The Role of Plants in Climate Responsive Design

THE ROLE OF PLANTS IN

CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN

PREPAIRED BY :RANA SAQA

CONTENTS:

1. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………….. 1 1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY ……………………………………………………. 2

1.2 METHODOLOGY

2. CLIMATE

2.1 TYPES OF CLIMATE……………………………………………………… 3

2.2 CLIMATE & PLANTS……………………………………………………… 4

2.2.1. CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING PLANTS………………………. 4

2.2.1.1 TEMPERATURE

2.2.1.2 MOISTURE……………………………………………………. 5

2.2.1.3 SUNLIGHT

2.2.1.4 WIND………………………………………………………….. 6

2.2.2.PLANTS ADAPTATION WITH CLIMATE……………………………7.

2.2.2.1 PLANTS CLASSIFICATION

2.2.2.2 PLANTS ORIGIONS………………………………………….. 9

2.2.2.3 PLANTS CATEGORIES……………………………………… 10

2.2.2.4 PLANTS SHAPES………………………………………………11

2.3 CLIMATE & BUILDINGS : BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGES FOR

MODIFING CLIMATIC EFFECTS………………………………………….12

3. SIMILARITES BETWEEN PLANT STRATEGES&BUILDING DESIGN

STRATEGES TO MODIFY CLIMATE………………………………………..14

4. PLANTS IMPACT OVER BOTH CLIMATE &BUILDING…………………15

4.1 PLANTS MODIFICATIONS OF MACROCLIMATE EFFECTS………… 15

4.2 PLANTS MODIFICATIONS OF MICROCLIMATE EFFECTS……………16

4.2.1 CONTROLLING SOLAR RADIATION………………………….19

4.2.2 PROVIDING WIND PROTECTION.

4.2.3 MODIFING HUMIDITY………………………………………….21

5. CONCLUSION.

5.1 PLANT SELECTION CONSIDERATION…………..………………………22

5.2 SOFT LANDSCAPING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS…………………….23

6. REFRENCES…………………………………………………………………… 24

INTRODUCTION: This research is an attempt to point out the importance of plants for environmentally responsive

designs through discussing the concepts of macroclimate and microclimate and their effect on both

buildings and plants ,and by learning from the plants natural experience of adaptation with climate ,

and how can this experience be reflected in design strategies to achieve the best environmental

responsive design.

Landscape designs as well as building designs that work with nature rather than against it ,are

commonly labeled sustainable designs. These types of designs are able to work with natural

processes over extended periods of time with minimum input of human resources and energy.

Designs that work with nature are advantageous for a number of reasons .First ;such designs save

energy and money ,through saving on heating and cooling ,it has been estimated that a site with

properly placed plant material can save up to 30 percent of the expense required to heat and cool the

building through out the year(1) .Secondly; they visually fits the regional context by indigenous plant

materials and local building materials found in the regional landscape.

……………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………..

1 Anne Simon Moffat and Mark Schiler,Landscape design that saves energy(New York William Morrow

And Morrow and Company,Inc,1981),p.10.

1

1.1 AIM OF THE STUDY:

1.To shed some light on the importance of soft landscaping in climate responsive design.

2. To overlook the relationship between forms of trees and forms of buildings.

3.To introduce the most important planting strategies used to achieve the most efficient climatic

responsive designs

1.2 METHODOLOGY:

PART 1

The role of climate in the formation of plant evolution and characteristics and their effect on

buildings form treatment.

PART 2

A comparison will be made to find out the similarities between plants adaptation and architects

design decisions.

PART

How can we use plants for modifying macro and microclimate and what are the design considerations

that should be used.

2

2.CLIMATE

2.1 TYPES OF CLIMATE

MACROCLIMATE :

Is the regional climates that are categorized as very cold, cold, hot humid, hot dry etc.

This study will focus on three basic types:

1 Hot humid.

2 Hot dry.

3 Cold and wet

MICROCLIMATE:

Microclimate is the climate which immediately surrounds the buildings(1). Microclimate is one aspect of

the residential site to be considered when designing, as the name implies microclimate is the aggregation

of temperature ,sun exposure, wind exposure ,and moisture/humidity in a relatively small area. For

example ,one may speak of the microclimate under a large tree as being a discrete zone on –site that has

its own climatic qualities .thus ,a residential site is composed of a variety of different microclimates, if

the building is located on a sunny southern slope ,it may have warm microclimate ,even if you live in a

cool region.

