The Tragi-Comedy of Victorian Fatherhood (Jpeg)

THETRAGI-COMEDYOFVICTORIANFATHERHOODEumin,nl Vic'.....n m.ddlc-d.w. &.hcttoood fmm "'" f.,hn..,."pt.....:c"..." v.1tnt S>ndtn d......n'lnme pcnandround a...eu. '" .... apr- of pIa>o-.pXfand.......,. .. r.......... In COftUSI of cul 1Il ..-naiItty.bou, I:""""" "" "'N' n'NfI'_, IN' "R'II IlO Hl'O'"""'" .to,Gt_J .,j,_l_S-. C",,,,,,,,, -I .... l ............u..-i.'J", -fI __r..-FIorwIIwtr>I ........C, t... .,. P' ('''''''''9-fGrl./--. o A. u V....,..,rytfc _J.H... ). u........,bishop(andPm.... MWJln'J 164Cond....... .,.IIlwtmtiollSNdUIuid e-F*ll T.lu. From.l phoI"l;'.ll'h JohnJobr. [D..,n b-,'O. J. Pound. ..,: w. C IIK,"I\(,S,lIl "'uhhuei,...... ().by pnmWOon of tho:M.lI)' E...... Lib..ry. ,;'6Ar!.:1/ow{rdgmrnt5,....__ ""'" to.,,",,),"",,..., on ,Ik' '1""fT''''''p'w".',,,.. ....on,..,.,..,.''''',,,,, .,.J I... 1',.,.....Jolfof.... dot S...w... of C U.." ,, !.Ibmy: I TlUIrd."P""'"'''''' Whilr"""1' .,temp'b Iottn ....... 10 d",,""ropyncII"fn.il}' "'Vo.gini. r..,...fromManhcw Arnold. 11K UI''''#{M.m.- A-JJ. cd. Ccr:i1Y. Lang. 6 "010./Ch..andlondon;Un;""";1}' of Virgin.. P,.... 'j96-UlO'}. CTh. Un'..... i'y of Virgini.,,- '?96-1.CIOl.n..bed; .. d, ",,',ing pcrf. ""bbo'MCO>.,..J UU"....., ,hemdorr', '1mpotloy.......mal '0be wi,hthr: ..........'ic .,.. '"helien """'"- '1I",n.F. AnMty', V_I"'-: A '-.".....hat,) _ .... lD apand.,..Jdf f.......10 .......,. ""3f" f,lIl1uy of J>O""onlh...r;oodf.......n, n. kfl'''lt'f.. he,h....,J ,n ...., 11u, , Dh....u"P"'nlN '" """,J""b"" ,uf'.....Ruobn. AmoId. 0=Jr:"D.ck.mo .nd CNrko Ib "...............,ac .........of " ... fu .."...cd ... ,Iou f"Irror ploaical tIoroInric :otl"",",! ...b Ii _ ....... ....wr.,...,... tt..n II-_. n. ce, im..lormowKbwhidtIw _ arItlr..-d brlaio doiI-........... br ............ dipppnraL' QIiIo&.!.Mia_ fo< .......... I" .,. """"'" wKbd>or daiJJ d>orheM, Ii.... .Ie.. ..,._ ............_J. _ ,tdP...n.p _'.',r-,"""II".., II",I'" "j "'" V'w".."l,,!>r, " .." .... J,1"'"'''''' '" ,I" '.'1",1.., ,"'''!''....' ' .,..., .M....I".,,,rldoa ofV........ beM" I n.. ....Ijo' ' .."-'of ... e.w. Of.G>ol ....FatIor of 'f...brring', .. Sm." C.Ai,un .... in di'c""ion of i,..wkw>.rd Aitkmd>.i .... til f",hen .uffttfromaninvioibk'id... ul)' prcdiam...,': ,htyINybe copilftnl>wid! mod>cn, bu. ,hry....""a1......y> hadmo", fn:nlom,h.a.n"""htnto,..Jk away from,hrir andoprOUI of x.i"" f... hemoodAo::r>rdinsto A"un. til ........,he e-du,iltll .nd .fr.. ,h,lndwuialwhich, inocp..,,,i,,, ,he",alrwo,1qlIaa: r.......,hr'-'c, JrsiumiKd tho faMr. e:motlol\al diojunction fromf.unily:Mork ,oIou.....fU,rrl>n , , '",he ..'hn,no. of ......"n'IcifthC)' would"" "'Prier "u, or ,he hou"'.nd II,...., d .... 0,.mt'spbet' wht'rt' b.ther- CIlI l'njo)'Iht'ir childrt'n's compan'" awayfromfhemort' r.lllonal ,md disJpprovingl.'}"t' ofrht'ir mOlht'r. Ir lht'Ipe'rimenuJlrnupplngOUI hiSrole III JdomCSlicconlext O\"tI... hichhehimself l.ickal confidem control.AlBEIIT, AlBEIIT[l)W,,1I0ANDVICKY'Non, of rou an",,,. beproudenough of beinglhe('hiM of SUCHIFllher who tus nOI his 'qual in Ihis world - so greal, sogood, 10hultless', Quttn VicloriJrebukedherh(';r, theI('('nagePrince ofWakI,inISS7.' As themost prominent fJlhtr.figure of thenation. Prince Albenmakes anidel! srooming point for a slUdy of ViClorianp:uriarchy,Vieloriacould nC"o'erhimenough, either dead or alive, nor sufficientlyexhort her children to regJrd himas lheir oracle. So far as she W:l$concerned. he wa5 rhe po:rfC'Cl falher. and she hoped all hersonsanddJughteu would emulJle his vinues Jnd spreJd themthroughEurope, viJnrefullyplanneddynuticmJrriagesdesignedbyAlbenhimself. Inlheevent. he diedbefore more lhan one child could bemarried, and lhisambitiousmarriage - of hiseldest d:tughler VickytothefUlureEmperorof Germany - failedtolransformlhepolilic.onWillt.llll" hJbi[ of ro:fe'rring to hi' :Klions inIhe rturdWriling10Vicky, nowmauied.lndliving inIkrlin. A1heuw,u Jimilarh'fascin.lrc:d br thc hC"ha"iour of his roungc:sr daughter, lWO-)'eu.old6c:alncc. who had corne tntll hre2kful. 