The Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland Calvin and the French Reformation.

The Reformation in The Reformation in Geneva, SwitzerlandGeneva, Switzerland

Calvin and the French Calvin and the French ReformationReformation

Jean Calvin (1509-1564)Jean Calvin (1509-1564) The leader of the The leader of the

“Reformed” church “Reformed” church after the death of after the death of Zwingli.Zwingli.

Produced 50 volumes Produced 50 volumes of commentaries; 35 of commentaries; 35 volumes of volumes of correspondence; correspondence; 2500 unpublished 2500 unpublished sermonssermons

Logical, clear, Logical, clear, systematic thinker.systematic thinker.

The Education of Jean Calvin Born of humble ancestry

– Yet maintained manners of nobility; father was a notary

– Born at Noyon, Picardy, 60 miles northeast of Paris 26 years younger than Luther

– Belonged to second generation of reformers Father wanted him to be a priest but Calvin studied law

and pursued humanist studies (in Orleans 1528). After his father’s death, he returns to Paris in 1531

– Receives the Doctor of Laws (1532)– His first book was a commentary on Seneca (1533)

Noyon Cathedral

Calvin Museum constructed at location of his house

Calvin and ProtestantismCalvin and Protestantism

Testifies to some mysterious experience in 1532.Testifies to some mysterious experience in 1532.– Very secret about itVery secret about it– Other students came to him to learn what he Other students came to him to learn what he

believedbelieved– Convinced of God’s sovereignty and omnipotenceConvinced of God’s sovereignty and omnipotence– Felt himself the chosen instrument of GodFelt himself the chosen instrument of God

Wrote a sermon for Nicholas Cop that was Wrote a sermon for Nicholas Cop that was preached on Nov 1, 1533. preached on Nov 1, 1533. – It quoted Luther and was Protestant in tone.It quoted Luther and was Protestant in tone.– Cop and Calvin had to flee Paris in 1534 because Cop and Calvin had to flee Paris in 1534 because

the persecution of Protestants had begun.the persecution of Protestants had begun.

Jean Calvin (1509-1564)Jean Calvin (1509-1564) After studying law in Paris After studying law in Paris

and Orleans, he emerged in and Orleans, he emerged in 1534 as a leading Reformer 1534 as a leading Reformer in France.in France.

Francis I of France issued an Francis I of France issued an edict suppressing Protestants edict suppressing Protestants in 1535.in 1535.

In 1536 Calvin produced a In 1536 Calvin produced a brief, systematic summary of brief, systematic summary of the Protestant faith. Through the Protestant faith. Through 26 editions and many 26 editions and many translations, it became the translations, it became the classic statement of classic statement of Protestantism—Protestantism—Institutes of Institutes of the Christian Religion.the Christian Religion.

Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian

Religion First published in 1536 in Basel and

dedicated to Francis I, King of France. First edition was only 6 chapters, but the

last edition was 80 chapters. Total of 10 editions (1536 to 1560),

published in Latin and French. The structure was originally based on the

Apostle’s Creed—systematic, clear and orderly with strong rooting in Scripture and Augustine (and other church fathers).

The most influential book of the Reformation.

GenevaGeneva Geneva was the focus of concern Geneva was the focus of concern

as Swiss Cantons were dividing as Swiss Cantons were dividing between Protestant and Catholic, between Protestant and Catholic, and French Catholic Savoy wanted and French Catholic Savoy wanted to retain Geneva within its to retain Geneva within its territory.territory.

Protestant cities, like Bern, rescued Protestant cities, like Bern, rescued Geneva from Savoy’s attack in Geneva from Savoy’s attack in 1530. 1530. – Farel (1489-1565), a reformer in Farel (1489-1565), a reformer in

Basel, came to Geneva in 1532 and Basel, came to Geneva in 1532 and persuaded magistrates to favor persuaded magistrates to favor Reform by 1534 through several Reform by 1534 through several disputations.disputations.

– By 1535, the city council gave By 1535, the city council gave Catholic clergy the choice to Catholic clergy the choice to convert or leave the city.convert or leave the city.

Calvin, traveling through the city in Calvin, traveling through the city in July 1536, was convinced to July 1536, was convinced to remain as a leader of the remain as a leader of the Reformation there.Reformation there.

Geneva ReformationGeneva Reformation

The initial movements (1536-1538) did not The initial movements (1536-1538) did not go well and after a stay in Strasbourg go well and after a stay in Strasbourg (1538-1541), Calvin returned to the city (1538-1541), Calvin returned to the city triumphantly.triumphantly.– The source of the conflict was the relationship The source of the conflict was the relationship

between the Council and the church.between the Council and the church.– Calvin favored ecclesiastical control of church Calvin favored ecclesiastical control of church

discipline and regulating church ordinances discipline and regulating church ordinances while the Council wanted to control discipline.while the Council wanted to control discipline.

– Calvin was inexperienced, and the Council Calvin was inexperienced, and the Council drove the Reformers out of the city in 1538.drove the Reformers out of the city in 1538.

Calvin in Strasbourg (1538-Calvin in Strasbourg (1538-1541)1541)

Calvin served a French Calvin served a French refugee church in refugee church in Strasbourg.Strasbourg.

Bucer influenced Calvin:Bucer influenced Calvin:– Organization of the churchOrganization of the church– Meaning of the Lord’s Meaning of the Lord’s

SupperSupper– The Importance of Church The Importance of Church

Discipline Discipline – The Role of the Holy Spirit The Role of the Holy Spirit

in the Sanctification of the in the Sanctification of the Believer.Believer.

