyLiberty organized protests and organized protests and helped enforce non-importation helped enforce non-importation boycotts against English imports. boycotts against English imports.

Growing mob action divided colonial Growing mob action divided colonial opinion. opinion.

Additional British troops were sent to Additional British troops were sent to Boston (1768). Boston (1768).

Page 25: The War for Independence

Boston MassacreBoston Massacre March 1770.March 1770. Occurred when Occurred when

British troops fired British troops fired on a mob. on a mob.

Crispus Attucks, Crispus Attucks, an escaped slave, an escaped slave, was one of the first was one of the first to die. Defended by to die. Defended by John Adams, all but John Adams, all but two soldiers were two soldiers were acquitted. acquitted.

Page 26: The War for Independence

ParliamentParliament With With Lord NorthLord North now now

heading the heading the government, government, Parliament repealed all Parliament repealed all the the Townshend Townshend duties except the tax duties except the tax on tea (to emphasize on tea (to emphasize Parliament’s Parliament’s authority). authority).

A three year lull in A three year lull in agitation followed.agitation followed.

Committees of Committees of CorrespondenceCorrespondence provided a network for provided a network for American resisters. American resisters.

Page 27: The War for Independence

The Tea Act of 1773The Tea Act of 1773 Designed to bail out the Designed to bail out the

East India Company.East India Company. Taxes (and price) were Taxes (and price) were

reduced, undercutting reduced, undercutting American merchants American merchants and smugglers.and smugglers.

In Boston, a Tea Party In Boston, a Tea Party dumped a cargo of tea dumped a cargo of tea into the harbor, and into the harbor, and resistance occurred resistance occurred elsewhere. elsewhere.

Other “tea parties” Other “tea parties” occurred in Charleston, occurred in Charleston, SC, and Annapolis, MD SC, and Annapolis, MD

Page 28: The War for Independence

Coercive ActsCoercive Acts A series of laws that colonists called A series of laws that colonists called

“Intolerable Acts”“Intolerable Acts” passed by Parliament passed by Parliament in March 1774. in March 1774.

Boston port was closed until tea was paid Boston port was closed until tea was paid for British officials and soldiers could be for British officials and soldiers could be sent to England for major trials.sent to England for major trials.

A new Quartering Act brought soldiers into A new Quartering Act brought soldiers into Boston. Boston.

Page 29: The War for Independence

Coercive ActsCoercive Acts More offices were made More offices were made

appointive in Massachusetts, appointive in Massachusetts, where where General Thomas General Thomas Gage Gage soon became military soon became military governor. governor.

A separate A separate Quebec ActQuebec Act set set up an undemocratic up an undemocratic government in that government in that expanded colony and expanded colony and provided the Catholic Church provided the Catholic Church with special privileges. with special privileges.

Sympathy and assistance for Sympathy and assistance for Boston came from other Boston came from other colonies. colonies.

Thomas Jefferson’sThomas Jefferson’s Summary View Summary View argued for argued for allegiance to the king but allegiance to the king but not to Parliament. not to Parliament.

Page 30: The War for Independence

First Continental First Continental CongressCongress

Met in Philadelphia in September 1774 Met in Philadelphia in September 1774 55 delegates from 12 colonies. 55 delegates from 12 colonies. A series of resolutions and protests were adopted. A series of resolutions and protests were adopted. Resolutions agreed with Parliament’s right to regulate Resolutions agreed with Parliament’s right to regulate

external commerce but not to regulate internal colonial external commerce but not to regulate internal colonial affairs. affairs.

A Continental Association was formed to boycott British A Continental Association was formed to boycott British imports imports

In Parliament, Burke and others spoke in In Parliament, Burke and others spoke in favor of reconciliation.favor of reconciliation.

As royal governments collapsed, rebel As royal governments collapsed, rebel Committees of safety Committees of safety and congress took and congress took over. over.

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Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress

Was called for May 1775.Was called for May 1775. Lord North’s Conciliatory Resolution Lord North’s Conciliatory Resolution

failed to achieve a compromise.failed to achieve a compromise. Parliament declared Massachusetts Parliament declared Massachusetts

to be in a state of rebellion. to be in a state of rebellion.