'mo.aninghu!lottn JO poorbal.ysonaughl}',wa, OIlCmight complainof beingill. orhaving,Iepl badly, Illc: Alben nOliCl-d how'rbechildfdl she"I) I, 1\ ,II Ie-h.:-., .Indmmo,l 'l1\'CllIIVO; mfluernwhik, to....,AnnurSo ,k'p...npf'" rlP(But SlOp. _ fil'Sl InIll(' ki..lIu' {c,n) -Thou tin,.of 1M)'""'(C, br's poking penIntOh,s(10...,. Ont more for Hood. inhii --:ri,ing. is Ihe ......with much dse in Hood's mili-up.{he C)'nlC':l.Ispokenby h,s (aillnpcnona in nuny of his comruu wilh Ihe rdarion1hipin his unfinlMnO't"e1, O"r Fain/I]. Kn;I.l,seJ 1I\ HooJJbroo.'ttn May 1844 andFrbruuyIS.n Ahhough[hi, iscomic,mal...flichincludesmuchironic humour at rhe expense- of Ihe neh andpmcntiOtU. 31 the hC';lCt ofillies enormousrcspn:tfor rheir doc.:l(lr otherfromhis twin$Om. 01N' of"'hom- Rumbold - narr:.1In lhe SlOry,Trim.", Shalla'y-liu, thenovcl \)(ginswiU! thenamnorexpatialingonthe sitw.lion of his hin:h: nOl Ihe hinhit$("lf, bUl theI'I:rspecti ...e of lhoM:wailinganddiscussingthe(Ven! downm.irs, andthewhole unfinishl:d OIl Hood's death) ne...er progresses beyond the twillS chriS'lening and vaccination. Our FamilyreCOUIllS a succession oflhatittmtofollowuponeacholher naturallyenough, bUI which arcaboaggra...ated by !he dOClor's hadluck. Underlying e...erything he does is lheconsciolmlethat he mUSl pro...ide for his twin sam. When ad...ersecirculTUWlti.u makes himr($ignfromhis dUli($in looking afterme wolkhOUJe. heseabefore him'...erydistinctly, a Wife, IWOdearTwins, and a houKhold10 suppon,hut noclearprospect of Ihal indisperuable a livelihood'."'h his own life nared iu end,Hood's vxilialiolU over whClheril wasrishlto acapr;a$D.Iepnuion beumelhefin:dtwiSt inhisattempu. 10baIancc his dutic,; fa h.. f:amily withhis K1f-r($pectandindcpcndencr asall autboe. Hoodpridedhinudf onbeingeucmiallya 'clean' wrilcr..mo.c bIamdc. work his o...n childrenwouldbe able ro read 'withoul aburning bllASh ontheir young chccIu10 rdkct theauthorwas wirfa&ha'."Nevcrthdat., he felt he had nol bttn aPPleciared by Ihe Irare inanyrhat -Jd benefit hisnmily, either befole orafter hisdealh,prompc.itll him finally in July1&+4to pmnit a I'I:nsion application10 beIII:Itk on hit behalf to Sil RobenPed, 'asit might enablemetomaketome Iol!&bt pn;Msion formy children _ whomI un buttOO lure [0 leave,liM cht dilldn-n of litcrU)' menin senen!, toI. double lament, - for the/I", {,,,It... "{I",I",.lmt>,,1..'(:fll)1hc(OfeII ...., pub--lIshell Olhn woOd. when IhUl borllC', irhi,., aofc;:.:;-old:lChIS ofren denied10 u-r...-horUocT:1pidly roll:KJ.1 pI.Kr10 tht. 'carSiale. Hewufell 10 be. uniled...ilhlho.cO>TI ...hombeIII .. hid, mosl ckdy louchhor.uu: and Ibc by the Memoit g{his wife and toft ..i'-to -...-"'q 1I)'mp.1!hctie fNling.",0 c"idl."nct Ih.1f QU11 Vil:IOfl.1 11l'r\clf " . , hdl;l1J II"pn:krmcnt. firSI to london :lll,l ,h"l1 10 CaJ1l,,burv. }\''''tl:h.M,1 H"I""I nnr Bcrne '"Althout::h h" wll, At:""" hAd ho.-gun rh. ...mnnHunl'schlldr..n InpJldhI' ",fe'9>ulJr mJIOlenall. Jnd(lI.wr di,orcN1x.1. 10Ag,>t., , hr.1I"""llhJ>hi, owo,Incfkcl .....ndc.on..dhe, 1he\!IJogt'......., "I rhe"Of)' b.:}:in' wllhtimIXI alollC. \,('hr wouldamfnh.-r_;al, lime...hen f...mily bw w;a, 1O mH..xlbk. JcknowlNgtmao ...' own,Iherebyhlon.df lor d, ...." .. J'ld 110, hiogr.lpher KJ.lhr)'n HUJI,h.." sllgge'l\ il may 11JVeh...d 10dowithde... lh. iU51 IWOwcock. berme a new loOn\ bmh. of Ihe founh sooof Lcw,-""... ndAgne', :::., VincelllAnh)'.:l1Iht' age of tWO: 'Inthe m,dll 01 il m:1Yh.webeenIhal rhejoy of J Ilew child. evcoaOOlhcr mAnWl'l1l some w:lrfilling Ihc void.' For her. how",'cr, Iht rcAJexplanalion i, that, 'd"pitc1m., f... of mor;al AippancywhICh offeodcdsom;any, Lewesw;asiI m;t.nof integrity'. Hehad...grttdwith/\goothaImonog;t.mywasdifficull 10 SUSI;t.in, ;t.ndif eilhtr of lhemw.IDledJ relA-lionshipwilll someone else. Ihis shouldbe xccp,cd!'Perh;aps lhe SlOry stJ"Seven(;Irlier. wilh ol\-n.lMcondlngfuher, John ltt.who leflhis partntr;andthree sons when Grov Hen!