Or, even though you live in a hot-humid region,your home may be situated in a comfortable microclimate

because of abundant shade and dry breezes.Nearby bodies of water may increase your site’s humidity or

decrease its air temperature .

Microclimate may be more sunny ,shady ,windy ,calm ,rainy,snowy,moist or dry than average local

conditions ,these factors all help determine what may or may not grow in this microclimate.The

challenge for the designer is to recognized and understand these diverse microclimatic so that the design

can be properly designed.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Booth,Norman.k,Hiss,James E:Residential Landscape Architecture,Pearson Education ltd,2005

3

2.2 CLIMATE AND PLANTS:

2.2.1 CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECTING PLANTS

2.2.1.1 TEMPERATURE:

Temperature: A keen understanding of climate is a key factor in plant selection ,regional weather data

should be studied, effects of temperature vary with plant species ,stage of plants growth ,soil type,and

plant hardiness.

The hardiness of a plant is its ability to grow in the expected minimum or lowest temperature of a region

These regions are referred to as plant hardiness zones.

The Agricultural Research Service of the United State Department of Agriculture(USDA) (1)studied

issue and created eleven zones in the United State ,each with a common set of temperatures ranges

…………………………………………………………………………………… (1) LESZCZYNSKI,NANCYA; PLANTING THE LANDSCAPE,P 44

4

However, humidity patterns ,rainfall distribution ,and evening temperatures may vary from region and

one must use caution

Interpreting this information .Hardiness zones are for general reference and serve as a broad

classification of climatic factors.

2.2.1.2 MOISTURE:

Moisture is the environmental factor referring to the amount of rainfall ,snow ,fog, and other forms of

water a region receives .The average annual rainfall and the season it falls in are important to plant

growth.

Available moisture influences the growing season .The growing season of region is typically

determined by the number of days that occur between the last frost winter and the last front of autumn.

In addition to rainfall ,humidity ,dew, and fog are important sources of moisture. High humidity over

extended periods of time fosters rich and luxurious vegetation. The pacific Northwest ,Florida ,England

,and the Tropics are examples of areas with high humidity producing lush plant growth.

Dew as an available source of moisture is common result of clear nights ,rapid radiation lose ,and moist

air mass .In desert regions dew accumulation is significant, one to two inches per year ,as an added form

of Moisture essential to some desert plant species.

Fog can be an important source of moisture for plant growth ,particularly ,if it occurs during the growing

season ,Not only does it add to the actual soil moisture supply but it also adds moisture to leaf surfaces

and delays increases in temperature.

2.2.1.3 light:

Sunlight in varying degrees is a necessity for plant growth .The ingredients and method for the basic

process of capturing and storing the suns’ energy are known as photosynthesis.The energy in sunlight is

trapped by plant leaves and used in photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide from the air,and water

transported by plant roots,into sugars,Which feed the plant.Oxygen is released as a by- product of the

process.

Chlorophyll,the green pigments in plants,is the agent for the transaction.Sugar,the principal product of

photosynthesis,sustains all plants and in turn, all animal life as well.

Plants in arctic regions Plants in tropical regions Plants in temperate regions

5

2.2.1.4 WIND:

Wind ,or the circulation of air over the earth’s surface,affects the growth and persistence of plant

communities.Circulating air increases evaporation from plant foliage and the ground surface.More wind

increases transpiration which is the evaporation of water from plants.Weak or brittle plants does not grow

well in windy areas. Many plant communities evolve according to the ability of the plant species to

survive wind.

Topography affects climate by its orientation to the sun as well as influencing air movement.Wind

speeds on the crest of a hill may be 20 percent greater than those on flat ground,and the wind is generally

quieter on the low side of a hill than on its weather side.

Wind can be significantly modified by structures and plants.It may be intercepted ,diverted ,or lessened

by obstruction ,guidance ,or deflection.This can be achieved not only by the form and texture of the plant

itself but also by its placement .Plants may be used in conjunction with land forms and architectural

materials to airflow over the landscape and around or through buildings .Plant forms such as windbreaks

,shelterbelts, and hedgerows manipulate wind conditions.

Climatic regions

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

LEZCZYNSKI,NANCYA:PLANTING THE LANDSCAPE P 43-46

6

2.2.2 PLANT ADAPTATION WITH CLIMATE:

2.2.2 .1:PLANT CLASSIFICATION:

Of utmost importance to the landscape architect is a working

knowledge of plant taxonomy and nomenclature. Taxonomy is

the science of plant and animal classification. Latin is the

universally accepted language of science. All plants have a

botanical or Latin name and, usually, a common name. Because

common names can vary from region to region, the Latin name is

always used in the preparation of professional planting plans.