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A Struggle for Men’s A Struggle for Men’s MindsMinds

In providing ideological justification for In providing ideological justification for revolution and in arousing public support revolution and in arousing public support for independence, the writings of for independence, the writings of Thomas Thomas Paine Paine and and Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson proved to proved to be stirring and effective. be stirring and effective.

Page 33: The War for Independence

Colonial AttitudesColonial Attitudes Colonial protesters, who claimed all the Colonial protesters, who claimed all the

political rights of English subjects, blamed political rights of English subjects, blamed Parliament for imposing taxes and Parliament for imposing taxes and restrictions without colonial restrictions without colonial representation.representation.

Several petitions to King George 111 from Several petitions to King George 111 from his “loyal subjects” had gone unanswered.his “loyal subjects” had gone unanswered.

Paine’s January 1776 pamphlet Paine’s January 1776 pamphlet Common Common Sense Sense was extraordinarily popular. was extraordinarily popular.

It argued that the colonists were exploited It argued that the colonists were exploited by Britain, made a villain of the king, and by Britain, made a villain of the king, and called for an independent republic. called for an independent republic.

Page 34: The War for Independence

Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress

Met May 1776; urged Met May 1776; urged states to form their states to form their own governments.own governments.

Richard Henry Richard Henry Lee’s ResolutionsLee’s Resolutions (adopted July 2) (adopted July 2) stated that the stated that the colonies “are and of colonies “are and of right ought to be free right ought to be free and independent and independent states.”states.”

Page 35: The War for Independence

Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress

Recognizing the Recognizing the importance of the importance of the “opinions of mankind” “opinions of mankind” at home and abroad, at home and abroad, a committee of a committee of Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Adams, and Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson drafted a drafted a “declaration.”“declaration.”

Page 36: The War for Independence

Jefferson’s Declaration of Jefferson’s Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Has remained a Has remained a primary source of primary source of American ideals.American ideals.

Inspiration was Inspiration was derived from the derived from the English Revolution English Revolution of 1688 and from of 1688 and from Enlightenment Enlightenment writers such as writers such as LockeLocke and and HumeHume. .

Page 37: The War for Independence

Jefferson’s Declaration of Jefferson’s Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

The Declaration recognized The Declaration recognized naturanatural l (inalienable) (inalienable) rightsrights (“life, liberty, and the (“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”), the pursuit of happiness”), the compact theorycompact theory (“consent of the governed”), and the (“consent of the governed”), and the right of right of revolutionrevolution against tyrannical governments.against tyrannical governments.

27 grievances were listed, with the blame 27 grievances were listed, with the blame placed on the king (“He has”). At times these placed on the king (“He has”). At times these were the main focus of attention.were the main focus of attention.

An attack on slavery and the slave trade was An attack on slavery and the slave trade was omitted on the insistence of some omitted on the insistence of some Southerners. Southerners.

Page 38: The War for Independence

Jefferson’s Declaration of Jefferson’s Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

Recognizing the risks of Recognizing the risks of “treason” (“we “treason” (“we mutually pledge to mutually pledge to each other our lives, each other our lives, our fortunes and our our fortunes and our sacred honor”), the sacred honor”), the signers endorsed the signers endorsed the status of “Free and status of “Free and Independent States.” Independent States.”

The Second Continental The Second Continental Congress accepted the Congress accepted the document on July 4, document on July 4, 1776. 1776.

Page 39: The War for Independence

Lexington to SaratogaLexington to Saratoga

Revolutionary fighting began fifteen months Revolutionary fighting began fifteen months before independence was declared. before independence was declared.

At first the fighting was primarily in the At first the fighting was primarily in the North. North.

Page 40: The War for Independence

Fighting BeginsFighting Begins First shots were fired in First shots were fired in

April 1775.April 1775. London ordered London ordered General General

GageGage to arrest rebel to arrest rebel leaders leaders John HancockJohn Hancock and and

Sam Sam AdamsAdams and seize arms and seize arms and ammunition around and ammunition around Boston.Boston.