}'(1817-78), the youngesl, w.lS only IWO, :;;u'ICI weill 10 jomhiscustomsoffit:er brOlher inIkrmudil. Lcv.-es, whose p.1ren[)nC"lTf murltd.....';ISto!.dth'llhisre"!falher hild died. 1101Ih;t.t he hJd gont .1Y'.ly: hismCHh"thenmarriedCaptJin JohoGurcmWillimin 182j. ;a slepfather le....es mueh likd. Roscm;ary Ashton h.l$ thAt ht was probablyunawareofhisowo illegilim:ttcstJtuS, and that he had ;a SCi of h:Jf-siblings.6lUosurprisingly, being;a fatherrt'maioea problem;t.lk for le....esfor thc rest of his lift. Ht' mnsdy lived apartfromhis owo three failedtoincorporate any of themexcepl Charles intoh!s household....George ElioL Like Dickens's tht'r proved difficult 10 professions, aod the recourseof SC'ndillg [\\"0ofro .tlldediotngedy,Thorllie' OOllll':llCledIUbercwO$is of Ihe splOC ..hik bewasOUtinNalal, [rying 10 eslablishhimself as a f.rnntr,.andC2fIK bonxto dieal lcwes'shomewilhEliot iI few}'r.1t5 I.Iler, whileHcrbtn. -farming in Naul, died six ,'Cars urer of bronchitis in [}wb;t.n.-----' dtcPOlll ........"""remaining son, Chilrlcs.. Kltleddownroa ---y,..... In. .mbI..ewn'swell-meaning cffom;llia f.nhcrwt"K IJrtdy his ::::.,?IU him. In 18S9heloldthtm. a[10"holUhlP with GeofF ElKK; 186, wasthe)'UI" 11lom1C cuncII-n... Tr.,St-("mrd.r of I r,,,I'rrll(l(}(/The-........ ""nl01[hIS rcwlJllon,. gl'C'f1InIOllrlulfur[j-r6 July18'\9, He' h..d. maderosp"ndJ 1('\, JJys\\Irh. fhe ,lx.l}'lo. roolhar wouldhJ"C' pknl\ 01opl",mul1lty h'tilrathentl)'ing10plate' leth-Ilt or e Will featuremanytitnftinlhis muir. II f.lllnrl" of}I/J1frltood til ""d-rr"""'1. ckarl,,;) I'rnbkmfmmen ... ho had Ihcm\C'lva --' __ I ,-_.. 01.' WOn'nI n.ord 10'onwJ,ln'r'>C' !JIll.I\-, CIICUm'lancr. bul ...1. __.on'" '. ' ' WIlt>\oriS COllstruCI a l1arrol.rl\e of deniJIn a falhct manaI h hh hld pnK;aIong_dislJrloCerc allOllS If) Wll C I reno'Vivian'apet>Ollol. Lewt'lo crated for himself Int!lc "cckly ndlal 10 whichbOlhhe andGeorge1:.1101 conrrrbuln! Lfl/drr was foundedIn 18so. ironically enoughina ,oimventurewilhTholl1tol1 Hum. with Agnes, and provided com.meOlaryoncurrent aff.lirs. literatureofrheday, andolher mailers ofinlt"rCSI. l..ewes wrole long liter-lillre rC'Viev;s undef hIS ownnol.me. bUI for his roundupof Ihatrical 1!oeWS. hein"eOln! alouchebachelor. 'Vivian', who leu slip lillie perwnal derails in ldvisinghis readersonthebnlshowsplayinginlondon'sIhealra. Ar\lnllingth... meinthereviC'wsiswomen'sperverse allraClion(0 marrin!men, tothe negke! of bachelors like himself. while he dismisses as noisyandtasldess Ihedisorderofmarriedhouseholds full of 'obnrcperoLUchIldren. whodisloale my ""llllchchain oI.nd pral Iheir jam,slairaedfingers enmylavender Irouscrs'.uWhenever hewlile$aboul f-amilinand fatherhood in TINlU4n,Icwn as 'Vivian' diSlJnces himself as an oUlsider 10 muriage. HisCOrllcmpr for marriedcouplesmay disguise a certain envy,bUI he often at Ihcir dOnlC'Stic compbcency. 'One is alwa}"S Iheofsomebody; bUl, happily, one noralways thefalher of somebody, hedeclafn in a leview ef a oomcdy by Jescph Slirling Co)ne.fINFllmil,. Thisrn>iew is panieularly scathing about WN (If0IlC has a h . 1 'J'.- n cJv,er 10 the001 t etcIS a ways Ihe hopethat he may run away,boneW"Js 'HewtoMakeHomeHappy', a L,Il'" 1C'Vlew of Brough in Novemlxr t8SJ. 'A$ I have ",announces. 'andthat homeil nOI happy, I reaJly stand In_.._ . let. Before $ingIheplay, Viviandalms II . on ._happy wouldbe 10 'keeplaiChours, - be- waslle, theway MrsJonesdrasn, _IhinkMrsBtoWIII c. on _ bring a friend homesuddenly10d,nnerSalllld d hi _ 10 ........hal",,' t;J.IlIIIOI ays, ISeoverthat 01 erprop e mana.._ ..