The Role of Rivers in the The Role of Rivers in the Global Carbon Cycle: Global Carbon Cycle: Landscape-Hydrology- Landscape-Hydrology- Biogeochemistry Connections Biogeochemistry Connections Ocean 582/529 Fall ‘03 I. Review of overall Rivers cycle II. In depth analysis of components, to …. III. … derive functional models of a geographic- specific global view
37
Embed
The Role of Rivers in the Global Carbon Cycle: Landscape-Hydrology-Biogeochemistry Connections
The Role of Rivers in the Global Carbon Cycle: Landscape-Hydrology-Biogeochemistry Connections. Review of overall Rivers cycle. II. In depth analysis of components, to …. Ocean 582/529 Fall ‘03. III. … derive functional models of a geographic-specific global view. GLOBAL RIVER C CYCLE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
The Role of Rivers in the Global The Role of Rivers in the Global Carbon Cycle: Landscape-Hydrology-Carbon Cycle: Landscape-Hydrology-
Consequences for different assumptions in computation of POC yield by geographic zone, ranging from the conventional wisdom of .2 Gt/y , to an area-loading function (.35 Gt/y), and a calculated yield function (.8 Gt/y). ZonesInclude Oceania (Oce), East and Southeast Asia (AsE, AsSE), South America (North-east SA NE, western SA W, southeast SA SE), North America (West NA W, Atlantic NA ATL, East and Gulf NA EG), Europe & Artic (Atlantic EA At, Eur), Africa (West W, East Afr E) and Australia (Aust).
SPO
IcaJut Jur
JapPur
Neg Mad
TroTap Xin
Par
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
par = sum "parana"Tap, Xin approxTocantins not incl
AMAZON TRIBUTARIES
FLUVIAL SYSTEMS BOX MODEL
SOILS
RIVERS
STREAMS
ATMOSPHERE
DAMS CoastalZone
FLOODPLAINS
RIPARIAN
Soils
Rivers
Streams
Atmosphere
DamsCoastal Zone
FloodplainsRiparian
PATHWAYS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 THROUGH FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
Richey, J.E. (in press). Ch. 15. Field et al (eds) A SCOPE/GCP Rapid Assessment Project. Island Press.
Conventional Wisdom
- 0.6
0.6 River← Atm
POC → sea
DOC → sea
DIC → sea
Δ Net Atm
Cont Sed
Outgassing
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 Gt C/y
- 1.1
1.3
CW + Continent Sediment
↓ ↓
- 1.6
1.8
2.5x
2x
?
CW+CS+(POC,DOC)
↓
2.5x
2x
CW+CS+OC+OG
↑
- 0.2
2.6
?
Transient
- 0.3
1.3
STRUCTURE OF LAND-FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
River Routing and Sediment Transport NetworkGas Exchange
FloodplainErosion
Deposition
Estuary/Delta
Reservoirs Free-Flowing
Land Surface Processes (Grid)
Surface Water
River Routing
mineral soil
Water and dissolvedFresh OM Particulate
Riparian/FloodplainUpland
SCALINGAmazon Floodplain from Aircraft: ‘eye’
Amazon Floodplain from Landsat TM: 30 m
Xingu (Amazon trib) from AVHRR: 1 km
Taiwan: AVHRR to Global 1-degree (~100 km)
“HYDROLOGY” IN A REGIONAL NPP MODEL (e.g., CASA)
Water Stress Scalar Formulation:We(t) = 0.5 [1 + ET(t) / PET(t)] From hydrology model
NPP(t) = emax * Te (t) * We (t) * FPAR (t) * PAR(t)
FPARGlobal CASAcalibration Sn Albedo
Surf. Temperature Sn, Temp., Rain,Ln, Soils, Roots
INTERANNUAL NPP MODEL (CASA Potter et al)
Tg C 8-km-1 mo-1
-1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0
INIT 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
0 25 50 75 100
0
125
250
375
500
col
row
-1000000-500000 0 500000 1000000
6 N
20 S
Latit
ude
1983 1985 1987 1990
g C m-2 yr-1
-500 -250 0 250 500
RIVERS & FLOODPLAINS (> 100 m in width)
$
$$
$$
$$
$$
$
$
$
$$$
PB-1
PB-2
JaruJIP-3
COM-1
COM-2
JIP-1Rolim
UrupáJIP-2
JIP-4
JIP-5Preto
Machadinho
Streams (< 100 m) STREAMS & RIPARIAN (< 100 m)
15
0
5
10
20
25
30
J F M A M J J A S O N D
CO
2 Eva
sion
(Tg
C m
o-1)
T (>100m)
S (<100 m) MF
MC
: 1.2 ± . 3 Mg C ha-1 y-1 (basin ~ .5 Gt y-1)CO2 EVASION: FROM WATER → ATMOSPHERE
Low-ElevationHigh-Elevation
DIC - UDOC -FPOC -CPOC
14C
14C: Downstream Translocation
Space & Time
Soil CO2
SoilDOC
Litter-fall
Macro-phytes
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
Plankton
Sources & Implicit Dynamics?