Calvin in StrasbourgCalvin in Strasbourg

Calvin married an Calvin married an Anabaptist’s Anabaptist’s widow, widow, Idelette de Bure

Wrote his Wrote his commentary on commentary on RomansRomans

Met Melancthon at Met Melancthon at the 1541 dialogue.the 1541 dialogue.

Taught at an Taught at an academy.academy.

The Ordinances of GodThe Ordinances of God

CreationCreation– NatureNature– External Order External Order

(State)(State)

RecreationRecreation– ScriptureScripture– External MeansExternal Means

PreachingPreaching SacramentsSacraments Church DisciplineChurch Discipline

– Internal ChangeInternal Change Holy SpiritHoly Spirit SanctificationSanctification Union with God in Union with God in

ChristChrist

Calvin’s TheologyCalvin’s Theology

Wanted to restore purity of Christianity Wanted to restore purity of Christianity before corrupted by Roman Catholicismbefore corrupted by Roman Catholicism

Saw God as creator, preserver, Saw God as creator, preserver, governor of universegovernor of universe

Creation, Fall, Redemption as the story Creation, Fall, Redemption as the story of Scripture.of Scripture.

God worked out one consistent scheme God worked out one consistent scheme of redemption through a covenant of of redemption through a covenant of grace.grace.

Calvin and GraceCalvin and Grace

Humanity sinful and incapable of good worksHumanity sinful and incapable of good works– Cannot save itselfCannot save itself– Dependent entirely on God’s graceDependent entirely on God’s grace

God’s justice satisfied by death of ChristGod’s justice satisfied by death of Christ Believers justified when they trust in ChristBelievers justified when they trust in Christ Christ takes humanity’s sin; believers are Christ takes humanity’s sin; believers are

clothed with the perfect righteousness of clothed with the perfect righteousness of ChristChrist

Faith itself is a gift of God’s grace (like Faith itself is a gift of God’s grace (like Zwingli)Zwingli)

Gallic Confession of Faith Gallic Confession of Faith (1559)(1559)

Human nature is wholly corrupted. Blind in Human nature is wholly corrupted. Blind in spirit and depraved in heart, humankind has spirit and depraved in heart, humankind has lost all integrity; not a trace remains. lost all integrity; not a trace remains. Humanity retains some capacity to Humanity retains some capacity to distinguish between good and evil, but in distinguish between good and evil, but in seeking God even this light is turned to seeking God even this light is turned to darkness. Therefore people cannot darkness. Therefore people cannot approach God by their own intelligence and approach God by their own intelligence and reason. The human will may inspire people reason. The human will may inspire people to a range of actions, but it remains utterly to a range of actions, but it remains utterly captive to sin, so that humankind has no captive to sin, so that humankind has no freedom except that which God gives. freedom except that which God gives.

Gallic Confession of FaithGallic Confession of Faith

We believe that the foundation of our We believe that the foundation of our justification is the remission of our sins. justification is the remission of our sins. (In this, says David, we find our only (In this, says David, we find our only happiness.) This is why we reject all other happiness.) This is why we reject all other means of seeking justification before God. means of seeking justification before God. Rather than presuming our own virtue or Rather than presuming our own virtue or merit, we rely solely on the obedience of merit, we rely solely on the obedience of Jesus Christ, which is ascribed to us for the Jesus Christ, which is ascribed to us for the covering over of our sins as well as for covering over of our sins as well as for granting us favor before God. granting us favor before God.


We also reject all the various means by which We also reject all the various means by which people presume to be redeemed before God, people presume to be redeemed before God, disparaging the sacrificial suffering and death of disparaging the sacrificial suffering and death of Jesus Christ. Finally, we consider purgatory to Jesus Christ. Finally, we consider purgatory to be an illusion found in the same marketplace as be an illusion found in the same marketplace as monastic vows, pilgrimages, prohibition of monastic vows, pilgrimages, prohibition of marriage and eating of meat, ceremonial days, marriage and eating of meat, ceremonial days, private confession, indulgences, and everything private confession, indulgences, and everything else that people imagine will merit grace and else that people imagine will merit grace and salvation. We reject these things not only salvation. We reject these things not only because of their false understanding of merit, because of their false understanding of merit, but also because these are human inventions but also because these are human inventions that burden consciences. that burden consciences.

Election & PreservationElection & Preservation

Calvin believed in God’s eternal election: Calvin believed in God’s eternal election: God has chosen who will be saved by his God has chosen who will be saved by his own grace.own grace.

Thus God will preserve his elect to eternal Thus God will preserve his elect to eternal lifelife

Calvin’s interest in the doctrine of Calvin’s interest in the doctrine of predestination was pastoral—to give predestination was pastoral—to give assurance.assurance.

Humanity has the responsibility to respond Humanity has the responsibility to respond to God’s grace in holiness, good works, to God’s grace in holiness, good works, and faithful obedienceand faithful obedience


We believe that from the general corruption and We believe that from the general corruption and condemnation into which all are plunged, God condemnation into which all are plunged, God rescues those who are elect in our Lord Jesus Christ rescues those who are elect in our Lord Jesus Christ according to God's eternal and unchanging according to God's eternal and unchanging counsel. All this is by God's goodness and mercy counsel. All this is by God's goodness and mercy alone, without regard to anyone's works, that the alone, without regard to anyone's works, that the riches of God's mercy shine forth in them. Others, riches of God's mercy shine forth in them. Others, however, are left in corruption and condemnation in however, are left in corruption and condemnation in order to demonstrate God's justice in them. In order to demonstrate God's justice in them. In reality, those who are rescued are no better than reality, those who are rescued are no better than those who are left in corruption and condemnation. those who are left in corruption and condemnation. God distinguishes between them according to his God distinguishes between them according to his eternal counsel, determined in Jesus Christ before eternal counsel, determined in Jesus Christ before the creation of the world. the creation of the world.