-. ,,, TfwolC' is.gatat home andyouwill inflilibly make heme happy:, "r;ynical , d: . . h d -(,he other 'Vl\'WI P' Iw. enlra lClOrlnaJ Int IS an many,,:, . ofIiit. .-hlChPVllrayamanat oddswith,hemoI.IttJI'lry\"ICW HdSC' sul-,C'rs"'dv "hat (",d htll (JIlnOI SllCJk "I.en.I children.s elllenJInlllClt (rc\IO:WI ltj;, such A,/1t' Ir'j::OlrJ a, 5t James's. 1.11 18\1, Joo..'ShI' wishhechildtoshueIht eXpt'lIence: I hIS IS .Ill annOUJlCemC'OI (0 make-....ish I....ert a bo,' againM',he s.t I'S of I ht W',z"ud sho...., .-or .It any "". , '. laic.Ihll I were lht atht! of a fanllly> - (hJt IInlght uktmynoisy Chlldltllto sn' Ihis....ondrowman. Did",dlyoncOllg/If 10beIhl" fathtl ofL_ h.' 'famil)'! I sh.lll makt unngcmenlS10 unome sue .AlrC1dy lht falher of a f.lmil)', l"IVr ulolUhip withlhem; .... f>'nfU", h-"ohhis 1CparJ.lInnfi h,s .....,td",h.:-" Dickens dissoln-d ,h... hound.Hit"lo be'We;,>1I ,he tomdo. h d . hi .. I' pnVJI('mauc sp (1'(';I.n liS pu Ie nposurc. n fUmmg his )'oulll; d,lUglllmmlO (KaICYonl)' lif,een wheon me "ppe;lrroin II\( (;/\(, N'I"'IS.l!r's DUll].1(1("1 71N'in ,8SS). DKkens f"IOI rid;ed 1Mi, rcput.uions. bUi .Ilso Jppt'"uro to compromi5C his rIUponsibililinas .I protti,'c(.lthe-I. On,h(' ofhl"r hand. dircxtingchildrrn in apb.)' - J highly anificiJI .i'union -ga"c him comrlC1C mnlfolol'C'r in cOlldilions,fhl"more- difficultofesubl,sh,ngu IIIworld.In rhis was athisas a f;trher whenIherole(a wordusedarne:c10sesl (0!x-ing ora linguiuic game,binllSJndchristcnings casily fiuedthis asdidhisof IMiraOliau small childrcn. II was whcn Ihey bl:ame awkw;ud aduln-unmoliYalcd sons. daughlers who m;uri,'ll the wrong men - rhal his .:.rbiliry10 performthe role ofactor-managcr.f.uher was seyerdy Icsled. Evcn Ihen,inhis frequcnl descriptions of himself as prcm:llurdy old and grey haired.or asdcspairingoyersonswhomeamwell b\ll werehecxaggcratesanddr.:.rm.:.rtises. Whereyer hecan. he m.:.rkesadr-unaof hilehildrcn, mC'rging thcmwilhthcidcntilies of his fiction.:.r!andorchestrating theirperformanasVincent Crummles displaying hil'\nF.am Phenomenon'.'9 In hiHar!y ye.:.rrs as foil hC'r. it is indttd to Nit!JtJwNicJ:kby_ th.:.rt mixture ofmelodrama and thc:;nrical comedy -Ihat Dickensturnsmost oftenforcomic analogics; but faulry, un-sc:lf-erilical F.alhers.....1'.0 stand on pomp and cercmony, appear in mOSI of his novc:b.MrMiawbe:r, Bk.J: Ho"S"sMr Turvqodrop, 'amodel of Deportment':Mr Dornt, 'Father of the Marshalsc:a'; and Flon Finching's f.uher,Cuby, known as 'The: I...ur: ofIhe Patriarchs', arC' allofasimibrkind. 1lIc:showmanshipof F.athcrs, as lhe: ourward, dc:erptiVC' fa of adwnbolic family, is a dislioaivc:ly Dieke:nsian hallmark. conl\l:Clcd to hisIhc F.atha's micas essc:nlially pc:rformalivc: and thtatrio!: Itremains pmblc:smlic in hislilcruy tau: ar worst pompous, and faiK; but at best. exuberant and lifc-affirming. In Mr SIc:ary's circ:uJ, InHuJ TiIfUS (1814), 'all thef.uhe:n coulddance:uponrolling cuks. upon bou.It'S. Q[ch kniVClli lind ba.lb, rwirl ride upon IInythi"" overc:vnrhing, and stickIII norhing' .... One5CnSdi Ihal DickefIJhlmtdf W'OUIdI,ke: tohaVC' ba:n as vc:muilc.1"f f,/>,,1 'I11", dMplt'.,,, ""I .1 'lllll)' "t1),u.\ let'Ir., 10 h,) h..-.... reJ (.0 h.11Il U'>,ersion w.: 'Tell the ho,' IIUII hJ\'t" bn SI:lC;lring "}f'r and eagle-rJ}'S, (Make him look in Y,trn'lI's hIJ,n):' The concept of falhl'rhood indud...d.\ h".lirly St:nsc oflhcmsdv... aCli,tribesmen, whomodified lh... ir huming intonpassionforlectingnatural-historytohome- IOf Ihe-ir chilJren, ml'moir of George porlrap: him:IS complerdy ;lllli.domcstic Inhistasto;, 'loving10beat thewild heart ofNature, f'u,I, ....." 