British troops planned a British troops planned a secret march to Concord secret march to Concord but but Paul ReverePaul Revere and and others spread the alarm. others spread the alarm.

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Fighting BeginsFighting Begins Colonial militia Colonial militia

((MinutemenMinutemen) at ) at Lexington was ordered Lexington was ordered to disperse and the to disperse and the first shots were fired first shots were fired (by whom?)(by whom?)

The British marched on The British marched on to the North Bridge at to the North Bridge at Concord.Concord.

After the second clash After the second clash the British were the British were harassed on their harassed on their return to Boston, which return to Boston, which was then put under was then put under siege. siege.

Page 42: The War for Independence

Battle of Bunker (Breed’s) Battle of Bunker (Breed’s) HillHill

In June, the In June, the Americans were Americans were driven from driven from their trenches their trenches near near Charlestown, Charlestown, but the British but the British suffered heavy suffered heavy

losses. losses.

Page 43: The War for Independence

ReactionsReactions Congress appointed a Congress appointed a

Virginian, Virginian, George George WashingtonWashington, General of the , General of the American Army.American Army.

In August the King declared In August the King declared the colonies to be in the colonies to be in rebellion.rebellion.

The British used professional The British used professional armies, foreign mercenaries armies, foreign mercenaries (Hessians) to pacify and hold (Hessians) to pacify and hold costal cities.costal cities.

American rebels relied on American rebels relied on guerrilla harassment and guerrilla harassment and survival on home terrain.survival on home terrain.

Americans wee aided by Americans wee aided by foreign volunteers, including foreign volunteers, including Lafayette, von SteubenLafayette, von Steuben, , and and KosciuskoKosciusko

Page 44: The War for Independence

CanadaCanada Refused an offer to join the Refused an offer to join the

Americans and resisted Americans and resisted their invasion. their invasion.

In May 1775 In May 1775 Ethan Ethan Allen’s “Green Allen’s “Green Mountain Boys”Mountain Boys” captured Fort Ticonderoga captured Fort Ticonderoga and its cannons, which and its cannons, which were hauled to Boston. were hauled to Boston.

ArnoldArnold and and MontgomeryMontgomery launched attacks on launched attacks on Montreal (which fell) and Montreal (which fell) and Quebec (which did not).Quebec (which did not).

Page 45: The War for Independence

New York and New Jersey New York and New Jersey CampaignsCampaigns

The British The British evacuated Boston evacuated Boston and landed in New and landed in New York City.York City.

Washington was Washington was defeated at Brooklyn defeated at Brooklyn Heights and then in Heights and then in Manhattan and then Manhattan and then fled through New fled through New Jersey to Jersey to Pennsylvania (low Pennsylvania (low point of the war).point of the war).

Page 46: The War for Independence

New York and New Jersey New York and New Jersey CampaignsCampaigns

Washington Washington attacked the British attacked the British at Trenton and at Trenton and Princeton.Princeton.

Howe’s British Howe’s British army occupied army occupied Philadelphia and Philadelphia and Washington’s army Washington’s army wintered (1777-78) wintered (1777-78) at at Valley Forge.Valley Forge.

Page 47: The War for Independence

Britain’s StrategyBritain’s Strategy To secure New York’s To secure New York’s

Hudson River, cutting off Hudson River, cutting off New England.New England.

General BurgoyneGeneral Burgoyne took Ticonderoga (1777) took Ticonderoga (1777) and moved on Albany.and moved on Albany.

British and Indian troops British and Indian troops clashed with Americans clashed with Americans on the Mohawk River on the Mohawk River and returned to Canada. and returned to Canada.

Page 48: The War for Independence

Britain’s StrategyBritain’s Strategy Instead of driving up Instead of driving up

the Hudson, the Hudson, HoweHowe left for Philadelphia.left for Philadelphia.

Burgoyne Burgoyne surrendered to the surrendered to the Americans at Americans at Saratoga, NYSaratoga, NY..

