The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and ... · Solar Shingle Power Output CIGS Solar Shingle ! Available in 9-13 Watts/shingle ! Each shingle approximately 1.6 SF exposed

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The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass Paul Tate March 10, 2015

Originally prepared as a degree requirement for the UIC Master of Energy Engineering program

The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and Transparent Solar Glass – P. Tate

© 2015 All Rights Reserved

Outline

n  Introduction to Building Integrated PV n Solar Shingles Technology n Solar Glass Technology n Conclusions n Questions

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Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)

n  Building Materials & Solar Cells

¨ Roofing ¨ Glass ¨ Metal Panels ¨ Overhangs ¨ Awnings, etc.

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation1



BIPV

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Building Integrated Photovoltaic Installation2



Solar Shingles

n  Intended for residential pitched roofs n Replace portion of asphalt shingles n Are not rack mounted n  Integrate into standard roofing n Multiple technologies utilized

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CIGS Solar Shingle

n  Uses Copper Indium Gallium diSelenide (CIGS) thin film technology

n  Substrate is a proprietary polymer

n  Size, weight, flexibility similar to asphalt shingle

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CIGS Cell Schematic Diagram3



CIGS Solar Shingles

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CIGS Solar Shingles Prior to Installation4



CIGS Solar Shingle

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CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation5



CIGS Solar Shingle

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CIGS Solar Shingles Post-Installation6



Mono-Si Solar Shingle

n  Uses mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) technology

n  Mounted on semi-flexible plastic

n  Slightly thinner than asphalt shingle with special underlayment

Mono-Crystalline Silicon Cell7

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Mono-Si Solar Shingles Post-Installation8

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Solar Shingle Efficiencies

CIGS Solar Shingle n  ~12% efficient CIGS

cells n  Efficiency rises

initially (light soaking), then degrades over time

n  Solar components warrantied for 20 years

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  14% efficient mono-Si

cells n  14% efficient

immediately, then degrades over time

n  Solar components warrantied for 10 years

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Solar Shingle Power Output

CIGS Solar Shingle n  Available in 9-13

Watts/shingle n  Each shingle

approximately 1.6 SF exposed area

n  Power output: 5.6 to 8.1 W/SF

n  400 SF array: 2.25kW to 3.25 kW

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  60 Watts/shingle n  Each shingle

approximately 5.3 SF exposed area

n  Power output: 11.4 W/SF n  400 SF array: 4.55 kW

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CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections

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CIGS Solar Shingle Electrical Connections9



Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections

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Mono-Si Solar Cell Electrical Connections10



Mono-Si Solar Shingle Electrical Connections

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Mono-Si Solar Shingle Electrical Connections

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Solar Shingles - Balance of System

CIGS Solar Shingle n  CIGS solar shingle

manufacturer supplies inverter

n  Electrician makes connections from array to inverter, inverter to meter, disconnects, etc.

n  Manufacturer’s web-based monitoring system included

Mono-Si Solar Shingle n  Electrician supplies

manufacturer sized inverter

n  Electrician wires everything from array to meter and disconnects

n  Point of use monitoring only

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Transparent Solar Glass

n Focusing on Dye Sensitized Solar Cells & Organic Solar Cells

n Transparent meaning light passes through the solar collector, opposed to thin strips of silicon based cells implanted onto glass

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

n  Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) molecules coated with various color dyes

n  Electrolyte (usually iodide) replaces electron given off by dye through TiO2

n  All layers are transparent, limiting factor is dye color & thickness

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells11



Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Schematic Diagram12




Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation13

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Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Installation14



Organic Solar Cells

n  Light absorbed in hole transport layer

n  Photon energy creates excitons

n  Excitons travel to photoactive layer where charge separation occurs

n  Difference from inorganic PV is effect of light absorption

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Organic Solar Cell15



Organic Solar Cells

Organic Solar Cell Schematic16

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Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells

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Spectral Response of Conventional and Transparent PV Cells17



Organic Solar Cells

Organic Solar Cell17

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Organic Solar Cells

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Transparent Solar Cell18



Organic Solar Cells

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Transparent Solar Cell19



Transparent Solar Cell Efficiencies

DSSC n  Typically 8% to 10%

maximum efficiency n  Record lab efficiency:

11.9% n  Commercially available,

well-known operation and challenges

Organic Solar Cells n  40% transparent cell at

7.1% efficiency n  Record lab efficiency:

11.1% n  Not commercially

available, very new technology

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© 2015 All Rights Reserved 33

Conclusions

n Solar shingles is a viable and growing industry

n Solar Glass research is growing, long-term production and applications are unknown

n BIPV will continue to be developed and used if costs and aesthetics are favorable

Picture Courtesy of RISE



Bibliography 1 "Building-integrated Photovoltaics – a Niche Market with Ample Opportunities."SolarServer. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.solarserver.com/solarmagazin/solar-report_1108_2_e.html>. 2 "Outstanding BIPV Projects." Onyx Solar - Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). Onyx Solar. Web. 27 Feb. 2015. <http://www.onyxsolar.com/projects/onyxsolar-bipv-projects.html>. 3 "Special-purpose Diodes." All About Circuits. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_3/12.html>. 4 "Roofs Do Double Duty with Dow Shingles." Jetson Green. 25 June 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.jetsongreen.com/2012/06/dow-powerhouse-solar-shingle-launch.html>. 5 "Solution to Homeowner’s Association Problem with Aesthetics of Roof Mounted Solar PV | Tennessee Solar." Tennessee Solar Energy Association. 13 Sept. 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://www.tnsolarenergy.org/solution-to-homeowners-association-problem-with-aesthetics-of-roof-mounted-solar-pv/>. 6 "NEXUS EnergyHomes First Home Builder to Offer DOW POWERHOUSE™ Solar Shingles on the East Coast." News. DOW, 6 Mar. 2013. Web. 28 Oct. 2014. <http://www.dow.com/news/press-releases/article/?id=6188>. 7 "Solar Cells." KEMI Silicon, Inc. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. <http://kemiwafers.com/cells.php>. 8 "Apollo II Solar Roofing Systems from CertainTeed Corporation." Web. 26 Oct. 2014. <http://www.certainteed.com/products/roofing/solar/341624>. 9 "POWERHOUSE Installation Process." YouTube. 22 Nov. 2011. Web. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztdD_NMoJgM>. 10 "Installation Instructions for CertainTeed's Apollo II Solar Roofing System." YouTube. 5 Aug. 2014. Web. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFifYKigvXk>. 34



11 Beciri, Damir. "EPFL's New Convention Center West Façade Features Dye Solar Cells | RobAid." Robaid. 3 Dec. 2013. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.robaid.com/tech/epfls-new-convention-center-west-facade-features-dye-solar-cells.htm>. 12 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. University of Florida Department of Chemistry. Web. <https://schanze.chem.ufl.edu/research/dye-sensitized-solar-cells/>. 13 "HOPV 2014." Institute of Advanced Chemistry II and Advanced Materials. The University of Ulm, 19 May 2014. Web. <http://www.uni-ulm.de/en/nawi/institute-of-organic-chemistry-ii-and-advanced-materials/hopv/hopv2014-englisch.html>. 14 "Dye Solar Cell Façade at SwissTech Convention Center at EPFL, by Solaronix." Juan Bisquerts Blog. 8 Apr. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <https://juanbisquert.wordpress.com/2014/04/08/dye-solar-cell-facade-at-swisstech-covention-center-at-epfl-by-solaronix/>. 15 "SolarWindow." New Energy Technologies Inc. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.newenergytechnologiesinc.com/technology/solarwindow>. 16 Plexcore PV Ink System. Sigma Aldrich. Web. <http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/technology-spotlights/plexcore-pv-ink-system.html>. 17 "Heliatek Announces Largest BIOPV Facade Installation." Heliatek, 28 Oct. 2014. Web. <http://www.heliatek.com/newscenter/latest_news/heliatek-verkuendet-groesste-biopv-installation/?lang=en>. 18 Stauffer, Nancy. "Transparent Solar Cells." MIT Energy Initiative. MIT, 20 June 2013. Web. <http://mitei.mit.edu/news/transparent-solar-cells>. 19 Oswald, Tom, and Richard Lunt. "Solar Energy That Doesn't Block the View." Michigan State University, 19 Aug. 2014. Web. <http://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/solar-energy-that-doesnt-block-the-view/>.

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Bibliography Continued



Questions?

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The Technologies and Performance of Solar Shingles and ... · Solar Shingle Power Output CIGS Solar Shingle ! Available in 9-13 Watts/shingle ! Each shingle approximately 1.6 SF exposed

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