We believe that we are illuminated in faith We believe that we are illuminated in faith by the unfathomable grace of the Holy by the unfathomable grace of the Holy Spirit. Because God imparts this gracious Spirit. Because God imparts this gracious and distinctive gift to whomever he and distinctive gift to whomever he chooses, the faithful have no cause to chooses, the faithful have no cause to glorify themselves. Instead, the faithful glorify themselves. Instead, the faithful are doubly indebted that they have been are doubly indebted that they have been chosen rather than others. Moreover, faith chosen rather than others. Moreover, faith is not given to the elect merely to is not given to the elect merely to introduce them to the way of introduce them to the way of righteousness, but to enable them to righteousness, but to enable them to persevere in faith to the end. God begins persevere in faith to the end. God begins the way, and God brings it to completion. the way, and God brings it to completion.

The Church to CalvinThe Church to Calvin

The one Church of Christ was the sum of The one Church of Christ was the sum of God’s elect, invisible, members known to God’s elect, invisible, members known to GodGod

Believers in one community become Believers in one community become visible churchvisible church

Exists wherever word faithfully preached Exists wherever word faithfully preached and heard & sacraments (baptism and and heard & sacraments (baptism and the Lord’s Supper) faithfully administeredthe Lord’s Supper) faithfully administered

Published Published Ecclesiastical Ordinances Ecclesiastical Ordinances 15411541

SacramentsSacraments Accepted Bucer’s doctrine of the spiritual Accepted Bucer’s doctrine of the spiritual

(not substantial but neither merely (not substantial but neither merely symbolic) presence in communion symbolic) presence in communion

Wanted communion in all churches at least Wanted communion in all churches at least once weekly, but council denied his requestonce weekly, but council denied his request

Held high view of importance and necessity Held high view of importance and necessity of baptism: baptism is an instrumental of baptism: baptism is an instrumental means of grace through which God means of grace through which God ordinarily works.ordinarily works.

Consensu TigurinusConsensu Tigurinus (Zurich Agreement) (Zurich Agreement) with Bullinger (1504-1575) in 1549.with Bullinger (1504-1575) in 1549.


We believe that God truly and effectively We believe that God truly and effectively gives us what is represented in the Lord's gives us what is represented in the Lord's Supper and in Baptism, and that the signs Supper and in Baptism, and that the signs are united with the true possession and are united with the true possession and benefit of all they present. Thus, all who benefit of all they present. Thus, all who bring the receptacle of pure faith to the bring the receptacle of pure faith to the sacred table of Christ truly receive what the sacred table of Christ truly receive what the signs signify. The body and blood of Jesus signs signify. The body and blood of Jesus Christ are food and drink for the soul just as Christ are food and drink for the soul just as bread and wine are nourishment for the bread and wine are nourishment for the body. body.


We believe that the sacraments are joined We believe that the sacraments are joined to the Word so that it may be more fully to the Word so that it may be more fully confirmed. The sacraments are pledges to confirmed. The sacraments are pledges to us and seals of God's grace, giving needed us and seals of God's grace, giving needed aid and comfort to our faith because of our aid and comfort to our faith because of our weakness and immaturity. We believe that weakness and immaturity. We believe that the sacraments are outward signs through the sacraments are outward signs through which God works in the truth of his Spirit, which God works in the truth of his Spirit, and we know that what they signify is not and we know that what they signify is not in vain. At the same time we hold that in vain. At the same time we hold that their substance and power are in Jesus their substance and power are in Jesus Christ alone; apart from him, they are Christ alone; apart from him, they are nothing more than shadow and smoke. nothing more than shadow and smoke.

Confession of Faith (1559)Confession of Faith (1559)

In Baptism we are grafted into the body of In Baptism we are grafted into the body of Christ, washed and cleansed by his blood, and Christ, washed and cleansed by his blood, and renewed in holiness of life by his Spirit. renewed in holiness of life by his Spirit. Although we are baptized only once, the Although we are baptized only once, the benefit it signifies lasts through life and death, benefit it signifies lasts through life and death, so that we have an enduring testimony that so that we have an enduring testimony that Jesus Christ will be our justification and Jesus Christ will be our justification and sanctification forever. Baptism is a sacrament sanctification forever. Baptism is a sacrament of faith and repentance, yet because God of faith and repentance, yet because God receives little children into his church together receives little children into his church together with their parents, we declare under the with their parents, we declare under the authority of Jesus Christ that little children born authority of Jesus Christ that little children born of the faithful ought to be baptized. of the faithful ought to be baptized.


We confess that the holy Supper of the Lord is a We confess that the holy Supper of the Lord is a testimony of our unity with Jesus Christ. He died only testimony of our unity with Jesus Christ. He died only once and was raised for our sake, yet we are truly once and was raised for our sake, yet we are truly fed and are nourished by his flesh and blood. Thus fed and are nourished by his flesh and blood. Thus we are made one with him and his life is we are made one with him and his life is communicated to us. Although he is in heaven until communicated to us. Although he is in heaven until he comes to judge the world, we believe that he he comes to judge the world, we believe that he gives us life and nourishes us with the substance of gives us life and nourishes us with the substance of his body and his blood. This takes place in the his body and his blood. This takes place in the unfathomable and incomprehensible power of his unfathomable and incomprehensible power of his Spirit. We maintain that this is done spiritually, Spirit. We maintain that this is done spiritually, which does not mean that we substitute imagination which does not mean that we substitute imagination or fantasy for reality and truth, but that the or fantasy for reality and truth, but that the greatness of this mystery exceeds the capacities of greatness of this mystery exceeds the capacities of our minds and the order of nature. In short, because our minds and the order of nature. In short, because it is heavenly, it can only be apprehended by faith. it is heavenly, it can only be apprehended by faith.