A Lady Bank's Rose is used to study the taxonomic breakdown of

a plant for the purpose of scientific classification. The breakdown

below includes the categories most important to the landscape

architect. Two categories that occur between kingdom and class,

division and phylum, are not examined, as they are so broad in

definition that they are of little use to practical design

applications.

Lady Bank's

Rose

Kingdom:

Class:

Family:

Genus:

Species:

Cultivar:

Rosa banksiae

Lutea

"Plant

Angiosperm

Rosaceae

Rosa

Banksiae

"Lutea"

Among living organisms there are six recognized kingdoms. The

two most important kingdoms, and the ones we will concern

ourselves with here, are plants and animals. The primary

difference between these two kingdoms is in cellular function.

Plant cells are capable of internal food production while animal

are not.

Classes are differentiated by methods of reproduction, as we

examined earlier when discussing angiosperms vs. gymnosperms.

Families are made up of genera, all of which are related by a set

of similar characteristics. It should be remembered, however, that

these similarities are very wide in nature and that plants within

the same family may not lead one to generally think of them as

relatives. For example, Roses are in the family Rosaceae, and so

are Apples.

7

A genus is a division of plants of the same family but refined to a narrower set of similar features.

In practical applications, the genus is the point of beginning for the everyday classification and

description of plants within the profession of landscape architecture. In most texts that describe plant

materials (this one included) the first point of reference is the genus. Species within a genus share at

least one noticeably common characteristic and are also noticeably different in one or more respects.

The species name is the second word in the typical botanical name. Species define unique

individuals which have at least one characteristic that is theirs and theirs alone. A species is totally

separate from any other species and, for this reason, plant classification by genus andthen species is

the most exact way of obtaining the correct individual plant. Cultivars, for the purposes of this

chapter, encompass subspecies and varieties that are either natural or man-induced hybrids of the

species. Most cultivars came into being after the advent of hybridizing by hand pollination.

Frequently the cultivar is named by or after the breeder. Whatever the case, cultivars are specialized

plants within a species. The specialization is usually in size, colour, texture, fruit production, or

disease resistance. Frequently they are distinguished by two or more of these features. A Swedish botanist Carols Linnaeus (1707-1773) developed the most frequently used system of

plant classification, even to this day. Linnaeus's system, in part, is the one described above, and

botanists over the world have added over 350,000 species of plants to the recognized list. There are still thousands of plants unclassified, with many yet to be found. Many future plants are also yet to

be created, and no doubt will be as hybridization methods and genetic engineering continue to

advance. We owe a lot to this great early day botanist for bringing order to a science that could

easily wallow in chaos. It's exciting to work with a design medium more diverse than the painter could ever imagine and to realize that the plant material at our disposal is constantly expanding and

improving.

Arboretums are living museums of plants and plant culture. They serve as records of a species' characteristics and range. Arboretums should be frequently visited, supported, and, above .

8

2.2.2.2 PLANT ORIGINS:

Plants, as they occur within any given ecosystem, are described as belonging to one of the

following three groups: (1) native, (2) naturalized, or (3) exotic. Native or indigenous plant material

are plants that have originated and evolved within the confines of a particular region. They are ideally

suited to the environmental factors inherent to that area and are arguably the best selection, at least in

terms of survival, for any site within the same region that closely emulates all the conditions where it

is found in the wild.

Naturalized plants are plants that have been introduced into an area by outside forces, most

frequently man. Similar or parallel environments or ecosystems occur throughout the world. Because

of the oceanic separation of continents, plants that have evolved in one continent were isolated to that

continent. Though quite capable of living on another continent, plants had no viable way of

physically reaching a parallel environment. With the coming of man and his transportation systems

this all changed. Plants from Australia and South Africa are ideally suited to the Southern California

climatic and soil conditions and vice versa. While the interchange and naturalizing of foreign plants

adds a greater selection to the landscape palette, it can also present some severe environmental

problems. The diversity of life within an environment is determined by a system of checks and bal-

ances with each life form occupying a certain environmental niche. A plant's natural enemies in its

native environment, which keeps its population in check, may not be present in its new environment

and it can become a rampantly spreading nuisance. In addition, plants from one region may be

capable of surviving indigenous pests and diseases which they carry into their new region. Plants

existing in the new region have not been exposed to these pests and diseases and have not developed

the adaptations necessary to combat them and thus fall prey to them. Horticultural and economic

catastrophes have occurred throughout agricultural areas because of this phenomenon. For this

reason, among others, many states have set up county agricultural commissioners' offices in several

intensively farmed areas. Such a body governs all plant material brought into or taken from an area.

