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The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties abroad and assassinations and antiwar demonstrations at home.
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The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

Mar 26, 2015

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Page 1: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

The Vietnam War Years

The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties abroad and assassinations and antiwar demonstrations at home.

Page 2: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

Section 1: Moving Toward Conflict

To stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia, the United States uses its military to support South Vietnam.

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Page 4: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

French Rule in Vietnam• Late 1800s–WW II, France rules most of

Indochina• Ho Chi Minh—leader of Vietnamese

independence movement • - helps create Indochinese Communist Party• 1940, Japanese take control of Vietnam• Vietminh—organization that aims to rid Vietnam

of foreign rule• Sept. 1945, Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam an

independent nation

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Ho Chi Minh

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France Battles the Vietminh• French troops move into Vietnam; French fight,

regain cities, South• 1950, U.S. begins economic aid to France to stop

communism

The Vietminh Drive Out the French• Domino theory—countries can fall to communism

like row of dominoes• 1954, Vietminh overrun French at Dien Bien Phu;

France surrenders• Geneva Accords divide Vietnam at 17th parallel;

Communists get north• Election to unify country called for in 1956

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Diem Cancels Elections• Ho has brutal, repressive regime but is popular for

land distribution• S. Vietnam’s anti-Communist president Ngo Dinh

Diem refuses election • U.S. promises military aid for stable, reform

government in South• Diem corrupt, stifles opposition, restricts Buddhism• Vietcong (Communist opposition group in South)

kills officials• Ho sends arms to Vietcong along Ho Chi Minh

Trail

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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-infamous-and-ingenious-ho-chi-minh-trail-cameron-paterson

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-infamous-and-ingenious-ho-chi-minh-trail-cameron-paterson
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-infamous-and-ingenious-ho-chi-minh-trail-cameron-paterson
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Kennedy and Vietnam• Like Eisenhower, JFK backs Diem financially;

sends military advisers• Diem’s popularity plummets from corruption, lack

of land reform• Diem starts strategic hamlet program to fight

Vietcong• - villagers resent being moved from ancestral

homes• Diem presses attacks on Buddhism; monks burn

themselves in protest• U.S.-supported military coup topples government;

Diem assassinated

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http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964

http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964
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President Johnson Expands the ConflictThe South Grows More Unstable• Succession of military leaders rule S. Vietnam;

country unstable• LBJ thinks U.S. can lose international prestige if

communists winThe Tonkin Gulf Resolution• Alleged attack in Gulf of Tonkin; LBJ asks for

power to repel enemy• 1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution gives him broad

military powers• 1965 8 Americans killed, LBJ orders sustained

bombing of North• U.S. combat troops sent to S. Vietnam to battle

Vietcong http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos#vietnam

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos
http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos
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Section 2: U.S. Involvement and Escalation

The United States sends troops to fight in Vietnam, but the war quickly turns into a stalemate.

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Strong Support for Containment• LBJ hesitates breaking promise to keep troops

out; works with: • - Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara • Secretary of State Dean Rusk • Congress, majority of public support sending

troopsThe Troop Buildup Accelerates• General William Westmoreland—U.S.

commander in South Vietnam• Thinks southern Army of the Republic of

Vietnam (ARVN) ineffective• Requests increasing numbers; by 1967 500,000

U.S. troops

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http://www.history.com/videos/history-rocks-vietnam-soldier#governor-jim-gibbons-and-take-a-vet-to-school-program

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An Elusive Enemy• Vietcong use hit-and-run, ambush tactics, move among

civilians• Tunnels help withstand airstrikes, launch attacks, connect

villages• Terrain laced with booby traps, land mines laid by U.S.,

VietcongA Frustrating War of Attrition• Westmoreland tries to destroy Vietcong morale through

attrition• Vietcong receive supplies from China, U.S.S.R.; remain

defiant• U.S. sees war as military struggle; Vietcong as battle for

survivalhttp://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos#vietnam-war-tactics