'l"I,h," ........."h \\ h ". "m. \1 mlal hit br...t........, .... .II,.) ....I"u.I ..........I hJrmk MuolOr, mcuing lht opponunma10 le;tch andkarn oUlside Ihe c!.,Issroom, Ihrollgh.,I more unhumed .mdIlIuslI':lli,'eof theof,mpaning infor-mJlion, whichhad!xenthe jXxbgogicIll(t!JOOinthefitS! halfof Ihe Ct'ntury. His de-vdopmclll of different hybrid genra10 emhody hisfavouril(' w:lyof leachingbuilt onthisearlierbUI al the$,;Imctitnl' ledhim10thefunctinnsof .lindnonsenseinf..lation10 a practical, h.lIld}-on slyle- of Ie-aching,Thil uSC'of nonsensewritingwas soml"thing compll"ldyalie-n10 thesober,\lim.1I1d Richard w"ell Edgeworth recomm..nd d,recl dialogue betv.-eenpuems andchildrC'nas thebest w"y10impul mo...iaigein a nornuldofT\('$ticsitu.uion whtrequenioll$might .lifis.: lI.lIru.rally. espi.IIJYin,dation 10 ll1ectunio; :lnd loCiencC'. 'Fromcon"en.llion. if propc:,1ychildrenm:lY brnwithe;l$C', expedition,.lI1d ddigfll, a nriC'tyof knowllgC", they conclude inPr;lmr;l! ",.r;l1/9"(1798), fC'ilef:lling averysimilarSUIC'mtmfromfheir I"ref.KC': ':100.1 .,I skilful precC'JlIOf an:ll"ply in conversation all tht' princil"les Ihat WC' ha>'C' Ltboriouslyendl'3vourcd 10 lIlakt' illldligibic', An Appt'ndi.'It of I1Qld on Convfrsaliol1l; held wilh lhe numerous Edgcwonh children, krpl byHonora, Richard Edgt'WQrlh's K'Cond wife aMMaria's srepmo!h:",",",ows how$Omeof thesedialogues..urkC'din f'It'.JJi1)'.n.cmoAL1I\Ift-lentionally amusing is their con\Tl'Sllion on whether hotWOrse talding tmn hOI water or rea, wftC'ft' eN&rhcr sbunp'QllQ,lioru mrro a NRkd silewx- AsEdv.. Qottft .,;;:al one poim, 'No lft'med 10... anydtilll 10 gr:lIbwt:chocol:ltr,..'"he Ed,rworth,j, tll.II,h,-nlOdl,-r " ,., ...lloOnIII,oulli=-cr .::hrldren. \Ie''' ,hJrlJ,\1111 - r':lhap) d,-nwd frOIll_JCJn.Jacqu('SInf.nlll" (1-6!), "Iler", hC" .11.)(1pollllrdl(hu IhtmOlhcf', position'1' mOle C;:ll.l.mthanIh.n of (h... (JoIner": nEtll ordcring of thcde-JK'nd,more'uponher, and_htI)u>uaU(o";ada of her children", RousseJUlxlic\'t'10cmcII:l." on thl." ulC'Clmmboob.w;,h mOlhcnbeingpmhcd lOW.I setOndJrl' bJckground role. 'lX'hilcsomeofIh(5(' were fJmily hJ,,,J. and clrcl...d,oundhinoriul qucSI;OIl5(for rumple. lh,' anonymous A"wnH,/II: or, AftrrDinllrr Co",rmu;ombmum " "tubrrI/ltdHIseMit/I'm011 Subjrm ofAml/Slmoll and IlIsrr"uilm, JHJI), olhers SCi1.td on Ihe l';1[cl)l- wonders both'1evoIulioninhi!. g(Ologic:aI lcaching, Asheput il luC'Inhll 'How to Study Nalural History', 'God's carth andGod I wordWlUIlCYtt conuadicl eacholher,"1Holl'" ,III" KIII'I/n-OJ rJ f.... "rol,"l flKrd..xnl "f 11lIl'''h .. nd .. n'........... (haded Q'"nd !kb;ale .nlO'fence or .. h...uon..1 lllOUbh....., (.. AI"lIhnor ,.. \ .A"L\"lof"""J andlito:A"jI/ITHIlIIu,,-odnamoo &lIonal c!l.a"Klel\ nd .fI K I. .. PWoucu \Ornekind 0 a 'oOCIJ (OIllC);I.cy. Inthe __ ,, I L_ "OKIl{lOn. WlOnlc:dmore for h., (.... u,:;aflon.' leXI\ - ......,h a mor(' COI1\'II1(ln '- I. d I, g p"y\oca ....oduIc:quipmelltOUI of whatIhey findonIheisland andrCSCllC' fromrhc: ship.inlenpe:lled with dialogues aboul lhe .. nimah, bir habn of.ukmgandlx-glfl', III 'The\'(/ondersofIhC' ShorC", h,s r""Itv.'amck. whIch.....;as Ons. ,"Ot Arnnld l[ rrtggercdnumo:rolt' ktt1n,h'll n{'"dl ...- whik hah'I\bJlldr-nch al"nid' ofbting ..redIII :In)' wrongllolOg. til...)' rI'1;andoff dun. Jol Icllureand underschool rule-.. C1uprer-of r.,..B",w,,'sxhooldlifS indude- a w:ene \\hereTom15 summoned (OtheDoelOr\ stu(l)' andhim a toybott "ithsomeof hI.!childrenlookingon; ,imibrly, StJnleybmou.oJ)'himal workInhi) .tudy, 'withnoJnemp' Jl slusion, (on\1>/1 (a,," 1,"1.....),I., A,,,,,,",,Il, 'OI1l1"I">lUIl All Arn.. I.!,."ll,elllJ " . ,'" C"ffime:nl on hI'""I"I"u' .'.wrt:y ,1\ m.III, ,In,1 hI: '"uld Ifh , dHr. - " . , w,,"C, pun"hh", hm(Alhersand.son" i, [h... !1mioll of rhesonas a hdpbl "ictim off.l.!e Of in which rhe farher lives, but ,ufTer, agervinghis "ire sI.S a $('mi.eeremonia.! anendam(he was paid 75 per circuil), as.hool, ' , ' 'd 00' "'00scabllnytoIIlspl:Ctor ewa, aVISItor an commenCJ,u,change anything W:l.S confined 10 what he wrOle In his repom. 