The ScripturesThe Scriptures

Held high view of ScriptureHeld high view of Scripture One book, Old & New TestamentOne book, Old & New Testament Revealing one plan of human Revealing one plan of human

redemptionredemption His people truly a “People of the His people truly a “People of the

Book”Book” Believed that we should not act Believed that we should not act

without Scriptural authoritywithout Scriptural authority


We believe that the word contained in the books of We believe that the word contained in the books of Scripture has come from God, receiving its authority Scripture has come from God, receiving its authority from God alone and not from humans. As such, this from God alone and not from humans. As such, this word is the rule of all truth, containing everything word is the rule of all truth, containing everything necessary for the service of God and for our necessary for the service of God and for our salvation. Thus, neither humans nor angels are salvation. Thus, neither humans nor angels are permitted to add to it, subtract from it, or change it in permitted to add to it, subtract from it, or change it in any way. It follows that no authority may be set any way. It follows that no authority may be set above Holy Scripture: not antiquity, or tradition, or above Holy Scripture: not antiquity, or tradition, or majority opinion, or human wisdom; not judgments, majority opinion, or human wisdom; not judgments, or pronouncements, or edicts, or decrees, or councils; or pronouncements, or edicts, or decrees, or councils; not visions or signs. On the contrary, everything not visions or signs. On the contrary, everything must be examined, measured, and reformed must be examined, measured, and reformed according to Scripture. It is because they conform to according to Scripture. It is because they conform to the Word of God that we confess the Apostles' the Word of God that we confess the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed. Creed, the Nicene Creed, and the Athanasian Creed.

Second Call to GenevaSecond Call to Geneva

Political shift in GenevaPolitical shift in Geneva– People wanted preachers backPeople wanted preachers back– Catholic Church had sought to return and Catholic Church had sought to return and

Calvin opposed through his Calvin opposed through his Letter to Letter to SadoletoSadoleto

Farel persuaded him to return with himFarel persuaded him to return with him Left Strasbourg in tearsLeft Strasbourg in tears Stayed in Geneva the rest of his lifeStayed in Geneva the rest of his life

– Next 28 yearsNext 28 years

Geneva 1541-1564Geneva 1541-1564

Very successful reformerVery successful reformer Preached, supervised church, Preached, supervised church,

encouraged commerce & trade, encouraged commerce & trade, advised counciladvised council

Founded University of GenevaFounded University of Geneva Public morality successfully enforcedPublic morality successfully enforced Geneva became city of refuge for Geneva became city of refuge for

Protestants in exile from all over Protestants in exile from all over EuropeEurope

Geneva: The Reformed CityGeneva: The Reformed City From 1541-1564, Geneva was the From 1541-1564, Geneva was the

heartbeat of the “Reformed” Protestant heartbeat of the “Reformed” Protestant faith (e.g., “Calvinism”).faith (e.g., “Calvinism”).– It sent missionaries into France and southern It sent missionaries into France and southern

France was significantly influenced (by 1561 France was significantly influenced (by 1561 2150 Protestant churches).2150 Protestant churches).

– It became a refugee city for persecuted French, It became a refugee city for persecuted French, Dutch, Scottish and English Protestants.Dutch, Scottish and English Protestants.

– Through this influence, the Netherlands Through this influence, the Netherlands became the locus of the “Dutch Reformed became the locus of the “Dutch Reformed Church,” the Scottish Kirk became Church,” the Scottish Kirk became Presbyterian, the Puritans sought reform in Presbyterian, the Puritans sought reform in England and the Huguenots were a religious England and the Huguenots were a religious and political force in France.and political force in France.

French Reformed ChurchFrench Reformed Church France had always had a certain independence France had always had a certain independence

(Gallicanism).(Gallicanism). Calvin encouraged missionaries to France from Calvin encouraged missionaries to France from

Geneva—French pastors were “under the cross” Geneva—French pastors were “under the cross” (trained to be executed).(trained to be executed).

Henry II (1547-1559) persecuted the French Henry II (1547-1559) persecuted the French Reformed church.Reformed church.

First National Synod of the French Reformed First National Synod of the French Reformed Church in 1559 and they adopted the “Gallic Church in 1559 and they adopted the “Gallic Confession.”Confession.”

By 1562, over 2000 churches and 3,000,000 By 1562, over 2000 churches and 3,000,000 members in a nation of only 20,000,000 people.members in a nation of only 20,000,000 people.

Calvinism as a SystemCalvinism as a System

T – Total DepravityT – Total Depravity U – Unconditional ElectionU – Unconditional Election L – Limited AtonementL – Limited Atonement I – Irresistible GraceI – Irresistible Grace P – Perseverance of the SaintsP – Perseverance of the Saints

Synod of Dordt (1618-1619): the official Synod of Dordt (1618-1619): the official confirmation of this system as the theology confirmation of this system as the theology of the Reformed Faith (“Calvinism”).of the Reformed Faith (“Calvinism”).

