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The Story of CricketPresentationBy Karan KapoorIX-C
Acknowledgement
I am very thankful to my teacher Mrs.SumitaShekhar Singh for giving
me such a good opportunity to work on the Presentation The Story Of
Cricket'. I am also very thankful to all those who helped me to
prepare this project especially Harshdeep.
The history of cricket to 1725 traces the sport's development
from its perceived origins to the stage where it had become a major
sport in England and had been introduced to other countries. The
earliest definite reference to cricket occurs in 1598 and makes
clear that the sport was being played c.1550, but its true origin
is a mystery
History of cricket to 1725
Theories of origin
The most widely accepted theory about the origin of cricket is that
it developed in early medieval times among the farming and
metalworking communities of the Weald, which lies across part of
Kent and Sussex.[1] These counties and neighbouring Surrey were the
earliest centres of excellence and that it was from there that the
game quickly reached London, where its lasting popularity was
ensured, and other southern counties like Berkshire, Essex,
Hampshire and Middlesex.[2]
Earliest Cricket Clubs
Beginning was earlier than 1550, somewhere in south-east England
within the counties of Kent, Sussex and Surrey, most probably in
the region known as the Weald. Unlike other games with batsmen,
bowlers and fielders, such as stoolball and rounders, cricket can
only be played on relatively short grass, especially as the ball
was delivered along the ground until the 1760s. Therefore, forest
clearings and land where sheep had grazed would have been suitable
places to play.
The development of village cricket: 16111660
Cricket was first considered a childrens game.
Beginning of adult participationIn 1611, a French-English
dictionary was published by Randle Cotgrave who defined the noun
crosse as "the crooked staff wherewith boys play at cricket".[4]
The verb form of the word is crosser, defined as "to play at
cricket".[4] Although cricket was defined as a boys' game in
Cotgrave's dictionary, as per the Guildford schoolboys above, it
was at this time that adult participation began.[The first definite
mention of cricket in Sussex was also in 1611 and relates to
ecclesiastical court records stating that two parishioners of
Sidlesham in West Sussex had failed to attend church on Easter
Sunday because they were playing cricket. They were fined 12 pence
each and made to do penance. In 1613, another court case recorded
that someone was assaulted with a "cricket staffe" at Wanborough,
near Guildford.[16]
Rules and equipments of early cricket
Early cricketers played in their everyday clothes and had no
protective equipment such as gloves or pads. A 1743 painting of a
game in progress at the Artillery Ground depicts two batsmen and a
bowler dressed alike in white shirt, breeches, white knee-length
stockings and shoes with buckles. The wicket-keeper wears the same
clothes with the addition of a waistcoat. An umpire and scorer wear
three-quarter length coats and tricorn hats.
Bat of early Cricket
The development of major cricket: 16601700
The Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660 was immediately
followed by the reopening of the theatres and sanctions imposed by
the Puritans on sports were also lifted.Cricket was a leading
entertainment and "it was ideal for a wager". Although there are
only scattered references to the game in the time of Charles II, it
is clear that its popularity was increasing and that it was
expanding.
Early Cricket Grounds
Sketch of an local early cricket match
English cricket in the early 18th century
PatronsCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond.
In 1702, the Duke of Richmond's XI defeated an Arundel XI in
Sussex. The source for this game is a receipt sent by one Saul
Bradley to the Duke on 14 December 1702. The receipt was in respect
of one shilling and sixpence paid by the Duke "for brandy when your
Grace plaid at Cricket with Arundel men". It is thought the brandy
was bought to celebrate a victory.[63]
After the 1st Duke of Richmond died in 1723, his son Charles
Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, quickly succeeded him as cricket's
main benefactor and became a famous patron of Sussex cricket for
the next thirty years. The 2nd Duke enjoyed a friendly rivalry with
his friend Sir William Gage, another Sussex patron. Their teams
played each other many times and their earliest known contest was
on Tuesday, 20 July 1725, five days after Sir William's team was
beaten by unknown opponents. Our knowledge of these two games is
based on a humorous letter sent by Sir William to the Duke on 16
July. Sir William bemoaned that he was "shamefully beaten" the
previous day in "his first match of the year" but says nothing of
his opponents. He then looked forward to playing the Duke's team
next Tuesday and wished his Grace "success in everything except his
cricket match".[64]
Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond.
The terms of the wager
The patrons ensured that cricket was financed in the 18th century
but their interest, equally applicable to horse racing and
prizefighting, was based on the opportunities that cricket provided
for gambling. Every important match in the 18th century, whether
first-class or single wicket was played for stakes. The early
newspapers recognised this and were more interested in publishing
the odds than the match scores. Reports would say who won the wager
rather than who won the match.[47] Sometimes, gambling would lead
to dispute and two matches ended up in court when rival interests
sought legal rulings on the terms of their wagers.
Matches of the early 18th century
Periodicals called The Post Boy and The Post Man were useful
sources for cricket advertisements during the early 18th century.