Exotic plant material refers to plants that are not native to a region and,if left to their own

devices,would not be capable of naturalizing in that region,these plants are brought to an area and

aided by man in their survival

9

2.2.2.3 PLANT CATEGORIES:

In the practice of landscape architecture, plant materials are usually grouped

into five main categories: (1) trees; (2) shrubs; (3) vines and espaliers; (4)

ground covers; and (5) turf grasses. There are specialty plants such as palms,

cacti, and succulents, but they are usually grouped under the heading of either

trees or shrubs. Likewise, water plants (cattails, water lilies, and lotuses) are

usually referred to as shrubs.

Trees are the dominant visual and physical elements in the landscape. They

play a major role in defining and enclosing outdoor space. Trees are most

notably defined by their size, shape, and number of trunks. Any vertical plant

material over 15 feet high could be considered a tree. With a single trunk and

some form of crown (head) it would almost certainly be classified as a tree.

Shrubs are smaller than trees and typically have many stems. Shrubs are the

most human-scale plants in the landscape, being at or near eye level. Shrubs

usually define the walls of the outdoor room and often act as individual accents. Vines and espaliers are frequently classified as shrubs but many landscape

architects like to break out these unique plants into a separate category. Vines are

plants that climb by twining stems, utilizing tendrils, or employing suckers. They

lie flat against a wall or will spread horizontally across a trellis. The majority of

desert vines are fast growers. Vines serve a very useful purpose in that they

provide foliage in tight spaces and grow in limited soil areas where it would be

virtually impossible to locate other types of plant material.

Espaliers are plants that would normally be shrubs or small trees, bu1 are

pruned and trained to lie flat against a wall. They serve a simile purpose as vines,

but usually offer thicker growth, an occasional flower show, edible fruit, or a

pleasing aroma. In most cases, the growth espaliers can be controlled, often in

geometric or architectural forms.

Just as it is difficult to discern the difference between a small tree and a large

shrub; it is oftentimes hard to establish a cut-off point between what is a low

shrub or a high ground cover. Ground covers, as the name implies, cover the

ground - usually with a profusion of stems that are covered with foliage or

flowers. any spreading plant material less than 18 inches high is a ground cover.

This is more for the sake of simplicity than for any scientific reason.(1)

………………………………………………………………………………...

(1,JOHN: DESERT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE P 100) KIEG

10

2.2.2.4 PLANT SHAPES: Trees shapes at arctic regions

Tree shapes at temperate regions

Tree shapes at tropical regions

……………………………………………………………………

ASLA,ROLD:LANDCAPE GRAPHICS,P130-132 11

TEXTURES OF PLANTS

SHAPES OF PLANTS

……………………………………………………………………………………………

BOOTH,NORMAN:BASIC ELEMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

12

2.3 CLIMATE AND BUILDING: BUILDING DESIGN

STRATEGES TO MODIFY CLIMATIC EFFECTS:

3. SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANT STRATEGES AND

BUILDING DESIGN STRATEGES TO MODIFY CLIMATIC

EFFECTS.

14

CLIMATE BUILDING FORM CLIMATIC ADAPTATION FORM

COLD DRY &

COLD& WET

-LITTLE SOLAR

RADIATION

-LARGE SNOW AMOUNT

-LOW

TEMPERATURE

-PITCHED ROOFS

-LARGE WINDOWS

-TO LET SNOW FALL EASILY

-TO PERMIT LARGER SURFACE EXPOSURE TO SUN.