(The war’s most (The war’s most decisive battle) decisive battle)

Page 49: The War for Independence

Britain’s StrategyBritain’s Strategy The Saratoga victory helped bring The Saratoga victory helped bring

France into the war as an ally (two France into the war as an ally (two 1778 treaties).1778 treaties).

A civil war had become an A civil war had become an international conflict. international conflict.

Page 50: The War for Independence

Revolution in the West, at Revolution in the West, at Sea, and in the SouthSea, and in the South

After Saratoga the war stalled in the North, After Saratoga the war stalled in the North, and focus shifted to the West and South, and focus shifted to the West and South, where the final fighting occurred. where the final fighting occurred.

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The West: George Rogers The West: George Rogers ClarkClark

Led militia and French Led militia and French volunteers down the Ohio volunteers down the Ohio River and took several River and took several British forts.British forts.

In response to Indian and In response to Indian and Loyalist attacks in Loyalist attacks in northeastern Pennsylvania, northeastern Pennsylvania, the Sullivan Expedition the Sullivan Expedition burned Iroquois villages in burned Iroquois villages in western New York. western New York.

In Virginia and the In Virginia and the Carolinas, retaliation by Carolinas, retaliation by colonial militia devastated colonial militia devastated Cherokee Indian towns. Cherokee Indian towns.

Frontier counterattacks Frontier counterattacks helped open land west of helped open land west of the Alleghenies to migration the Alleghenies to migration

Page 52: The War for Independence

At SeaAt Sea The Royal Navy blockaded the American coast with fair The Royal Navy blockaded the American coast with fair

success, raiding towns and supplying British troops. success, raiding towns and supplying British troops. American American privateers privateers (legalized raiders) harassed the (legalized raiders) harassed the

British.British. The small American navy was no match for the British The small American navy was no match for the British

fleet.fleet. Captain John Paul Jones attacked British ships in their Captain John Paul Jones attacked British ships in their

home waters. Minor skirmishes helped raisehome waters. Minor skirmishes helped raiseAmerican morale and prestige.American morale and prestige.

The French fleet provided crucial aid to the Americans.The French fleet provided crucial aid to the Americans. Britain had also now face the Spanish and Dutch fleets. Britain had also now face the Spanish and Dutch fleets.

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The SouthThe South Georgia was occupied Georgia was occupied

by British forces (1778) by British forces (1778) and their Southern and their Southern campaign was campaign was launched. launched.

By May 1780 General By May 1780 General Clinton’s British Clinton’s British expedition had taken expedition had taken Charleston, South Charleston, South Carolina. Carolina.

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The SouthThe South Banister Tarleton’s Banister Tarleton’s

cavalry and Loyalist cavalry and Loyalist troops fought savage troops fought savage campaigns in the campaigns in the Carolinas against Carolinas against Americans under Americans under Nathaniel Greene and Nathaniel Greene and the Swamp Fox, Francis the Swamp Fox, Francis Marion. Marion.

Americans lost Americans lost individual battles; individual battles; Southern militia finally Southern militia finally confined British control confined British control to coastal cities. to coastal cities.

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YorktownYorktown The site of the British The site of the British

defeat that effectively defeat that effectively ended the war.ended the war.

Cornwallis’s British Cornwallis’s British army headed north to army headed north to Virginia (1781).Virginia (1781).

Admiral de Grasse’s Admiral de Grasse’s French fleet and French fleet and troops left the West troops left the West Indies and arrived at Indies and arrived at Chesapeake Bay.Chesapeake Bay.

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YorktownYorktown General Washington General Washington

abandoned the siege of abandoned the siege of New York and New York and accompaniedaccompanied Rochambeau’s French Rochambeau’s French army, trapped army, trapped Cornwallis on the Cornwallis on the Yorktown Peninsula.Yorktown Peninsula.

Cornwallis surrendered Cornwallis surrendered to American and French to American and French forces (October 19, forces (October 19, 1781). 1781).