In 1700, a series of matches to be held on Clapham Common was
pre-announced on 30 March by The Post Boy. The first was to take
place on Easter Monday and prizes of 10 and 20 were at stake. No
match reports could be found so the results and scores remain
unknown. The advert says the teams would consist of ten "Gentlemen"
per side but the invitation to attend was to "Gentlemen and
others". This clearly implies that cricket had achieved both the
patronage that underwrote it through the 18th century and the
spectators who demonstrated its lasting popular appeal.[70] On 24
July 1705, The Post Man announced West of Kent v Chatham, an
11-a-side game at Malling, Kent.[70]
Dartford v London
The first great rivalry in cricket history was between the Dartford
and London clubs who are first known to have played each other in
1722. On Wednesday, 19 August 1719, London v Kent was played at
White Conduit Fields and Kent won. This is the earliest known
definite result. The report said the teams played for "a
considerable sum of money".[68]
The growth of cricket in England and overseas
The earliest known mention of cricket being played outside England
is dated Saturday, 6 May 1676. A diarist called Henry Tonge, who
was part of a British mission at Aleppo in Turkey (now in Syria),
recorded that "at least forty of the English" left the city for
recreational purposes and, having found a nice place to pitch a
tent for dinner, they "had several pastimes and sports" including
"krickett". At six they "returned home in good order".
18th-century cricket
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the
gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own
teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in
the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of
the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as
the earliest professionals.[5] The first known game in which the
teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt
that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that.
The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county.
Patronage and players
Cricket moves out of England
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in
the 17th century,[4] probably before it had even reached the north
of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the
globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists[4] and to
India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of
the century.[5] It arrived in Australia almost as soon as
colonization began in 1788.[5] New Zealand and South Africa
followed in the early years of the 19th century.[5]
Continued growth in England
The game continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751,
Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue.[9] The original form of
bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was
superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball
and study variations in line, length and pace.[1] Scorecards began
to be kept on a regular basis from 1772 and since then an
increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's
development.[10]
An artwork depicting the history of the cricket bat
Cricket and crisis
Cricket faced its first real crisis during the 18th century when
major matches virtually ceased during the Seven Years War. This was
largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the
game survived and the "Hambledon Era" proper began in the
mid-1760s.
Cricket faced another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th
century when a cessation of major matches occurred during the
culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were
shortage of players and lack of investment. But, as in the 1760s,
the game survived and a slow recovery began in 1815.
19th-century cricket
The game also underwent a fundamental change of organisation
with the formation for the first time of county clubs. All the
modern county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839, were founded
during the 19th century.
No sooner had the first county clubs established themselves than
they faced what amounted to "player action" as William Clarke
created the travelling All-England Eleven in 1846. Though a
commercial venture, this team did much to popularise the game in
districts which had never previously been visited by high-class
cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted
for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.
The growth of cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted
by the development of the railway network. For the first time,
teams from a long distance apart could play one other without a
prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could travel
longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds.
In 1864, another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of
overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers' Almanack was first
published.
The "Great Cricketer", W G Grace, made his first-class debut in
1865. His feats did much to increase the game's popularity and he
introduced technical innovations which revolutionised the game,
particularly in batting.
Sir W.G. Grace
International cricket begins
The first ever international cricket game was between the USA
and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St
George's Cricket Club in New York.[11]
In 1859, a team of leading English professionals set off to North
America on the first-ever overseas tour and, in 1862, the first
English team toured Australia.
Between May and October 1868, a team of Australian Aborigines
toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to
travel overseas.
In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches
against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural
Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England
for the first time and were a spectacular success. No Tests were
played on that tour but more soon followed and, at The Oval in
1882, arguably the most famous match of all time gave rise to The
Ashes. South Africa became the third Test nation in
1889.
National championships
A major watershed occurred in 1890 when the official County
Championship was constituted in England. This organisational
initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia
established the Sheffield Shield in 189293. Other national
competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa,
the Plunkett Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in
India.
The period from 1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has
become an object of nostalgia, ostensibly because the teams played
cricket according to "the spirit of the game", but more
realistically because it was a peacetime period that was shattered
by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of
cricket and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred
Rhodes, C B Fry, K S Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.
Balls Per Over
In 1889 the immemorial four ball over was replaced by a five ball
over and then this was changed to the current six balls an over in
1900. Subsequently, some countries experimented with eight balls an
over. In 1922, the number of balls per over was changed from six to
eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight ball over was extended
to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight
ball over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the
intention was to continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class
cricket was suspended for the Second World War and when it resumed,
English cricket reverted to the six ball over. The 1947 Laws of
Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the conditions of
play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the six
ball over has been used worldwide and the most recent version of
the Laws in 2000 only permits six ball overs.
20th-century cricket
Growth of Test cricket
When the Imperial Cricket Conference (as it was originally called)
was founded in 1909, only England, Australia and South Africa were
members. India, West Indies and New Zealand became Test nations
before the Second World War and Pakistan soon afterwards. The
international game grew with several "affiliate nations" getting
involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century, three of
those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and
Bangladesh.
Test cricket remained the sport's highest level of standard
throughout the 20th century but it had its problems, notably in the
infamous "Bodyline Series" of 193233 when Douglas Jardine's England
used so-called "leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring
brilliance of Australia's Don Bradman.