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The Battle for “Hearts and Minds”• U.S. wants to stop Vietcong from winning support

of rural population• Weapons for exposing tunnels often wound

civilians, destroy villages– -napalm: gasoline-based bomb that sets fire

to jungle– - Agent Orange: leaf-killing, toxic chemical

• Search-and-destroy missions move civilian suspects, destroy property

• Villagers go to cities, refugee camps; 1967, over 3 million refugees

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Censo

red

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Sinking Morale• Guerrilla warfare, jungle conditions, lack of

progress lower morale• Many soldiers turn to alcohol, drugs; some kill

superior officers• Government corruption, instability lead S. Vietnam

to demonstrateFulfilling a Duty• Most U.S. soldiers believe in justice of halting

communism• Fight courageously, take patriotic pride in fulfilling

their duty

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The Great Society Suffers• War grows more costly with more troops; inflation

rate rising• LBJ gets tax increase to pay for war, check

inflation• - has to accept $6 billion funding cut for Great

SocietyThe Living-Room War• Combat footage on nightly TV news shows stark

picture of war• Critics say credibility gap between administration

reports and events• Senator J. William Fulbright’s hearings add to

doubts about war

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Section 3: A Nation Divided

An antiwar movement in the U.S. pits supporters of the government’s war policy against those who oppose it.

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The Times They Are A’Changin’

Bob Dylan, 1963

Come gather 'round people

Wherever you roam

And admit that the waters

Around you have grown

And accept it that soon

You'll be drenched to the bone.

If your time to you

Is worth savin'

Then you better start swimmin'

Or you'll sink like a stone

For the times they are a-changin'.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCWdCKPtnYE

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Come writers and critics

Who prophesize with your pen

And keep your eyes wide

The chance won't come again

And don't speak too soon

For the wheel's still in spin

And there's no tellin' who

That it's namin'.

For the loser now

Will be later to win

For the times they are a-changin'.

Come writers and critics

Who prophesize with your pen

And keep your eyes wide

The chance won't come again

And don't speak too soon

For the wheel's still in spin

And there's no tellin' who

That it's namin'.

For the loser now

Will be later to win

For the times they are a-changin'.

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Come senators, congressmen

Please heed the call

Don't stand in the doorway

Don't block up the hall

For he that gets hurt

Will be he who has stalled

There's a battle outside

And it is ragin'.

It'll soon shake your windows

And rattle your walls

For the times they are a-changin'.

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Come mothers and fathers

Throughout the land

And don't criticize

What you can't understand

Your sons and your daughters

Are beyond your command

Your old road is

Rapidly agin'.

Please get out of the new one

If you can't lend your hand

For the times they are a-changin'

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The line it is drawn

The curse it is cast

The slow one now

Will later be fast

As the present now

Will later be past

The order is

Rapidly fadin'.

And the first one now

Will later be last

For the times they are a-changin'.

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A “Manipulatable” Draft

• Selective Service System, draft, calls men 18–26 to military service

• Thousands look for ways to avoid the draft

• Many—mostly white, affluent—get college deferment

• 80% of U.S. soldiers come from lower economic levels

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African Americans in Vietnam• African Americans serve in disproportionate

numbers in ground combat• Defense Dept. corrects problem by

instituting draft lottery in 1969• Racial tensions high in many platoons; add

to low troop moraleWomen Join the Ranks10,000 women serve, mostly as military

nurses• Thousands volunteer: American Red Cross,

United Services Organization

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The New Left

• New Left—youth movement of 1960s, demand sweeping changes

• Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Free Speech Movement (FSM):