1kchild_h , . , 0_']".....hat ,,-e would""w 0 cameunder hIS lnspeclOratc: werem.... ! .nowcall primaryschool pupils. and they WC"r"C fromthec!l.sses I . , " ,.' _nvaror or k. n nelt er Situation couldhe s lIle as anlll"u . .acb_ . .. 'Cf"C toO [nrerm,Rm'. :-",:l.n panlcularly.hIS appe:araoces" .10Inspire thekindof devoted follov.inghisfathern'f,oytdasa, __t1.> ], ] I h ",_1_ __ I in ao r;UlOI--' pam, {"('guaT r ar.mgumg lewU+C_""'"rgtdappe-al toIheir bellerilChC$.As. \ nUll. ,\ till h"" ..\!l.l-l ,Omen!. , vIR"STed onbelOg rome, kickingme: like J''O{lIlg coil, he011the- t\'.. of BJSII s birth.whenheandFlu\\-creIII StpJrate room Jndhew;u wilh his)'ounger dJught('r(Vol. Ill, p. 6jl; ... on.IfIOi{he-r OCCIOn olthe procl1l",,11 multitudeof \"Oico coonloCl1,ngd,tfeL'CntIhmS"" "UlOidIOllp for J d"pendablementor, wlIh.t cku ()( \allJoC\. he docnbes Ihebe)1gUld" for a youngprtwc".in. whtn IlI,."r ICll"'r, hOlm: ""erereadlIUI 10h'mbu."1,,,'1)') ., ldh 'I k ",t shehadI>0n", heI(l C'r: I I C' lI:lIlng ynuImwfol'ldIamofDClf( .... H'"",ghIhat no.I) lin'C' forthnn - (0.I muchmorerIXognis:lblcUp-to-dttc .....heRby,he f.uhcr provides. the children (.Ike, Jnd fh", twogcner.llions imcr:lct on the Ih.!.l there i, rilll.: Iht {Jlher (;IndotomakehischildrenbehaveInyddlcrcndy.Unlikehilown {aw... MallhrwArllold w;IJ; nodisciplinarian. There no inspeaions of posseiom;, nowaking hi, childrenwiththeR.l1end of a luirhrmh. and of wfear inslilledinIhern of 'being foundoutandpunished', which brother Thomas de)Criboas aaerinie oflhe Dr Arnold inspiredin his ownfamlly.to#>It hardtoimaginethedder Arnold beingtre:uedwith the friendly diuespectshowntoMauhcwbyone of hisgreat.nephews, whoinsistedoncallinghim'Many':'he hadheardmemuchtalked. aboul asMJlt whowas fond ofchildren", Mau!KWnoted. wilh more amUSoCllK'nl thanoffcnc.c. 'and he shows hisby dropping me lj"dr' (Vol. Vt, p.}o41).Compucdwimhis famer, whohad insisted on his mddler daughterjane's curuqing to her mOlher, Mauhew wrote 10 Lucy of his plnsure inItting 'theMidgel' wriggle JIhiminthemorning: asfor picking up thenotOriOIUAmerican habit ofspitting, Arnold was delighted that hisgranckbugluO" hadsuccumbed: 'Thaidearlittle din)' thing, themidget:how I iohould liketosecherspilling' (Vol. VI, p. 208), TheMidga, infaa, tutoredthe comicdimension10Arnold's asa father,which had hem lacking in rem dcada and needed10 be narr:ncd to befully appreciated. When his motherwas alive andthe children were small,his Icnefl _re full of comic anccdolcs about the sayings of Budge and the10mboyUhbehaviour of Nelly, diveninghimfromthe more allxiollSofcommenury on linle Tom's fragilil}'. Now Ihal Lucy was11\ Amma.anddie M. l newcharacter 10beshared. andAndd badr. inhisdcnlCmpani,'.I\nd stiek h "c - h'ok of me as 11'"O[0 one anor er onunue 10[ I " ADdtr-'ela 8 h ' . j.....iaJ rC'C1'UIlS. ,Ita ce eone ofhISrounggeo -.. 1uscd"1 Hudcrs'X.ffl$;(y; '[hemoreyou doIhal rhe bel(er I stull be P .......:.lIll1dy ...Club ofscientiSI$, founded in provided anorbc:r "YC---.I '{/Irrllill fa,'"",' ',.,olllfir f'lll'ff'""rf", '/;1'".( 01 1'0'11"1111I !;"I,t'/,J,,,,,,tt.f: ",'.nt,"n "(",,n,c,lIld1.111.: !i'Po"lha. 11l,'n r,.,nlO'!1>' I>Jni,J...uw,hclr,!,hn.' .,1 h"m,-.1Il.! d"ldreil..xln"U\'dy. howt'\"("r.. !l1tton',"NOIthe least of Darwin's appeal ;IS aISthe btt.ccntheglobal hislOrial impaci ofTbt ar:l''' "Sptrin. and the tim}d dOffiClilicity ofilli author. Because much of hIS. postai'Balk research was done, in effect, in his own backyard, understandll,,!.his racarchis fromaknowledgeof his homelife and cri5C:J,in the midst of which Darwinwas formubting his most inftutfl htri' His daughltt Henrietta was dangerously ill with. dipht(alink known inBritain before the mid18sos) andhIS ro;r::duld Charles Waring dying of 5Cltlet fever inthedI Itllv.+.enDarwin_ bf,ing urgedtopublishspeciestheal)' Inor. rt ofa pre..cmplivcmikefromAlfredRussel Wallace. II rc:Wll1g'4J..,hoW'h"w l"l11pkx preur""11 ,h h I[}Jt'"n . 