Scattered fighting Scattered fighting continued for over a continued for over a year. year.

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Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783) With military difficulties With military difficulties

elsewhere and a change in elsewhere and a change in government, Britain government, Britain initiated peace talks. initiated peace talks.

American envoys Benjamin American envoys Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay abandoned the John Jay abandoned the French alliance and signed French alliance and signed a separate peace. a separate peace.

Treaty terms recognized Treaty terms recognized American independence, American independence, borders to the Mississippi borders to the Mississippi (ignoring Indian claims), (ignoring Indian claims), and fishing rights off and fishing rights off Newfoundland.Newfoundland.

American promises regarding American promises regarding debt payment and treatment debt payment and treatment of Loyalists were not fulfilled. of Loyalists were not fulfilled.

The British government The British government compensated Loyalists for compensated Loyalists for some damage claims. some damage claims.

The American Army was The American Army was almost completely almost completely disbanded.disbanded.

Washington took leave of his Washington took leave of his officers at Fraunces’s Tavern officers at Fraunces’s Tavern in New York City and then in New York City and then resigned his commission as resigned his commission as Commander.Commander.

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A Social RevolutionA Social Revolution The American War The American War

for Independence, for Independence, unlike the French unlike the French Revolution, did not Revolution, did not destroy titled destroy titled aristocracy but did aristocracy but did have a significant have a significant social impact on social impact on certain population certain population groups.groups.

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Feudal InstitutionsFeudal Institutions While few in number in America, While few in number in America,

were eliminated during the were eliminated during the Revolution.Revolution.

States abolished primogeniture and States abolished primogeniture and entail laws. entail laws.

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LoyalistsLoyalists As estimated one-fifth to one-third of the As estimated one-fifth to one-third of the

population remained loyal to Britain population remained loyal to Britain (“Tories”).(“Tories”).

Another group fluctuated with the fortunes Another group fluctuated with the fortunes of war or as neutralof war or as neutral

Some served in the British Army.Some served in the British Army. At the war’s end some Loyalists’ properties were At the war’s end some Loyalists’ properties were

seized and many Loyalists scattered to other parts of seized and many Loyalists scattered to other parts of the British Empire (primarily Nova Scotia) the British Empire (primarily Nova Scotia)

The result was a limited social leveling. The result was a limited social leveling.

Page 61: The War for Independence

African AmericansAfrican Americans Slave and free faced a paradox. Slave and free faced a paradox.

The Revolution was fought in The Revolution was fought in the name of liberty and the name of liberty and equality, but slavery continued. equality, but slavery continued.

An estimated 5,000 blacks An estimated 5,000 blacks (mostly New England freemen) (mostly New England freemen) served in the army and navy served in the army and navy and fought in every major and fought in every major battle. battle.

Fear of possible slave revolts Fear of possible slave revolts inhibited use of blacks in the inhibited use of blacks in the South.South.

In 1775, In 1775, Governor DunmoreGovernor Dunmore of Virginia offered freedom to of Virginia offered freedom to slaves who fled and joined the slaves who fled and joined the British Army as perhaps 2,000 British Army as perhaps 2,000 did. did.

Slavery virtually ended in the Slavery virtually ended in the North during the Revolutionary North during the Revolutionary era.era.

Page 62: The War for Independence

Native AmericansNative Americans The protection The protection

offered by the offered by the Proclamation Line Proclamation Line of 1763of 1763 ended with ended with the Revolution, after the Revolution, after which Native which Native Americans were Americans were subjected to subjected to additional incursions additional incursions on their lands. on their lands.

Page 63: The War for Independence

WomenWomen Failed to attain the status Failed to attain the status

implied by the revolution’s implied by the revolution’s ideals, though ideals, though Abigail AdamsAbigail Adams and a few others bravely and a few others bravely challenged the lack of female challenged the lack of female equality. equality.

Wives often followed troops and Wives often followed troops and occasionally were involved in occasionally were involved in combat.combat.

In absence of men, wives tool In absence of men, wives tool on new occupations and on new occupations and responsibilities. responsibilities.