Sir Donald Bradman Playing
Suspension of South Africa (197091)
The greatest crisis to hit international cricket was brought about
by apartheid, the South African policy of racial segregation. The
situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa left
the Commonwealth of Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its
cricket board had to leave the International Cricket Conference
(ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid intensified in 1968 with
the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by the South
African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured" cricketer
Basil D'Oliveira in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members
voted to suspend South Africa indefinitely from international
cricket competition. Ironically, the South African team at that
time was probably the strongest in the world.
World Series Cricket
The money problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of
another cricketing crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian
media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket
Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid
to players, Packer retaliated by signing several of the best
players in the world to a privately run cricket league outside the
structure of international cricket. World Series Cricket hired some
of the banned South African players and allowed them to show off
their skills in an international arena against other world-class
players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players
were allowed back into established international cricket, though
many found that their national teams had moved on without them.
Long-term results of World Series Cricket have included the
introduction of significantly higher player salaries and
innovations such as coloured kit and night games.
Clip of First World Series Match
Limited-overs cricket
In the 1960s, English county teams began playing a version of
cricket with games of only one innings each and a maximum number of
overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a knockout competition only,
limited overs grew in popularity and in 1969 a national league was
created which consequently caused a reduction in the number of
matches in the County Championship.
Although many "traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter
form of the game, limited overs cricket did have the advantage of
delivering a result to spectators within a single day; it did
improve cricket's appeal to younger or busier people; and it did
prove commercially successful.
Increasing use of technology
Limited overs cricket increased television ratings for cricket
coverage. Innovative techniques that were originally introduced for
coverage of LOI matches was soon adopted for Test coverage. The
innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and
graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps,
multiple usage of cameras to provide shots from several locations
around the ground, high speed photography and computer graphics
technology enabling television viewers to study the course of a
delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.
In 1992, the use of a third umpire to adjudicate runout appeals
with television replays was introduced in the Test series between
South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have subsequently
expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as
stumpings, catches and boundaries. As yet, the third umpire is not
called upon to adjudicate lbw appeals, although there is a virtual
reality tracking technology (i.e., Hawk-Eye) that is approaching
perfection in predicting the course of a delivery
Use of Third umpire First Time
Commerce, Media and Cricket Today
The 1970s were the decade in which cricket was transformed: it was
a time when a traditional game evolved to fit a changing world. If
1970 was notable for the exclusion of South Africa from
international cricket, 1971 was a landmark year because the first
one-day international was played between England and Australia in
Melbourne. The enormous popularity of this shortened version of the
game led to the first World Cup being successfully staged in 1975.
Then in 1977, even as cricket celebrated 100 years of Test matches,
the game was changed forever, not by a player or cricket
administrator, but by a businessman.
21st-century cricket
Cricket remains a major world sport in terms of participants,
spectators and media interest.
The ICC has expanded its development program with the goal of
producing more national teams capable of competing at Test level.
Development efforts are focused on African and Asian nations; and
on the United States. In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental Cup brought
first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first time.
In June 2001, the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and,
in October 2002, a "One-day International Championship Table".
Australia has consistently topped both these tables in the
2000s.
Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening
entertainment. It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has
attracted large attendances at matches as well as good TV audience
ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20 World Cup tournament was held
in 2007 with a follow-up event in 2009. The formation of Twenty20
leagues in India the unofficial Indian Cricket League, which
started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League, starting
in 2008 raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their
effect on the future of cricket.[12][13][14]
Crickets Happiest Moments
Highest innings totals (>400 Runs)
Lowest innings totals
Highest match aggregate
Highest Career runs
Highest individual score
Sachin Tendulkar 200 runs
Highest career average
Best strike rates
Best Bowling Figures (career)
Most dismissals (catches plus stumpings) in ODI career(wicket
keeping
Crickets Happiest Moments
India Winning 1983 World Cup
IrfanPathan Hat-trick
Yuvraj Six sixes in an over
India Wins T20 World Cup
India Wins Commonwealth Bank series in Australia for the first
time
India Becomes no.1 Test Team
Memorable moments in Indian Cricket
Anil Kumble Retirement
Anil Kumble announced his retirement from: international test
cricket, first class cricket, and list A cricket appearances on the
last day of the match on 2 November 2008 in the 3rd test match
against Australia at Feroz Shah Kotla cricket stadium at New Delhi,
India. The decision, although on the cards, came as a surprise.
Kumble injured the little finger of his left hand while attempting
a catch off Matthew Hayden in Australia's first innings which
rendered him unfit for the 4th and final test of the series against
Australia. Kumble was finding it difficult to find his striking
form and went wicketless in four consecutive innings for the first
time in his career before the first innings of Australia in the
third test of the series against Australia in which he managed
three lower order wickets only. Mitchell Johnson of Australia was
the last victim of Kumble. He declared the 2nd innings of India
with only 6 overs of play left in the drawn match in order to have
one last trundle. His figures were 4-0-14-0. The final ball of his
test career was a low full toss which was decisively driven down
the ground for four by the batsman Matthew Hayden.