1\ brt".n Ihhr brul.ll1y, '1", hnll"lIll :md!;,fu:d d"lJ k"rJI l: "un 11110 h ,L_hrv'.'" Huxley' C""1K"(;Uun wllh h, "Y\I""U,IfI'''"'' , (; Cangni lhe armr,o;phcre ofh..'ne".... ., k" 'ovwcrJOHIlo;........ Bensonfanll y " a'Ill 109lllw:allC(of howrL- Vi . rI ,... nc lClQIun adwf \lus,..eaCCCSS 10 Ihe publICdomarn madehim\CCTIl 1._L"0.( .,. fi Ik ' .... 5'" tJW1 re\II"rrhinIhehome:. A Icr\ deilh. 'Treman', hI'>fir" pn.,0 III " . ' '. u.' lOur mant , old('I J'Wll" ,mJ,,1llllll,d(011 beIngabk' to work w,',I, h b b' .',J' "_ 'lcaymh,sroom: 'I wa, lhlnklngItlon came uuough in{}ctoOO', Ihal Maninwas placedonlysixthOUI of dC\'CIl, andh..dno'good' grades.warllOOhimof disappoimc:dwillgillgirs .wayfrom'Pap:!.'whowill 'dwdl on the det:!.ils' (fo. t9)' Papa duly underlineda in mathcmatics, beganseries of10. p:I.)'auenlion in class. Awed:: later I1c heavily underscored ,onnnualilUllelltion inclass' (fo. lJ), BribesandurcasmfoUO"'-cd, byway ofI.':I.rrOI :!.nd Slick: if Martin's nolt Kponw;IS bc!ICf lhey would CXQI for ahome visif(he dulymovrdup10 fourthplxc),: :l \'ISI:;' In muube deservedbyhardwork.as1I1USI :l ,$1111 hudermood, Benson unkindly alMa.rnnI spdhng,...'A .. d' I ,', h:iS somethll'SfOpparcumlyyouthlOkIt tlhewor appaKnl) , /;un .wilheo"toTheirrilableunderliningsandmuJuplcClfC :l11Ofl_ ,.. ' Whil . would easyIIImarks engravelkllson'$ inrofhep:l.ge, e .L'_Lf d . nneol In hISJO", .. lUI-" his rtpealedoutbunts 0 lsappoln , ,and ..-hKh gave way 10 acqla! dWoguc :lboulQDC' III)lio:dpublIC..:hool _shed111 lOt',ptef'''()fI ..!n01it in mit; corrdponckner IS IkIuon sM;II)'ddnl boy10fulfil hisownp;llCrnaI arnbiPonJ.'"'8 n.rr""PLDIlln!.r 0{ I ,aor",,, f,,,lvrl,,,,,,1 kflmmu,l hJ\"C' cornC' .1Srdld .I> ,h.' ,h.ll\ .1"""1' ,he-,'OUngrr ,h,ldrtn'spn3lOnfor m.lgncl Jndher0\\ II .UlClIlpIS(01l1.lkc,-Armour for Ihe DOli/v', Chr;jilm.lS,-h,lrades. \,\II1'.t, out c:aJmerrna he' r ..he Iud n at I lime0 Marlin's duth. A5a girl.IIn'efherfatha' "hohe identified..,;m her los1. pC$ forthefmun:, and100 Mill Iud UId'ul---'- . y thanhe dIdwllhMarlin. lnoughstK-...,. .. 10 do. II took the r. r' I_ ...._ philoooph'-" , orm0 50Cia care of Ih(' poor........ or manly ad L. L. d '10 rnaltc:u a kadcr of the ' vanco11('"a uptOOMarlintoherarchumbler _I nodt Thelermsbywhichherefers,,,,,mOSt emunrn 'ShU'"""u'\II;iveiMUnce of,I',L g. ewas 10reallysuchanhe! .L.._ II .....$lIlntl, s. . .P OUlell and II) Iovr: . L pllll,,11 itscapabilities 10_ \II; WUn lhe ..L """10 a friend,maki.. L lI'IOlit W1ughlerly dearness' he:ofhetL--I..L lXf'nlOthcnu' d' .''''TIl" """'.he w:u I'IOL'" H b ' let omOIlC treasure me restonly one of \II, I dUnk, ..no had tt I'OIhcr Anhur dClCriba h('r as 'the-:::::; uIlc Mld famcr. She k/l('Wa;lCllyfit: and fr.' Ikrd,andgav(' himQ;JCdy'8r.backIQ hi':for whichhceBecauS. .. '-Ina,n\lHUllom.whC'rchC' p.".mudfor rOllUl1l1C (onJl'.II1ion,h,pWilhmtnonamort' cqtmbnis. Sdf-douhl. Jc-prCSSI'lIl .md hi_ownh'!;hoffiu(for n:lfTIpk:uMUlerof '\bgdalcllC' Co/kgc. Cambndge)nuJc'Il(rt':llilllf:lyunlikdl'.Of rhe"''0formicL.bk fin-dr-IllY"falhersdiscusserth"1r s::him whenout of office. :.ISlhe 'X',:.Ind dcsc:nbcsrum' ) (' r('lene, h ,-_. . r clomp,", op(I>tllr- .' I i. :.I.msuound ae Oln,,1 SWlII5U. 0 ,.hrrrunlSwllhlIe ., Ii and:.l nnupoUrngr-. .' heir t.WOUtllCAr:l.g:.J.ffiU n ._Ulhe sun,; Songlllg I I Idhim :.IS Daresl oou A cs :.II {We ve (OU ;w ,'-_,.-,fc', [veil gn , 'u nwfut Maryof """rf,llherbird'. "hilc s P:SWti limiled..ht:nhe ..':.J.SI.-:k of aweor fcar of lhe,r OIt er,_ morcrewarding: 'Hch I m:.ldeIheSOCI;Uurn....bowinh,) sludy. I ISon y , _ drecorded our hc:ighu. But. . 