The English The English ReformationReformation

The Anglican (Episcopal) The Anglican (Episcopal) ChurchChurch

England Ready for England Ready for ReformationReformation

England had fiercely independent rulers.England had fiercely independent rulers. Work of John Wycliffe (1324-1384) & Lollards (14-Work of John Wycliffe (1324-1384) & Lollards (14-

1515thth centuries). centuries).– Sola Scriptura, rejected relics/saints, favored clerical Sola Scriptura, rejected relics/saints, favored clerical

marriage, denied transubstantiation, vernacular marriage, denied transubstantiation, vernacular translations, emphasized faithtranslations, emphasized faith

– ““Twelve Conclusions” drawn up by the Lollards in 1395.Twelve Conclusions” drawn up by the Lollards in 1395. Resentment against papal interferenceResentment against papal interference Strong humanist tradition (John Colet)Strong humanist tradition (John Colet) Writings of Erasmus & LutherWritings of Erasmus & Luther

– Though Henry VIII condemned Luther and was given title Though Henry VIII condemned Luther and was given title “Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X“Defender of the Faith” by Pope Leo X

Political SituationPolitical Situation

Spain had a population of 8,000,000; Spain had a population of 8,000,000; France a population of 20,000,000, France a population of 20,000,000, but England only 4,000,000.but England only 4,000,000.

After the loss of territory on the After the loss of territory on the continent in the 100 years war, continent in the 100 years war, England sought to regain power and England sought to regain power and prestige. prestige.

England is regarded as a secondary England is regarded as a secondary and rather “backward” nation.and rather “backward” nation.

Henry VIII: King of EnglandHenry VIII: King of England1509-15471509-1547

Henry proclaimed Henry proclaimed “Defender of the Faith” for “Defender of the Faith” for his response to Luther’s his response to Luther’s “Babylonian Captivity”“Babylonian Captivity”

Theologically Catholic, but Theologically Catholic, but politically Protestant.politically Protestant.

Persecuted Protestants Persecuted Protestants throughout the 1520s. throughout the 1520s. Executed Bible translators Executed Bible translators (e.g., William Tyndale).(e.g., William Tyndale).

Henry wanted to restore Henry wanted to restore England’s prestige—as it England’s prestige—as it was a secondary power in was a secondary power in Europe at the time.Europe at the time.

Henry VIII Wants a DivorceHenry VIII Wants a Divorce

Married to Catherine Married to Catherine of Aragonof Aragon

She was the wife of She was the wife of his deceased brother his deceased brother (received papal (received papal dispensation to marry dispensation to marry her)her)

She only had one She only had one surviving child, Mary.surviving child, Mary.

She was the Aunt of She was the Aunt of Emperor Charles V.Emperor Charles V.

Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

She wanted to marry She wanted to marry and Henry wanted a and Henry wanted a male heir—so, Henry male heir—so, Henry needs a divorce.needs a divorce.

Anne Boleyn bore him Anne Boleyn bore him his daughter Elizabethhis daughter Elizabeth

Anne was ultimately Anne was ultimately executed on suspicion executed on suspicion of unfaithfulness in of unfaithfulness in 15361536

Henry Had ProblemsHenry Had Problems

Cardinal Wolsey, Chancellor Cardinal Wolsey, Chancellor of England, refused to grant of England, refused to grant divorcedivorce

He was hoping for He was hoping for consideration for papacyconsideration for papacy

Also formed alliance with Also formed alliance with emperor Charles V who was emperor Charles V who was the nephew of Catherinethe nephew of Catherine

Henry Had ProblemsHenry Had Problems Pope Clement VII was Pope Clement VII was

unwilling to grant the unwilling to grant the divorcedivorce

Henry had received Henry had received papal dispensation to papal dispensation to marry sister-in-lawmarry sister-in-law

Clement under house Clement under house arrest in Castle San arrest in Castle San Angelo in Rome by Angelo in Rome by emperor’s forcesemperor’s forces

Pope Clement VII

Henry ReactsHenry Reacts Dismisses Wolsey who died in disgrace in Dismisses Wolsey who died in disgrace in

1530 on his way to prison1530 on his way to prison Confiscated his palace of Hampton CourtConfiscated his palace of Hampton Court

Henry ReactsHenry Reacts

Appointed Thomas Cranmer Appointed Thomas Cranmer Archbishop of CanterburyArchbishop of Canterbury

Consulted ParliamentConsulted Parliament Gained their appointment as head of Gained their appointment as head of

English Church, called the English Church, called the Reformation Parliament of 1529Reformation Parliament of 1529

1532, the act of “Submission of the 1532, the act of “Submission of the Clergy to the King.”Clergy to the King.”

Thomas Cranmer, 1489-1556

Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry VIII

Originally Lutheran, through his contact with Zurich, Strasbourg and Geneva he became increasingly Reformed

Architect of Protestant church in England

England Evicts the PopeEngland Evicts the Pope Pope excommunicated Pope excommunicated

King HenryKing Henry Henry appointed his own Henry appointed his own

bishopsbishops Act of Supremacy 1534 Act of Supremacy 1534

forced all government forced all government officials to acceptofficials to accept

Thomas More, Chancellor Thomas More, Chancellor after Wolsey, would not after Wolsey, would not acceptaccept

ExecutedExecutedSir Thomas More

Henry Reorganized ChurchHenry Reorganized Church

Destroyed all the monasteriesDestroyed all the monasteries Liturgy: Cranmer’s Liturgy: Cranmer’s Book of Common Book of Common

PrayerPrayer Creed: Cranmer’s Creed: Cranmer’s Ten ArticlesTen Articles (1536) (1536)

– Henry found it too ProtestantHenry found it too Protestant– Replaced it with Catholic Replaced it with Catholic Six Articles Six Articles

(1539)(1539) Act of Succession names Anne’s Act of Succession names Anne’s

children as his heirs (no son)children as his heirs (no son)

