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The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
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The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

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Page 1: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The Results of the Great War1914-1918

The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Page 2: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

“The First World War killed fewer victims than the Second World War, destroyed fewer buildings, and uprooted millions instead of tens of millions—but in many ways it left even deeper scars both on the mind and on the map of Europe. The old world never recovered from the shock.”

--Edmond Taylor in “The Fossil Monarchies”

Page 3: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The Horrors of War

Page 4: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Triple Entente Advantages

(Allies)

-Germany had to fight on two fronts

-England and France had strong and large navies

-Were able to keep supplies away from Germany

Page 5: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Country Population SoldiersBattleship

s

Steel Production (tons)

Great Britain

46,407,037 711,000 57 6,903,000

France 39,601,509 3,500,000 19 4,333,000

Russia 167,000,000 4,423,000 4 4,416,000

INDUSTRY ADVANTAGE

Page 6: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Triple Alliance Resources in 1914 (Central

Powers)

Page 7: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Country Population Soldiers BattleshipsSteel

Production (tons)

Germany 65,000,000 8,500,000 3717,024,00

0

Austro-Hungary

49,882,231 3,000,000 16 2,642,000

Ottoman Empire

21,373,900 360,000 - -

Page 8: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
Page 9: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
Page 10: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
Page 11: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
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Empires to Independent Governments

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Austria-Hungary Empire1867-1914

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Ottoman Empire at it’s Height (1600s)Empire lasted: 1300-1922

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Russian Empire 1721-1917

Page 16: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
Page 17: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The “Big Four” Theoretically, any country

who had declared war on Germany could attend the meetings.

However, the members decided to let the “Big Four” write the final decision.

Page 18: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

BIG FOUR

1. Woodrow Wilson of the United States

2. David Lloyd George of Britain3. Vittorio Orlando of Italy4. Georges Clemenceau of

France.

Page 19: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The Least Jaded United States?

• During the peacemaking process, the Germans turned toward the United States, in particular Woodrow Wilson, for help.

• The logic was that America hasn’t suffered as much as the other European nations, thus they won’t be as harsh.

Page 20: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The French Demands and Alsace-Lorraine

The European countries each had definitive objectives. The French wanted the region of Alsace-Lorraine and wanted the Rhine as their frontier.

They came to an agreement with Russia on this. The problem was that the population on the Rhine was mostly German. The US would not support this.

Page 21: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)
Page 22: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The Italian DemandsThe Italian Demands

The Italians were guaranteed lands but The Italians were guaranteed lands but Wilson felt that by giving them their Wilson felt that by giving them their promised lands, more problems would be promised lands, more problems would be created. created.

Thus, a clash between the US (who entered Thus, a clash between the US (who entered the war in 1917) and the Europeans who the war in 1917) and the Europeans who have been fighting since 1914 developed. have been fighting since 1914 developed. The US wanted this to be the war that would The US wanted this to be the war that would end all wars. A new diplomacy would be end all wars. A new diplomacy would be needed. Thus, Wilson issued the idea of a needed. Thus, Wilson issued the idea of a League of NationsLeague of Nations..

Page 23: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Wilson’s Fourteen Points The League of Nations was brought forth

in Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” which said:

1. There can be no more secret agreements to resolve problems.

2. There must be freedom of the seas.

3. Removal of all economic barriers.

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Wilson’s Fourteen Points

4. Militaries were to be reduced to the lowest possible number.

5. Colonial borders must be resolved.

6. The Russians should decide their own form of government.

7. The restoration of Belgium.

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Wilson’s Fourteen Points

8. The evacuation of Alsace-Lorraine.

9. The adjustment of Italy’s frontier.

10. The freedom of the people of Austria-Hungary.

11. The restoration of Romania and Montenegro.

Page 26: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

12. The freedom of the non-Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire.

13.The creation of an independent Poland which has access to the sea.

14. A league that offers security through guarantees (League of Nations).

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The World’s MeetingThe World’s Meeting In the peacemaking process:In the peacemaking process:

England and France had a England and France had a major role. major role.

Germany and Austria-Germany and Austria-Hungary were excluded. Hungary were excluded.

Italy had a minor role.Italy had a minor role. Wilson (US) went to the Wilson (US) went to the

meetings. meetings. Canada, New Zealand, South Canada, New Zealand, South

Africa, and Australia also Africa, and Australia also played a role because they played a role because they were British dominions. were British dominions.

Japan was brought in as well. Japan was brought in as well. The USSR was not invited The USSR was not invited

because they had a separate because they had a separate peace agreement with peace agreement with Germany.Germany.

