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The Progressive Era: 1900-1912
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The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Mar 27, 2015

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Page 1: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Progressive Era: 1900-1912

Page 2: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Muckrackers

Temperance

Suffragettes

Populists

Midclass

Women

Labor

Unions

Civil

Rights

Page 3: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

2nd Great Awakeni

ng

Antebellum Reforms

[1810s-1850s]

CCIIVVIIL

WAR

Populism[1870s-1890s]

Social Gospel

Progressivism

[1890s-1920]

1920s Revivalis

m

New Deal[1930s-1940s]

1950sRevivalis

m

Great Society

&1960s Social

Movements

ChristianEvangelica

lMovement

CCOONNSSEERRVVAATTIIVVEE

RREEVVOOLLUUTTIIOONN

Where does Progressivism fit?Where does Progressivism fit?

Page 4: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Origins of the Era• Progressivism

strongest among middle class Protestants

• William Jennings Bryan

• Billy Sunday• Walter

Rauschenbusch– Social Gospel

• “Muckrakers”(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Page 5: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The “Muckrakers”

• Ida Tarbell: “The History of the Standard Oil Company,” 1902

• Lincoln Steffens: “Tweed Days in St. Louis,” 1902 and “The Shame of the Cities”

• Upton Sinclair and “The Jungle”, 1906• Jacob Riis and “How the Other Half Lives,”,1890• Muckraking reflected

– Expanded newspaper circulation– Increased interest in “realism”– McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s

Page 6: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

See Progressivism Photographs

Page 7: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Circulation of Newspapers and Magazines

Page 8: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Municipal Reform

• Progressives wanted public ownership of private monopolies providing city services

• City Commission and City manager government

Page 9: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

State Reform

• State governors led charge• New York: Charles Evans Hughes battled fraudulent

insurance companies• California: Hiram Johnson fought against the

economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad

• Wisconsin: “Fighting” Robert La Follette– “Wisconsin Idea”

• Direct primary• Tax reform• Regulation of railroads

Page 10: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Voter Participation

• Australian, or secret, ballot• Direct primaries• Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment)• Initiative: voters could compel the legislature the

consider a bill• Referendum: allowed citizens to vote on proposed

laws on ballots• Recall: enabled removal of corrupt and

unsatisfactory politicians

Page 11: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Women’s Suffrage• National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

– Elizabeth Cady Stanton– Susan B. Anthony– Carrie Chapman Catt

• Western states 1st to grant women right to vote– Women’s gentler nature to tame wild male electorate

• Progressive women suffragists little troubled by racial discrimination

• National Women's Party– Alice Paul

• Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

Page 12: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

A Renewed Campaign for Civil Rights

• New generation of African American activists called for racial equality

• Booker T. Washington– “Accommodation“

• W.E.B. DuBois

Page 13: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

From the Niagara Movement to the NAACP

• W.E.B. Du Bois– Niagara Movement

• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)– Beginning of modern Civil Rights Movement– The Crisis– Legal Redress Committee

• National Urban League (1911)

Page 14: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Socialism and Progressivism• Socialism government operation of economic institutions

keeps wealthy elite from controlling society• Socialist Party of America

– Eugene V. Debs• Diversity of Socialists

– Immigrants– Native-born farmers and miners in the west

• IWW most radical Socialist group• Progressives and Socialists both assume the state can solve

economic abuses• Progressives frightened by Socialist talk of revolution

Page 15: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Roosevelt Presidency

• V-P under McKinley

Page 16: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

“Trust-Busting”

• Trust-busting• Northern Securities Company

– J.P. Morgan

• “New Nationalism”

Page 17: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Toward a “Square Deal”

• Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)– United Mine Workers (UMW)– Arbitration

• Election of 1904– "Square Deal"– Roosevelt aligns Republican Party with reform

Page 18: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Expanding Government Power: The Economy

• Interstate Commerce Commission• Hepburn Act (1906)• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)• Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Page 19: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Expanding Government Power: The Environment

• Conservation– Preservationists: John Muir and the Sierra Club– Roosevelt: wilderness is a place to test oneself against

natural elements– Conservationists

• Public Lands Commission (1903)• Gifford Pinchot

– National Forest Service• Roosevelt vs. Old Guard Republicans on government

land reserves

Page 20: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Taft Presidency

• Roosevelt thought Taft an ideal successor• Taft

– Not adept at politics– More conservative than Roosevelt

• Election of 1908– William Howard Taft – William Jennings Bryan

Page 21: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

• Richard Ballinger• Gifford Pinchot• Ballinger questionably sold Alaskan coal

deposits• Taft sides with Ballinger, Roosevelt sides with

Pinchot

Page 22: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Roosevelt’s Return

• Roosevelt returns to politics• "New Nationalism“ campaign, 1910

– Strong federal government:• Stabilize the economy• Protect the weak• Restore social harmony

– 1910 election results show plan is popular

• Roosevelt challenges Taft for Republican nomination– Denied nomination by Old Guard Republicans

Page 23: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Election of 1912

Page 24: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Republican Party & President William H. Taft

Page 25: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Republican Party Platform

• High import tariffsHigh import tariffs• Put limitations on female and child laborPut limitations on female and child labor

• Workman’s Compensation LawsWorkman’s Compensation Laws• Against initiative, referendum, and recallAgainst initiative, referendum, and recall

• Against “bad” trustsAgainst “bad” trusts• Creation of a Federal Trade CommissionCreation of a Federal Trade Commission

• Stay on the gold standardStay on the gold standard• Conservation of natural resources because they are Conservation of natural resources because they are

finitefinite

Page 26: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

The Progressive Party & Former President Theodore Roosevelt

Page 27: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Progressive Party Platform: “New Nationalism”

• Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage• Graduated income taxGraduated income tax

• Inheritance tax for the richInheritance tax for the rich• Lower tariffsLower tariffs

• Limits on campaign spendingLimits on campaign spending• Currency reformCurrency reform

• Minimum wage lawsMinimum wage laws• Social insuranceSocial insurance

• Abolition of child laborAbolition of child labor• Workmen’s compensationWorkmen’s compensation

Page 28: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Wilsonian Progressivism: “New Freedom”

Page 29: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

Woodrow Wilson and the Democrats

• Government control of the monopolies Government control of the monopolies trusts in general were bad trusts in general were bad eliminate them!! eliminate them!!– Clayton Antitrust ActClayton Antitrust Act– Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission

• Tariff reductionTariff reduction• One-term PresidentOne-term President• Direct election of SenatorsDirect election of Senators• Create a Department of LaborCreate a Department of Labor• Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust ActStrengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act• Did NOT support women’s suffrageDid NOT support women’s suffrage• Opposed to a central bankOpposed to a central bank• Banking Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1913)Banking Reform: Federal Reserve Act (1913)• Federal Farm Loan ActFederal Farm Loan Act• Child Labor ActChild Labor Act

Page 30: The Progressive Era: 1900-1912. MuckrackersMuckrackers TemperanceTemperance SuffragettesSuffragettes PopulistsPopulists MidclassWomenMidclassWomen LaborUnionsLaborUnions.

1912 Results