Central Amazon Basin (1.77 million km2)Methane Emission CO2 Evasion Tg C y-1 Tg C y-1
7.6 + 2.3 210 + 60
Lowland Amazon Basin (5.19 million km2)Methane Emission 25 + 8 Tg C y-1
Greenhouse gas potential ~ 0.5 Pg C y-1
as CO2
CH4 and CO2 Emissions
IMPORTANCE OF EPISODIC EVENTSENSO-Orchestrated Sediment Accumulation on Bolivian Amazon floodplains (Aalto et al. Nature 2003) [& utility of SRTM]
NORTH AMERICA: “ambiguous, but provocative”
Increase in the export of alkalinity from North America’s largest river (Raymond & Cole, Science, 2003)
Long-term decline in carbon dioxide super-saturation in rivers across the contiguous United States. (Jones et al, Geophys Res Lett in press)
RECENT GBC Publications on Trace Gas Sources & Sinks in Peatlands, Tundra, Rice paddies, Savannas; as f(water table depth, flow regimes…)
Torben Christensen “….a good understanding of local controls … does not necessarily explain large scale gradients…..”
Progress, but not there yet…….
NAGA Version 2 (1-km)Physical Template, Dynamic Modeling, Drivers
BIOPHYSICAL DATA LAYERS
(REGIONAL) HYDROLOGY ←→BGC: Q= ΣR = P – ET + ΔSM
HYDROLOGY MODEL “FIELDS”
Soil Moisture→ Discharge→ Trace Gas Biogeochemistry
Rn
LAI
T
UNCERTAINTIES IN POC LOADING BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Oce
AsE
AsSE
SA NE
SA W
SA SENA W
NA At
NA EGEA At Eur
Afr W
Afr E
Aust
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350"Traditional": 200
Area-loading: 350Calc. Yield: 800
"Best Guess: ~500 ish"
Tg/y
Average OC concentration of Fly-Strickland river samples ~ 3.75% (June ’03)
IMPORTANCE OF EPISODIC EVENTSENSO-Orchestrated Sediment Accumulation on Bolivian Amazon floodplains (Aalto et al. Nature 2003) [& utility of SRTM]
physical forcing via remote sensing(solar radiation, FPAR, rainfall, temperature)
terrestrial NPPand biomass turnover
via CASA ecosystem model
hydrologyvia VIC model
soil biogeochemistryvia ROMBUS model
aquatic biogeochemistryvia ROMBUS model
geographical properties via GIS(vegetation, soil, topography, river network, etc.)
DOC, DIC
CO2evasion
heterotrophicrespiration
DOC
POCDIC
CO2fixation
water fluxcarbon flux
autotrophicrespiration
ROMBUS (River basin Organic Matter and Biogeochemistry Synthesis Model)