The Progressive Era
Feb 23, 2016
The Progressive Era
Part one: The Expansion of
EducationLife at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
A. A democracy functions best when its citizens
can read and writeB. Most children received a basic education
(only 2% finished high school) C. Farmers children only attended from Nov. to
April D. Many child labor laws were passed around
1900
I. The Expansion of Education
E. The Americanization of
immigrants
Public schools played a vital role in
assimilating immigrants Many immigrants moved here for the
opportunity of a free education Learning to read and write in English prepared
immigrants for American citizenship
College enrollment doubled between 1890 and
1910 Opportunity for higher ed. set the U.S. apart
from other countries Philanthropists made education a possibility for
many
II. Expansion of higher education
A. Immigrants, the poor, and minorities were
less likely to receive an education B. Separate women’s universities were established
try to segregate C. African Americans were not allowed to attend
most universities A few did allow them: Oberlin, Bates, Bowdoin Several African American universities were established
to provide for them: Wilberforce, Howard, Atlanta, etc. Number of African Americans receiving a degree was
very small
III. Discrimination in education
IV. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.
Du Bois
A. Booker T. Washington thought African Americans should focus on alleviating their economic situation before worrying about their political situation (focus on education).
1. Stressed vocational education and job training
2. “as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem”
B. W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard
1. Fought for economic, political, and social equality
2. Founded the Niagara Movement
3. Helped form the NAACP
Part Two: The Jim Crow era
A. Voting restrictions 1.Poll tax 2.Literacy
tests3.Grandfath
er clauses
Segregation Separation of people by
race de facto segregation –
caused by tradition (common thing, but not by law)
Jim Crow laws (de jure – by law) – laws meant to segregate races and take away rights from African Americans
Segregation
C. Plessy vs. Ferguson
The Civil Rights cases overturned the Civil Rights Act (1883)
African American Homer Plessy sued for the right to sit wherever he wanted on the train
The courts ruled that facilities and services needed to be separate-but-equal
Jim Crow laws did not violate the 14th Amendment
D. Violence against African
Americans 1. Blacks were forced
to follow strict etiquette codes
2. Breeches in these etiquette codes resulted in violence
3. From 1882 to 1892 over 1,200 blacks were lynched
4. Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching campaign
E. The Great Migration
1. Blacks moved north to escape violence and legal segregation; escape poverty and look for jobs
2. Discovered de facto segregation
3. Race riots erupted in many cities due to the white fear of job competition
A. Many African American leaders rose to fight
discrimination I. Booker T WashingtonII. WEB DuBois
B. Organized the NAACP 1. Abolish segregation and
discrimination2. Oppose racism 3. Gain civil rights for African Americans
VI. Resisting Discrimination
I. Review yesterday’s materialII. Notes – Progressive MovementIII. Labor Unions & Strikes – Graphic Organizers
SWBAT Identify the significance of three different strikes/riots, as well as the purpose of labor unions.
4/16
I. Reforms needed to clean up
problems created by industrialization A.
Progressives sought reform in four main areas 1.Social 2.Moral 3.Economic 4.Political
B. Four common goals of
Progressives 1. Gov. should be accountable to its citizens
2. Gov. should curb the power of wealthy interests
3. Gov. should expand to improve the lives of its citizens
4. Gov. should become efficient and less corrupt
C. Muckrakers
1. Journalists who pointed out the evils of society
2. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
A. Poor working conditions
needed to be reformed 1. Dangerous working conditions 2. Long hours, low wages, no job security, no
benefits 3. Discrimination against women 4. Child labor
II. Progressive reforms in factories
B. Successful reforms
1. Organizations created to regulate factory working conditions
2. Standardizing an 8 hour work day
3. Passing of child labor laws
C. Progressive impacts on labor
unions (strengthened) 1. Knights of
Labor2. American
Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
3. American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs)
4. Industrial Ladies’ Garment Workers Unions
D. Major strikes
1.Haymarket Square
2.Homestead Strike
3.Pullman Strike
A. Local governments B. State governments
1. Referendums and initiatives 2. Recalls In elections
C. In elections 1. Primary Elections2. Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment) 3. Approval of the secret ballot system
III. Progressive accomplishments in government
A. Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” B. Anti-trust laws
1. Sherman Anti-Trust Act banned any business that restricted trade 2. Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands the Sherman Act 3. Outlaws price-fixing 4. TR broke up holding companies that had monopolies
IV. Progressive federal reforms
1. The Transcontinental Railroad2. Encourage westward settlement3. Grown and Expand4. Jobs available5. Cheap, run down apartment buildings6. Unsanitary7. Eastern & Southern Europe; Asia8. Variety of cultures in America working
together
Industry & Progressive Test
Review
9. Steel making process10. Carnegie-Steel; Morgan – Banking; Vanderbilt –Railroads; Rockefeller – Oil11. Whitney-Cotton Gin; Edison – Light Bulb; Ford – Assembly Line (in making automobile); Wright Brothers – airplane12. Government does not interfere with businesses13. Assembly Line process of manufacturing14. Journalists who exposed bad conditions of society15. Progressive Movement16. Safer work place conditions; better hours; better pay (make life better for citizens)
9-16
17. Vote on bill to become a law18. Directly by people19. Public officials20. Primary Election21. Lewis Hine22. Sam Gompers23. Attain voting rights for women (19th amendment)24. Square Deal25. land/job opportunities
17-25
26. Land/job opportunities 27. 5th & 14th 28. Separate but Equal is legal29. Booker T – Vocational education; WEB DuBois – demand political, economic, social equality30. DuBois31. Washington32. Faced greater discrimination thru Jim Crow33. Laws that forced segregation34. Ida B. Wells
26-34.