-TO LET SNOW FALL

DOWN

-TO PERMIT SUN EXPOSURE TO ALL

LEAVES

-TALL&PYRAMIDIAL

TREES

-NEEDLE LIKE SHAPE

HOT DRY &HOT

-MEDIUM

TEMPERATURE

-SEASONAL RAIN -SMALL

AMOUNTS OF

SNOW

-PITCHED ROOFS

-FLAT ROOFS

-SMALL WINDOWS -SUN BREAKERS

-DOME LIKE SHAPE

-ORIIENTATION OF THE

NARROWER SIDE OF THE PLAN TO SUN TO PROTECT FROM SOLAR

RADIATION

-THICK ISOLATION TO PROTECT

FROM HEAT

-PROVIDE INNER HUMIDITY

-TO MINIMIZE EXPOSURE

TO SUN

-PLANT IS COVERED BY THICK WAXY LAYER TO

PROTECT ITSELF FROM

SUN

-TO PROVIDE INNER

HUMIDITY

-SMALL LEAVES

THAT FACE THE SUN

WITH ITS EDGE AND NOT FACE

-CANOPY SHAPE TO PROVIDE SHADOW

-MEDIUM TEXTURE SMALL LEAVES

,SMALLER EACH

LAYER

-CIRCULAR SHAPES

HOT HUMID

-HIGH

TEMPERATURE -LARGE AMOUNT

OF RAIN

-SUN ALL THE TIME

-PITCHED ROOFS

-OPEN SECTIONS

-TO MAKE AIR MOVEMENT -TO PROVIDE SHADE&

AIR MOVEMENT -PROTECTION FROM

SUNLIGHT

-LARGE AND FLATY

LEAVES -TEXTURE IS SOFT TO

TOIERATE RAIN

4. PLANTS IMPACT OVER CLIMATE & BUILDING

4.1 PLANTS MODIFICATIONS OF MACROCLIMATE EFFECTS.

• Plants absorb solar radiation

• Decreases earth temperature.

• Reduce dust.

• Air movement and air filtration.

• Decreases soil erosion.

• Increases water amount in soil.

• Provide soil with organic fertilizers.

• Absorbs gazes.

• Humidity.

15

4.2 PLANTS MODIFICATIONS OF MICROCLIMATE EFFECTS:

Plants function extrinsically to modify climate .Landscape architects must rely

on their environmental skills to evaluate human requirement for comfort, assess

existing climatic conditions, and select correct plants for climate modification. As

its name implies, a microclimate is the characteristic weather of a very small area,

which can be quite different from the climate of the larger area of which it is a

part. Before attempting to altar the microclimate a thorough understanding

Of the ramifications of plant placement.

4.2.1 CONTROLING SOLAR RADIATION:

Trees, shrubs, ground covers, turf, and vines are great devices for controlling

sunlight.Plants absorb heat, provide shade, and create insulation. They absorb the

sun’s heat during the day and release it at night, cooling daytime temperatures

and warming evening temper- atures.Each plant has its own texture, which

determines the density of its shadow. With dense or open foliage, deciduous or

evergreen, each plant form has its benefits as a modifier. A deciduous tree planted

near a building provides cool shade in summer and allows the sun to penetrate in

Winter. Bleached walkways offer an escape from summer heat and shelter from

cold winter winds. An evergreen tree casts a year-round shadow that may be

more desirable in a tropical than in a temperate landscape.Redwood,beech,and ,oak trees cast dense shadows that generate a measurable degree of cooler air

beneath their canopy. For example, although the weather may be hot and sunny,

the microclimate under a redwood tree is extremely cool and moist, supporting

plant life such as ferns and wild ginger. In contrast, honey locusts, olives, and ash

trees creat eairy, filtered light that does not cause a significant change in the

growing conditions beneath them.(1)

……………………………………………………………………………………... (1)LESZCZYNSKI,NANCYA;PLANTING THE LANDSCAPE P100

16

VERTICAL ANGLE OF THE SUN ABOVE THE HORIZON AT NOON IN WINTER

&SUMMER.

TALL SHRUBS &VINES ON WAALS CAN PROVIDE SHADE FROM THE LOW SUN

ANGLE TO THE EAST & WEST.

USE OF SHADE TREES TO SHIELD ROOFS,EXTERIOR HOUSE WAALS ,AND THE

GROUND FROM THE SUN’S RAYS.

17

ROOMS LOCATED ON THE SOUTH OF THE HOUSE,WITH PROPER DESIGN,

CAN BENEFIT FROM THE WARMING EFFECTS OF WINTER SUN.