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Germany’s Treatment• There were three sets of clauses

dealing with Germany in the Treaty of Versailles:

– Territory– Germany lost all of her colonies.– Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France.– The most important land to the Germans

(known as the Polish Corridor) was given to Poland. About 60% of the population was German speaking.

– Germany lost the Saar. It is an industrial area. For 15 years, it was given to France. At the end of the 15 years, the people in the are will be asked:» To stay with France.» Return to Germany.» Become an independent country.

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Page 30: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

Germany’s Treatment

Military Power Germany could not have an air force or a navy. There could be no factories to make

armaments. Germany would be allowed to keep an army of

100,000 men. The Rhineland was demilitarized. It was

Germany’s territory, but Germany could not put any troops there.

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Germany’s Treatment• Money

a. Article 231- War Guilt Clause: Germany must admit to causing the war. Therefore, she would have to pay for it. Germany would get a bill every year (there was no set date as to how many years this would go on for). Germany was forced to pay in gold and silver, not paper.

REPARATIONS!

• Germany would complain that:

– They had to agree to the Fourteen Points without being represented.

– War Guilt Clause.

Page 32: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The League of Nations…The League of Nations…Minus OneMinus One

►When a country signed the When a country signed the Treaty of Treaty of VersaillesVersailles, they joined the League of , they joined the League of Nations. It was Wilson’s plans. They Nations. It was Wilson’s plans. They agreed to agreed to collective securitycollective security. If one . If one member was attacked, everyone would member was attacked, everyone would come to the assistance of that nation. come to the assistance of that nation. The League of Nations failed for two The League of Nations failed for two reasons:reasons: The United States never joined because the The United States never joined because the

Senate refused to sign it.Senate refused to sign it. France and England weren’t committed to it. France and England weren’t committed to it.

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Page 34: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The New Europe

Seven new countries were formed called the “successor states.” They were all in Eastern Europe:

Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia

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The New Map of Europe

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The End Results of the Great War

• The results of World War I shaped European and world history for the next generation and beyond.

– Some of the more drastic results were……

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The Spanish InfluenzaThe Spanish Influenza

While not directly associated with combat fatalities, a While not directly associated with combat fatalities, a large number of people died by the large number of people died by the Spanish InfluenzaSpanish Influenza which broke out in 1918. Because of the constant which broke out in 1918. Because of the constant movement of troops and low immune systems, this movement of troops and low immune systems, this pandemic spread rapidly throughout Europe and pandemic spread rapidly throughout Europe and much of the world. much of the world. Some estimates claim that over 100 million people died Some estimates claim that over 100 million people died

within a one year span (1918-1919) because of the Spanish within a one year span (1918-1919) because of the Spanish Influenza. This would amount to approximately 5% of the Influenza. This would amount to approximately 5% of the world’s total population. world’s total population.

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Page 39: The Results of the Great War 1914-1918 The First German Gas Attack at Ypres by William Roberts (1918)

The Changing of the Guard

• Four Empires Were Destroyed:– German Empire– Russian Empire– Austrian-Hungarian Empire– Ottoman Empire

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The Welfare of Some The Welfare of Some ImprovedImproved Social GainsSocial Gains: Two groups increased their : Two groups increased their

social ranking as a result of the war.social ranking as a result of the war.

The first group was the The first group was the ProletariansProletarians. These are . These are the lower class workers who were employed in the lower class workers who were employed in factories. Proletariat means “urban factory factories. Proletariat means “urban factory worker.” Before the war, governments would not worker.” Before the war, governments would not protect these workers. Many European protect these workers. Many European governments now promised the proletarians that governments now promised the proletarians that they would institute mandatory collective they would institute mandatory collective bargaining. If the unions went out on strike, the bargaining. If the unions went out on strike, the owners had to deal with the unions.owners had to deal with the unions.

The second class that made social gains was the The second class that made social gains was the bourgeoisie womenbourgeoisie women. They could now enter the . They could now enter the workforce. Almost every country gave women the workforce. Almost every country gave women the right to vote.right to vote.

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Emmeline Pankhurst was a leader in the suffrage movement in England. (right)

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It’s Just a Matter of Time

• The Seeds Are Laid For Another War:– By leaving the Germans bitter after the Great

War led directly to World War II.

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A New Nation on Top

• A New Superpower:– World War I created a new superpower, that being

the United States. However, from 1919 to 1941, the United States fell into a period of isolation.

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Communist Red

• A Red Nation:– The single most important result of WWI

was the establishment of communism in Russia. Within two decades, fascism arises. After WWII, when fascism is defeated, the Cold War occurs.