- criticize big business, government; want greater individual freedom

Campus Activism

• New Left ideas spread across colleges

• Students protest campus issues, Vietnam war

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The Movement Grows• In 1965, protest marches, rallies draw tens of

thousands• 1966, student deferments require good academic

standing• - SDS calls for civil disobedience; counsels students to go abroad• Small numbers of returning veterans protest;

protest songs popularFrom Protest to Resistance• Antiwar demonstrations, protests increase, some

become violent• Some men burn draft cards; some refuse to serve;

some flee to Canada

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http://www.history.com/videos/history-rocks-summer-of-love#history-rocks-summer-of-love

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War Divides the Nation• Doves strongly oppose war, believe U.S.

should withdraw• Hawks favor sending greater forces to win

the war• 1967 majority of Americans support war,

consider protesters disloyalJohnson Remains Determined• LBJ continues slow escalation, is criticized

by both hawks and doves• Combat stalemate leads Defense Secretary

McNamara to resign

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http://www.rhapsody.com/bob-dylan/biograph

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Feel Like I'm Fixin' To Die RagCountry Joe and the Fish

http://www.archive.org/details/cjm1976-01-01.koln.flac16

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Yeah, come on all of you, big strong men,

Uncle Sam needs your help again.

He's got himself in a terrible jam

Way down yonder in Vietnam

So put down your books and pick up a gun,

We're gonna have a whole lotta fun.

And it's one, two, three,

What are we fighting for ?

Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,

Next stop is Vietnam;

And it's five, six, seven,

Open up the pearly gates,

Well there ain't no time to wonder why,

Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

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Well, come on Wall Street, don't move slow,

Why man, this is war au-go-go.

There's plenty good money to be made

By supplying the Army with the tools of the trade,

Just hope and pray that if they drop the bomb,

They drop it on the Viet Cong.

And it's one, two, three,

What are we fighting for ?

Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,

Next stop is Vietnam.

And it's five, six, seven,

Open up the pearly gates,

Well there ain't no time to wonder why

Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

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Well, come on generals, let's move fast;

Your big chance has come at last.

Gotta go out and get those reds —

The only good commie is the one who's dead

And you know that peace can only be won

When we've blown 'em all to kingdom come.

And it's one, two, three,

What are we fighting for ?

Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,

Next stop is Vietnam;

And it's five, six, seven,

Open up the pearly gates,

Well there ain't no time to wonder why

Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

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Well, come on mothers throughout the land,

Pack your boys off to Vietnam.

Come on fathers, don't hesitate,

Send 'em off before it's too late.

Be the first one on your block

To have your boy come home in a box.

And it's one, two, three

What are we fighting for ?

Don't ask me, I don't give a damn,

Next stop is Vietnam.

And it's five, six, seven,

Open up the pearly gates,

Well there ain't no time to wonder why,

Whoopee! we're all gonna die.

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1968: A Tumultuous Year

An enemy attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, and a chaotic political convention make 1968 an explosive year.

Section 4

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A Surprise Attack

• 1968 villagers go to cities to celebrate Tet (Vietnamese new year)

• Vietcong among crowd attack over 100 towns, 12 U.S. air bases

• Tet offensive lasts 1 month before U.S./S. Vietnam regain control

• Westmoreland declares attacks are military defeat for Vietcong

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http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos#attempts-to-evade-military-draft

The Tet Offensive

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos#tet-offensive

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Tet Changes Public Opinion

• Before Tet, most Americans hawks; after Tet, hawks, doves both 40%

• Mainstream media openly criticizes war

• LBJ appoints Clark Clifford as new Secretary of Defense

• After studying situation, Clifford concludes war is unwinnable

• LBJ’s popularity drops; 60% disapprove his handling of the war

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Johnson Withdraws• Senator Eugene McCarthy runs for Democratic

nomination as dove• Senator Robert Kennedy enters race after LBJ’s

poor showing in NH• LBJ announces will seek peace talks, will not run

for reelectionViolence and Protest Grip the Nation• Riots rock over 100 cities after Martin Luther King,