'd (lCS measureu an _cIDo.....cduSlhongS.IO USSIO, rofus:.ltalime-lwoOfe whenhe G1rtlnJrouIhe suprelllcmoment am h b k Ip 7)d If - on IS ae: " denmy Henry. an myse ewdwomen. Anne [sb;a.."n ,In hel ree:enl siudyof'dh. ,hildrenboIck, especiallyhlS. ". Mlnlsler e IS , b"'"whelher lhcagClng mile . h' ,he:.I"'uc:s, comI. he p;ltrl:.lfC '.. . .dJll,hlcrs. dcvotlon toI f "",rh;lps the mOSI exclflng. the hart 0 r- r ndwith the thrill ofopetallng at deil diffie:uhror sonsapolilie:al familyofIhe nineleellthh Ih:.ll Mary Gladstonek'7'A!11 ((VI en d:.lmo 10bre:.J. :.Iway. h f moIlSmen of Ih(C"ft"r tOO busy mOft' fofbiddinr; l/I his:Sll1Iil_lacMschool, hade:hildtttl ..11010:.1 $On al ",deIt was G 'ftedf.irnrntdi:.lte while !knson s ;Unpocrmanendyato,,.Ii ofsuch JS prieseries(l.oPdoft: w.-kC"lcu pp. IIl_,6, CII(Sbdu..;our.S FulfordJ]mrn' (j"fJ. p. lOS_, Nil'Ll F.J"on. V,(IOTlPpnJfI,.,. v."K,l.tnJ (London: WcKlcnfdd and Nicoboro.l'lll). ". liS10Fulfordlcd.}. [)rpmt GlIlIJ. p. Ill.II I-ulford (c.I.). Ift/lmt M"",p' I.mmbtl"'""Q""" Vin,rut /1,,4liNCroll''' I'rll/rt!l o!"rIlJJltI1861-1864(London:BrOlhers Lid. 19'68). p. 16.12 Tilt:>JIII/,Jill R"'lflll 12 (21 December1861/. p. 6)1.I) "non.. 'The Clo:\Malel' [MaryKinplc:YI, 'TheThrealenedRc_Subjc:uL rr-r, 01. II,p. 1\1).n fami;v p. 14 In,840 DlrwinhIdba:nill atWfi!'1 p. -40',"1T HLIft ,f"tI Lmm -/ 'Ir I-tl'I).,'"", HooJ.,... \'0;>1 II. r "'9 J d.Hooktn.lon: HuJder lSI: SloughIon. 19150,,' Filmil, IID'''N. 186-1896 Wildon:&Co., '910.lkl1>O".F. W, Hn,I.,fr' II, Tmll. /" S/rf/lXlh, Frs F"lnrIJ. london: Mxmllbn &(o.lWdlinl;lnnCollege:Gcorgt Bishop, liN!lemon. M.lryEk.lnor. AI Sund., Timnd. Sluiirs ."HpttrrJl, SWlCbrdEdilioo of theCoOlplt1t I'.ycholosial Worki of SipnundFreud, cd. !vok, Vol. II. london:TheHogarthPrcu. 19S5Bmnte. Ch.lrlom. Til, J.rttm,,[CJmrlontBrollri, cd. M.lrptteSmirh. JOk.o.xrord.: .C1arendon!'ress. 1000 . rrrrr tdJBrownlOg. E.llubclhBarrtn rr ..I.,Ltlt"" "[IM BI'IIIlJIII"f'tfI Gt-." & ....raul unais and Ronald E. Frttman. of 1U1l'lOOl '9SI.. t#-Bud".Samu("\. Tht w..,ofAU FIM (,,oJ).Cor/ylco. Thomu. 'Tht Hero as Mm ofLellelS, In s.,., H""Wonhip. London: [knl. 1\17). pp.}8)--4u. U sfn.--'Carlyle. Thomasand J.neCa,lylt. Tht co&nrJ ;:'" .oIs. 10dirtJillI' Wehhc".Iyk, cd. Chl,ldRiehal'd San', H.A.. 'Rnn,n,>IKWrrt.0.""" '99JYQb. \1;' II 1'- -ill B 'un",\;..", Srlrr""". cd. A. NOrmJn}drJln.london MdIMngnok: ""....mdIJR.'I''JJIIII'J!Ilc.J. J c. nlO'''''' Hoot!. .I.ondon: RoullcJb'.r Wenl)"" .-nl. .8otti.riOII E.-l.J- q. II, fO""6U .. SAnlt. 7-1t..", /Rooa-Il), "+nd. I . ' ... ......-0."........i I.'"-w, e:;.,6.- _ ),. '*', II':............... 1....cuI r"''''''''/00-,.,.,. """ ......"'nJ\or,'"' (.."........(n"kn.!.' {., -II, ilIor'(d"V- ofnn. r if ,I.I\. """"l'u.p.y. Mana _",,''''lOn ","l. chjlo.br".II"It..""n, IUt. ,n1t",Irr. t.,hde.t.."l(ht "fThoonHrno< "''''''''' " ..,."FOIpWM of .. 0-..."dortn.. "'">n "' ....... , ....,. '1'-1, "J. ,"".,., ...... dIlIdr. l.rt""f"IT>" III NW'I((>tIh.(',nI,,,Y Arl 'III' LI/(1'''IUTf Sown. HI,Irb. U,,,,-,;mry,,f undo"q C""'"K' fltol """ ,IN 8m,,;,Emp'"N.. ".:yI--k,,'YfiN Sill/( UI//l!,llIty /J/,v,wY/J'. B,,,!ni/IIl,,,nIr,,,,I,II'Sl'u,l? lUuf R,ftgloninVkl""'1II E"gla,,".. }"I..ish Unrml/lntiO/fl!l/{III ell I"""Cyll,h'J MillsCo/ltg,. Ciliforl/Ill''''' , I< /lcul/ll'aroJ, 1!l4""/')4fJlkn.!o I" f"",1 I j, ,"'''' f-;, 'II'"0"" I}" A.....m-10"s'"UWhll!),,\(I. 'J'Id"I"I,l'1III"'1Ifl. T"''',lJ"18 A'lItIJ'l' """ /'I'"",/m'l' '" N""lfm,h,C"'luryB'lIIsh/ IIrr III".,.Bt.-I krl.ll11m, fro'" US,u'O"}, I". '.("Imm,n, RtI'/1If Hllllou",'. ll""...",'} "11.0"",,19 lJu-..... A.,on NnuJI"K.",,, llor 1;"""0'1 I'u/,ula, TINa'"Ddlor.h\ 'Iox.k160 Rrull1m. /'IlOlor;rap",,,nJ fun." A. Nov:lk, LOUJ,o/l" Stall' UmwTJlt]61 umbb/wl Culm"and8,i';il, Pirtionin11M Nil/tUmlh emluryTiln W:lu;(ln. Umwrsiry of MiamIThr{'t'1 .!Chomum: Anthma. Po/lfia. Hill_"Mich..d Unnorf'l/I] 4 MIlMImIt't6) Lil(rawrr and Dltrl(r inNinntrnlh.CtIlluryBrirai,,; j'lIIt A",rmIII tkNtwWilma"Chtryl Wilson. ItIJiaRJI Unillm!ry64 Sh"/rnfKar', andVirhln,,"W,mm:T,,,"',;"! Fnuk &pintnGail M;l.rshall, Oifo,J BroolmUnillmiry6S 711' rrJlgi-Comrdy a/VictorianPa,m,h(H}(/ValerieS:l.ndcn. U"iuvslry'f Hull