DECIDUOUS TREES SHOULD BE PLACED CLOSED YO THE WALLS FOR MAXIMUM

WINTER SUN EXPO

…………………………………………………………………………………… BOOTH,NORMAN,K,HSS,JAMES E:RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE

18

4.2.2 PROVIDING WIND PROTECTION.

WIND CONTROL :

Wind can control real or perceived air temperature. Wind may be intercepted,

diverted, or lessened by obstructions such as buildings, walls, fences, landforms

and plants. Plants can control wind by obstruction, guidance, deflection, and

filtration. This is achieved through the form, texture, and height of the plant it self

Or by its placement. Plants used in conjunction with landforms and architectural

structures guide the flow of air over the landscape and /or buildings. Plants of

varying height, width, species, and composition planted either individually or in

rows influence wind deflection. Coniferous evergreens that branch to the ground

are generally the most effective year-round plants for wind control; deciduous

trees and shrubs, when in leaf, are the most effective in summer.

THE USE OF TREES TO CONTROL WIND DIRECTION

19

AN OPEN LAWN AREA TO THE SOUTH WEST OF A HOUSE WILL GIVE MAXIMUM EXPOSURE TO PREVAILING SUMMER WIND.

USE OF TREES AS WIND BREAKERS.

20

4.2.3 MODIFING HUMIDITY:

Moisture in the form of rain, fog, dew, snow, sleet, or hail is intercepted and

redirected to some degree by plants. The amount of rainfall that reaches the

ground varies according to the ambient plant species, the intensity and duration of

the rainfall and the structure of the tree canpy.Studies show that in light rainfalls

conifers retain as much as five times the moisture as broad-leafed trees. Moisture

reaching the earth that is intercepted by plants is absorbed better than moisture

Falling on exposed soil; the plant slow down the rate at which water actually

comes into contact with the ground, as precipitation, decreasing surface runoff

and soil erosion.

Fog condenses on the needles of conifers and on the upper and lower surfaces of

leaves .This water falls to he earth as drip water from various parts of the plant.

Fog can be an important source of moisture for plant growth, especially during

the growing season. It adds moisture to soil surfaces and delays temperature

increases.

Plant or groves of trees can effectively protect land areas from increasing fog.

Snow can act as an insulator for plants and protect them from winds, fast thaw-

ing, and sunscald. By intercepting snowflakes, directing wind, or controlling

snow-

Drifts, plants redirect snowfall.

SHADE TREES COOL THE AIR AROUND THEM THROUGH EVAPOTRASPIRATION

………………………………………………………………………………… LESZCZYNSKI,NANCY A: PLANTING THE LANDSCAPE P 102.

21

5. CONCLUSION

5.1PLANT SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

22

- Tree shapes are very diverse .The density of a tree’s leaves or needles is important

to consider. - Dense ever-green, like cupressus, make great wind-breaks for winter winds. If you

are just looking to impede summer winds, choose a tree or shrub with more open branches &leaves. Such trees are also good for morning sun from the east, while denser trees are better for blocking harsh afternoon summer.

Plants selection considerations:

1. Tropical rainforest :tall trees, flat crowns ,broad leaves 2. Temperate forest :medium height, round crown ,broad leaves 3. Cold areas: very tall, cone, shaped crown, Needle like leaves.

5.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

23

TEMPORATE REGIONS - Maximize warming effects of the sun in the winter. - Maximize shade during the summer by using canopy trees - Deflect winter winds away from buildings - Funnel summer breezes toward the building COOL REGIONS. - Use dense trees to protect the building from cold winter winds - Allow the winter sun to reach south facing windows - Shade south &west windows and walls from the direct summer sun .if summer overheating are the problem. HOT-HUMID. - Channel summer breezes toward the building. - Maximize summer shade with trees that still allow penetration of low-- angle winter sun. - Avoid locating planting beds close to the building if they require frequent watering. HOT-ARID -Provide shade to cool roofs walls and windows. -Cool the air around the building by plant evapotranspiration. -Allow summer winds to access naturally cooled buildings

6. REFRENCES:

24

� Krieg, John: Desert landscape Architecture.London, Crc pressLLC, 1999.

� Booth, Norman: Basic elements of landscape Architectural Design, Ohio State University.

� Konya, Allan: Design primer for hot climate, London, the Architectural press Ltd, 1980.

� Asla,Rold:Landscape Graphics, Billboard Puplication.Inc, Newyork, 1987.

� Hellman, Louis: Architecture A-z, Great Britain, Willy academy, 2001.

� Booth,Norman.k,Hiss,James E:Residential Landscape Architecture,Pearson Education Ltd,2005

� Hyde, Richard: Climate Responsive Design, USA, E &FN, 2000.

� Leszczynski, Nancy A: Planting the Landscape, Newyork, John Willy&Sons, Inc, 1999.