Jr. is killed• Kennedy wins CA primary; is fatally shot for

supporting Israel• Major demonstrations on over 100 college

campuses

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Turmoil in Chicago

• Vice-president Hubert Humphrey wins Democratic nomination

• Over 10,000 demonstrators go to Chicago

• Mayor Richard J. Daley mobilizes police, National Guard

• Protesters try to march to convention; police beat them; rioting

• Delegates to convention bitterly debate antiwar plank

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Nixon Triumphs

• Nixon works for party for years, wins 1968 Republican nomination

• Campaign promises: restore law and order, end war in Vietnam

• Governor George Wallace is third-party candidate

• Champions segregation, states’ rights; attracts protest-weary whites

• Nixon wins presidency

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“… segregation now,

segregation tomorrow,

segregation forever!”

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Section 5: The End of the War and Its Legacy

President Nixon institutes his Vietnamization policy, and America’s longest war finally comes to an end.

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The Pullout Begins• New president Richard Nixon finds

negotiations not progressing• National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger

works on new plan• Vietnamization—U.S. troops withdraw, S.

Vietnam troops take over“Peace with Honor”• Nixon calls for “peace with honor” to

maintain U.S. dignity• Orders bombing of N. Vietnam, Vietcong

hideouts in Laos, Cambodia

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Mainstream America• Silent majority—moderate, mainstream people

who support war

The My Lai Massacre• News breaks that U.S. platoon massacred civilians

in My Lai village• Lt. William Calley, Jr., in command, is convicted,

imprisoned

The Invasion of Cambodia• 1970, U.S. troops invade Cambodia to clear out

enemy supply centers• 1.5 million protesting college students close down

1,200 campuses

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Violence on Campus• National Guard kills 4 in confrontation at Kent State

University • Guardsmen kill 2 during confrontation at Jackson State in

MS http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdVMGKOFIwY&ob=av2n

• 100,000 construction workers rally in NYC to support government

The Pentagon Papers• Nixon invades Cambodia; Congress repeals Tonkin Gulf

Resolution• Pentagon Papers show plans to enter war under LBJ• Confirm belief of many that government not honest about

intentions

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Tin soldiers and Nixon coming,We're finally on our own.This summer I hear the drumming,Four dead in Ohio.

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Gotta get down to itSoldiers are cutting us downShould have been done long ago.

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What if you knew herAnd found her dead on the groundHow can you run when you know?

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“Peace is at Hand”• 1971, 60% think U.S. should withdraw from

Vietnam by end of year• 1972 N. Vietnamese attack; U.S. bombs cities,

mines Haiphong harbor• Kissinger agrees to complete withdrawal of U.S.:

“Peace is at hand”The Final Push• S. Vietnam rejects Kissinger plan; talks break off;

bombing resumes• Congress calls for end to war; peace signed

January 1973The Fall of Saigon• Cease-fire breaks down; South surrenders after

North invades 1975

Page 97: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.
Page 98: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

http://www.history.com/videos/saigon-falls#saigon-falls

Page 99: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

American Veterans Cope Back Home• 58,000 Americans, over 2 million North, South

Vietnamese die in war• Returning veterans face indifference, hostility

at home• About 15% develop post-traumatic stress disorder

Further Turmoil in Southeast Asia• Communists put 400,000 S. Vietnamese in labor

camps; 1.5 million flee• Civil war breaks out in Cambodia; Khmer Rouge

seize power• Want to establish peasant society; kill at least

1 million people

Page 100: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.
Page 101: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.
Page 102: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

The Legacy of Vietnam

• Government abolishes military draft

• 1973 Congress passes War Powers Act:

- president must inform Congress within 48

hours of deploying troops

- 90 day maximum deployment without

Congressional approval

• War contributes to cynicism about government, political leaders

Page 103: The Vietnam War Years The United States becomes locked in a military stalemate in Southeast Asia. U.S. forces withdraw after a decade of heavy war casualties.

The Path to War

http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/videos#the-road-to-war


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