Ten Articles (1536)Ten Articles (1536) The binding authority of the Bible, the three œcumenical The binding authority of the Bible, the three œcumenical

creeds, and the first four œcumenical councils creeds, and the first four œcumenical councils The necessity of baptism for salvation, even in the case of The necessity of baptism for salvation, even in the case of

infantsinfants The sacrament of penance, with confession and absolution, The sacrament of penance, with confession and absolution,

which are declared 'expedient and necessary' which are declared 'expedient and necessary' The substantial, real, corporal presence of Christ's body and The substantial, real, corporal presence of Christ's body and

blood under the form of bread and wine in the eucharist blood under the form of bread and wine in the eucharist Justification by faith, joined with charity and obedience Justification by faith, joined with charity and obedience The use of images in churches The use of images in churches The honoring of saints and the Virgin Mary The honoring of saints and the Virgin Mary The invocation of saints The invocation of saints The observance of various rites and ceremonies as good, such The observance of various rites and ceremonies as good, such

as clerical vestments, sprinkling of holy water, bearing of as clerical vestments, sprinkling of holy water, bearing of candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday candles on Candlemas-day, giving of ashes on Ash-Wednesday

The doctrine of purgatory, and prayers for the dead in The doctrine of purgatory, and prayers for the dead in purgatory purgatory

Six Articles (1539)Six Articles (1539)

transubstantiation transubstantiation the reasonableness of withholding the reasonableness of withholding

of the cup from the laity during of the cup from the laity during communion, communion,

clerical celibacy, clerical celibacy, observance of vows of chastity, observance of vows of chastity, permission for private masses, permission for private masses, the importance of oral confession. the importance of oral confession.

Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cromwell named Vicar named Vicar General to General to supervise the supervise the affairs of the affairs of the ChurchChurch

(Even over the (Even over the Archbishop of Archbishop of Canterbury)Canterbury)

Dissolution of the Dissolution of the MonasteriesMonasteries

Great monuments such as Bury St. Edmund’s and St. Albans were totally destroyed

Henry’s Third WifeHenry’s Third Wife

Henry noticed Jane as Henry noticed Jane as he was becoming he was becoming disenchanted with disenchanted with Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn

Jane Seymour bore him Jane Seymour bore him a son, Edwarda son, Edward

Henry deeply loved Henry deeply loved JaneJane

She died shortly after She died shortly after giving birth (1536)giving birth (1536) Queen Jane

Seymour

The Wives of Henry VIIIThe Wives of Henry VIII

Anne of Cleves, whom Anne of Cleves, whom Henry divorced because Henry divorced because she was so uglyshe was so ugly

He called her “The He called her “The Flemish Mare”Flemish Mare”

But he did provide well But he did provide well for herfor her

(1515-1557)(1515-1557)

Queen Anne of Cleves


Catherine Howard, Catherine Howard, whom Henry executed whom Henry executed for unfaithfulnessfor unfaithfulness

Henry loved herHenry loved her He did not want to He did not want to

believe she was believe she was unfaithfulunfaithful

Had no choice when he Had no choice when he was convincedwas convinced

Queen Catherine Howard


Catherine Parr, who Catherine Parr, who outlived Henryoutlived Henry

She cared for him in She cared for him in his old agehis old age

Queen Catherine Parr

Was Henry a Protestant?Was Henry a Protestant?

Theologically he remained CatholicTheologically he remained Catholic– Ruled under Ruled under Six ArticlesSix Articles– Condemned and executed William Condemned and executed William

Tyndale for publishing English BibleTyndale for publishing English Bible– Burned Thomas Bilney at stake for Burned Thomas Bilney at stake for

advocating Luther’s teachingsadvocating Luther’s teachings Yet Cranmer, Cromwell remained in Yet Cranmer, Cromwell remained in

power and set up English Bibles in power and set up English Bibles in churcheschurches

King Edward VI, 1547-1553King Edward VI, 1547-1553

Sickly, yet intelligentSickly, yet intelligent A committed ProtestantA committed Protestant Cranmer free to create Cranmer free to create

a true Reformed a true Reformed ChurchChurch

Issued Issued The Forty-Two The Forty-Two ArticlesArticles

Worship became much Worship became much more Protestantmore Protestant

King Edward VI

Edward’s AdvisorsEdward’s Advisors Duke of SomersetDuke of Somerset Duke of NorthumberlandDuke of Northumberland

Protector Somerset, 1547-1549 John Dudley, First Duke of

Edward’s uncle, Edward Seymour, Northumberland, first Earl of

Born about 1500, executed 1552 Warwick, 1502-1553

Bucer and the English Bucer and the English ReformationReformation

•Martin Bucer came to England 1549 at Cranmer’s invitation

•Influenced Cranmer theologically

•Helped write Book of Common Prayer

(1551 edition) Martin Bucer

1491-1551

Bucer and the English Bucer and the English ReformationReformation

•Wrote De Regno Christi

To advise King Edward

How to create a true Christian community

•Lectured at Cambridge

•Worked with other Protestant leaders

Queen Mary I, 1547-1553Queen Mary I, 1547-1553

Saw her task as restoring Saw her task as restoring papacy in Englandpapacy in England

Arrested & executed Lady Arrested & executed Lady Jane Grey & Lord DudleyJane Grey & Lord Dudley

Married to Philip II, King of Married to Philip II, King of Spain, the son of Emperor Spain, the son of Emperor Charles V.Charles V.

No childrenNo children

“The Execution of Lady Jane Grey” by Paul Delaroche

Marian PersecutionMarian Persecution

Mary executed 300 Protestant Mary executed 300 Protestant leaders (“Bloody Mary”)leaders (“Bloody Mary”)

Including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas RidleyLatimer, and Nicholas Ridley

Brought Cardinal Reginald Pole in as Brought Cardinal Reginald Pole in as Papal LegatePapal Legate

Died a broken woman in 1558Died a broken woman in 1558 England did not want pope back.England did not want pope back.

Execution of Thomas Execution of Thomas CranmerCranmer

Cranmer signed a recantation under torture

Recanted his recantation

Thrust first in the hand that betrayed the Lord

Martyrdom of Latimer & Martyrdom of Latimer & RidleyRidley

Latimer: “Be of good comfort, Master Ridley, we shall this day light such a candle by God’s grace in England as, I trust, shall never be put out!”

Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-16031603

Found the Found the via media via media (or middle way)(or middle way)

Protestant creed: Protestant creed: The The Thirty-Nine ArticlesThirty-Nine Articles

High liturgical High liturgical worshipworship

Followed Hooker’s Followed Hooker’s Ecclesiastical PolityEcclesiastical Polity– Archbishop, Bishops, Archbishop, Bishops,

priests, deaconspriests, deacons

Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-16031603

1559: Act of 1559: Act of Supremacy: Supremacy: Supreme Governor Supreme Governor in church & realmin church & realm

1563: Test Act 1563: Test Act required oath of required oath of allegiance to queen allegiance to queen as head of churchas head of church

Elizabeth’s Religious PolicyElizabeth’s Religious Policy

Fairly tolerant of Fairly tolerant of divergent groups arisingdivergent groups arising– PuritansPuritans– QuakersQuakers– BaptistsBaptists

John Foxe published John Foxe published Book of MartyrsBook of Martyrs– Account of Marian Account of Marian

persecutionspersecutions

John Foxe

Puritanism under ElizabethPuritanism under Elizabeth Anti-Vestment Party: wicked to rebel against Anti-Vestment Party: wicked to rebel against

Queen, but opposed clerical vestments (1560s)Queen, but opposed clerical vestments (1560s) Passive-Resistance Party: disliked English Passive-Resistance Party: disliked English

“popery” (even wedding rings)—wanted to “popery” (even wedding rings)—wanted to abolish the episcopacy. abolish the episcopacy.

Presbyterian Party: wanted a presbyterian Presbyterian Party: wanted a presbyterian system in England and strengthen parliament. system in England and strengthen parliament. Established ties with Reformed churches in Established ties with Reformed churches in Switzerland, France and Netherlands.Switzerland, France and Netherlands.

Separatists: congregational; regarded England Separatists: congregational; regarded England as apostate and separated from them into new as apostate and separated from them into new congregations. John Smyth was a separatist. congregations. John Smyth was a separatist.

39 Articles (1563)39 Articles (1563)

Not every deadly sin willingly committed Not every deadly sin willingly committed after Baptism is sin against the Holy after Baptism is sin against the Holy Ghost, and unpardonable. Wherefore the Ghost, and unpardonable. Wherefore the grant of repentance is not to be denied to grant of repentance is not to be denied to such as fall into sin after Baptism. After we such as fall into sin after Baptism. After we have received the Holy Ghost, we may have received the Holy Ghost, we may depart from grace given, and fall into sin, depart from grace given, and fall into sin, and by the grace of God we may arise and by the grace of God we may arise again, and amend our lives. And therefore again, and amend our lives. And therefore they are to be condemned, which say, they are to be condemned, which say, they can no more sin as long as they live they can no more sin as long as they live here, or deny the place of forgiveness to here, or deny the place of forgiveness to such as truly repent. such as truly repent.

39 Articles (1563)39 Articles (1563) The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of

faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is faithful men, in which the pure Word of God is preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered preached, and the Sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ's ordinance, in all those things according to Christ's ordinance, in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same.that of necessity are requisite to the same.

As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and As the Church of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, have erred, so also the Church of Rome Antioch, have erred, so also the Church of Rome hath erred, not only in their living and manner of hath erred, not only in their living and manner of Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.Ceremonies, but also in matters of Faith.

39 Articles (1563)39 Articles (1563) The Church hath power to decree Rites or The Church hath power to decree Rites or

Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies Ceremonies, and authority in Controversies of Faith: and yet it is not lawful for the of Faith: and yet it is not lawful for the Church to ordain any thing that is contrary Church to ordain any thing that is contrary to God's Word written, neither may it so to God's Word written, neither may it so expound one place of Scripture, that it be expound one place of Scripture, that it be repugnant to another. Wherefore, although repugnant to another. Wherefore, although the Church be a witness and a keeper of the Church be a witness and a keeper of Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any Holy Writ, yet, as it ought not to decree any thing against the same, so besides the same thing against the same, so besides the same ought it not to enforce any thing to be ought it not to enforce any thing to be believed for necessity of Salvation. believed for necessity of Salvation.


Sacraments ordained of Christ be not Sacraments ordained of Christ be not only badges or tokens of Christian only badges or tokens of Christian men's profession, but rather they be men's profession, but rather they be certain sure witnesses, and effectual certain sure witnesses, and effectual signs of grace, and God's good will signs of grace, and God's good will towards us, by the which he doth towards us, by the which he doth work invisibly in us, and doth not work invisibly in us, and doth not only quicken, but also strengthen only quicken, but also strengthen and confirm our Faith in him. and confirm our Faith in him.


The Body of Christ is given, taken, and The Body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavenly and spiritual manner. And the heavenly and spiritual manner. And the mean whereby the Body of Christ is mean whereby the Body of Christ is received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith.received and eaten in the Supper, is Faith.

The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to The Cup of the Lord is not to be denied to the Lay-people: for both the parts of the the Lay-people: for both the parts of the Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance Lord's Sacrament, by Christ's ordinance and commandment, ought to be and commandment, ought to be ministered to all Christian men alike. ministered to all Christian men alike.

39 Articles (1563)39 Articles (1563) It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in

all places one, or utterly like; for at all times they have all places one, or utterly like; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the been divers, and may be changed according to the diversity of countries, times, and men's manners, so that diversity of countries, times, and men's manners, so that nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever, nothing be ordained against God's Word. Whosoever, through his private judgment, willingly and purposely, through his private judgment, willingly and purposely, doth openly break the Traditions and Ceremonies of the doth openly break the Traditions and Ceremonies of the Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God, and Church, which be not repugnant to the Word of God, and be ordained and approved by common authority, ought be ordained and approved by common authority, ought to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the to be rebuked openly, (that others may fear to do the like,) as he that offends against the common order of the like,) as he that offends against the common order of the Church, and hurts the authority of the Magistrate, and Church, and hurts the authority of the Magistrate, and wounds the consciences of the weak brethren.wounds the consciences of the weak brethren.

Every particular or national Church hath authority to Every particular or national Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish, Ceremonies or Rites of the ordain, change, and abolish, Ceremonies or Rites of the Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all Church ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying. things be done to edifying.

James I, 1603-1625James I, 1603-1625 Succeeded according to Henry VIII’s Succeeded according to Henry VIII’s

Act of SuccessionAct of Succession Brought up under Reformed Brought up under Reformed

Presbyterian in Scotland (James IV of Presbyterian in Scotland (James IV of Scotland)Scotland)

Puritans hoped for restructuring of Puritans hoped for restructuring of English Church along Presbyterian English Church along Presbyterian lineslines

James refused, but did command the James refused, but did command the translation of a new Bible—The King translation of a new Bible—The King James Bible (1611).James Bible (1611).

Published his Published his Book of SportsBook of Sports– Activities permissible on SundayActivities permissible on Sunday

King James I

James I, 1603-1625James I, 1603-1625 Many Puritans left EnglandMany Puritans left England Some to Holland under John Some to Holland under John

RobinsonRobinson Later to America as Pilgrims Later to America as Pilgrims

under William Bradford & under William Bradford & William BrewsterWilliam Brewster

Many Puritan pastors lost Many Puritan pastors lost their pulpitstheir pulpits

Told on what topics to Told on what topics to preach sermonspreach sermons

King James I

The City on a HillThe City on a Hill John Winthrop left with

1500 Puritans for Massachusetts in 1618.

Set up model Christian community that could be used for Church in England

Became Massachusetts colony John

Winthrop

Catholic ReactionCatholic Reaction Catholics had not given upCatholics had not given up Wanted papacy restored by any Wanted papacy restored by any

means possiblemeans possible Several attempts to assassinate Several attempts to assassinate

the kingthe king Gunpowder Plot of 1605: rumor Gunpowder Plot of 1605: rumor

Guy Fawkes was going to blow Guy Fawkes was going to blow up Houses of Parliamentup Houses of Parliament

Caused James to be more Caused James to be more insistent on royal prerogativesinsistent on royal prerogatives

Summary: Summary: English Kings of ReformationEnglish Kings of Reformation

Henry VIII, 1509-1547 (Broke with Papacy)Henry VIII, 1509-1547 (Broke with Papacy) Edward VI, 1547-1553 (Protestant Church)Edward VI, 1547-1553 (Protestant Church) Mary I, 1553-1558 (Tried to bring Papacy Mary I, 1553-1558 (Tried to bring Papacy

back)back) Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 (Moderate Reform)Elizabeth I, 1558-1603 (Moderate Reform) James I, 1603-1625 (Puritans form)James I, 1603-1625 (Puritans form)

PresbyterianismPresbyterianism

Scottish Presbyterianism – ministers Scottish Presbyterianism – ministers belong to congregation but participate belong to congregation but participate in a regional church council.in a regional church council.

American Presbyterianism – elders are American Presbyterianism – elders are members of the congregation but members of the congregation but ministers are members of the ministers are members of the Presbytery.Presbytery.

Dutch Reformed (Presbyterian) – elders Dutch Reformed (Presbyterian) – elders and ministers belong to the presbytery and ministers belong to the presbytery and there is only one per city.and there is only one per city.

Via Media Via Media of Elizabethean of Elizabethean AnglicanismAnglicanism

Catholic FeaturesCatholic Features– Organization is episcopal (bishops)Organization is episcopal (bishops)– Liturgy is traditional and respect for traditionLiturgy is traditional and respect for tradition– Maintain a high honor for saints, iconsMaintain a high honor for saints, icons– Use of the creeds and four ecumenical councilsUse of the creeds and four ecumenical councils– King rules both secular and sacred estates in the land; King rules both secular and sacred estates in the land;

only the monarch can call a general councilonly the monarch can call a general council– The role of Free Will—one can fall from graceThe role of Free Will—one can fall from grace

Protestant FeaturesProtestant Features– Theology is Protestant (Justification; Lord’s Supper)Theology is Protestant (Justification; Lord’s Supper)– Rejection of Roman PrimacyRejection of Roman Primacy– Communion in both kinds; married priestsCommunion in both kinds; married priests– Mass not a sacrificeMass not a sacrifice– Only two sacramentsOnly two sacraments

The Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland Calvin and the French Reformation.

Documents

geneva geneva

switzerland calvin

french reformation slide

house slide

education of jean calvin

rescued geneva

protestant faith

noyon cathedral calvin