The Oppression of Black People

8/3/2019 The Oppression of Black People

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]og Ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` Zgezkg+ }og Hybagx en ]obx Xrx}ga dcm }og

Yg~ekw}bec Vg Cggm

]og rewcf adc vdx xoe} =4 }bagx vobkg ygdhobcf ney obx vdkkg}}og

48!rgdy!ekm vdx xoe} mgdm bc abm!dn}gyceec vogc zekbhg abx}ee` obx

}er fwc ney d zbx}ek }og wcdyagm rewcf adc+ xoe} ir zekbhg 7:

}bagx+ mbgm ec }og aeycbcf en obx vgmmbcf mdr }og rewcf veadc+

wchecxhbewx nyea od~bcf xwnngygm d xgb|wyg+ vdx xoe} 49 }bagx ir zekbhg

x}dcmbcf dyewcm ogy keh`gm hdy }og ~bh}ba+ dyygx}gm ney mbxeymgykr

hecmwh}+ vdx }ey}wygm dcm ydzgm vb}o d x}bh` bc }og idh` en }og x}d}bec!

oewxg ir }og dyygx}bcf ennbhgyx#

Megx b} xwyzybxg rew }e `cev }od} bc gdho en }og die~g hdxgx }og ~bh}ba

vdx Ikdh`54


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ig}}gy gmwhd}bec+ ey aeyg }ydmb}becdk ndabkbgx+ ey ygkbfbec+ ey gkgh}becx

vbkk xek~g }obcfx#

Xe }og twgx}becx awx} ig xodyzkr zexgm< vod} ygdkkr BX }og zyeikga5

Vod} bx }og xewyhg en b}5 Dcm vod} bx }og xekw}bec5

]obx xzghbdk bxxwg en Yg~ekw}bec cgvxzdzgy vbkk dcxvgy }oexg twgx}becx#

Vgkk xoev oev }og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg odx iggc d} }og ~gyr

ogdy} en }og ndiybh dcm nwch}becbcf en }obx hewc}yr+ xbchg b}x igfbccbcfdcm wz }e }og zygxgc} }bag+ dcm vod} odx dh}wdkkr hdwxgm }ogxg

hgc}wybgx en xwnngybcf# Vgkk dcdkr|g }og adxxb~g x}ywffkgx vdfgm

dfdbcx} }obx ezzygxxbec+ xoevbcf vor+ g~gc vogc }ogr~g vec

hechgxxbecx+ }ogby zevgynwk hdkk ney lwx}bhg odx iggc ig}ydrgm ir }og

xrx}ga gdho }bagdcm vod} kgxxecx hdc ig mydvc ney d yg~ekw}becdyr

x}ywffkg }od} dh}wdkkr hewkm vbc kbigyd}bec# Vgkk fg} bc}e oev d

yg~ekw}bec hewkm mgdk vb}o dcm e~gyheag }od} ezzygxxbec+ iybcfbcf bcdc gc}bygkr mbnngygc}+ dcm ndy ig}}gy+ xrx}ga dx zdy} en fg}}bcf }e d

voekg cgv+ gadchbzd}gm veykm# Vgkk dcdkr|g e}ogy zyefydax dcm

xoev oev dcr}obcf xoey} en yg~ekw}bec bx d ndkxg zd}o dcm d mgdm gcm#

Dcm vgkk zebc} }e vor xwho d yg~ekw}bec bx zexxbikgrgx+ g~gc bc }og

W#X#dcm vod} awx} ig mecg }e dh}wdkkr zygzdyg ney dcm hdyyr ew} xwho

d yg~ekw}bec#

B# ]og Ygdk Xb}wd}bec


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Hec~gc}becdk vbxmea xdrx }od} vobkg xeag mbxzdyb}bgx ygadbc+ }obcfx

od~g fgcgydkkr dm~dchgm ney Ikdh` zgezkg bc Dagybhd dcm }emdr }ogr

dyg dm~dchbcf x}bkk# Zgezkg kb`g Eidad dcm Ezydo dyg ogkm wz dx zyeen

en }obx# Iw} od~g }obcfx ygdkkr ae~gm neyvdym5 Bx }obx xehbg}r dh}wdkkrigheabcf zex}!ydhbdk5

]og dcxvgy }e }od} twgx}bec hdc ig newcm bc g~gyr heycgy en W#X#

xehbg}r#

]d`g gazkeragc}< Ikdh` zgezkg ygadbc hyevmgm bc}e }og kevgx} ywcfx

en }og kdmmgy###}od} bx+ bn }ogr hdc nbcm vey` d} dkk# Vobkg adcr en }og

idxbh bcmwx}ybgx }od} echg gazkergm Ikdh` zgezkg od~g hkexgm mevc+

x}wmr dn}gy x}wmr xoevx gazkergyx }e ig aeyg kb`gkr }e obyg d vob}g

zgyxec vb}o d hybabcdk ygheym }odc d Ikdh` zgyxec vb}oew} ecg+ dcm

7:' aeyg kb`gkr }e nekkev wz ec d ygxwag vb}o d vob}g!xewcmbcf

cdag }odc dc bmgc}bhdk ygxwag vb}o d Ikdh`!xewcmbcf9 cdag# Bc CgvRey` Hb}r+ }og yd}g en wcgazkeragc} ney Ikdh` agc bx nwkkr =?'#8

Ey oewxbcf< Ikdh` zgezkg ndhg }og obfogx} kg~gkx en ydhbdk ygxbmgc}bdk

xgfygfd}bec bc }og veykmxowc}gm bc}e cgfkgh}gm cgbfoieyoeemx

kdh`bcf mghgc} zdy`x dcm fyehgyr x}eygx dcm en}gc vb}o ce oexzb}dkx d}

dkk# Ikdh` zgezkg+ dx vgkk dx Kd}bcex+ voe odm dhobg~gm oeag!evcgyxobz

odm }ogby yeenx xcd}hogm nyea }oga# ]ogr vgyg }og ecgx ob} odymgx} ir

}og xwizybag aey}fdfg hybxbx dn}gy od~bcf iggc }dyfg}gm

mbxzyezey}becd}gkr ir zygmd}eyr kgcmgyxygxwk}bcf bc }og fygd}gx} kexx

en vgdk}o }e zgezkg en hekey bc aemgyc W#X# obx}eyr#=


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Ey ogdk}ohdyg< Ikdh` bcndc}x ndhg aey}dkb}r yd}gx heazdydikg }e }oexg bc

}og ]obym Veykm hewc}yr en Adkdrxbd+ dcm Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx fgcgydkkr

dyg bcngh}gm ir OB^ d} yd}gx }od} yb~dk }oexg bc xwi!Xdodydc Dnybhd#

E~gydkk }og mbxzdyb}bgx bc ogdk}ohdyg dyg xe fygd} }od} ecg neyagy W#X#

Xwyfgec Fgcgydk yghgc}kr vye}g+ Bn vg odm gkbabcd}gm mbxzdyb}bgx bc

ogdk}o bc }og kdx} hgc}wyr+ }ogyg vewkm od~g iggc ?7+::: ngvgy ikdh`

mgd}ox e~gydkk bc 9:::#7

Ey gmwhd}bec< ]emdr }og xhoeekx dyg aeyg xgfygfd}gm }odc }ogr od~g

iggc xbchg }og 42>:x> vb}o wyidc+ zygmeabcdc}kr Ikdh` dcm Kd}bce

xhoeekx yghgb~bcf ngvgy ygxewyhgx dcm xg} wz }e ndbk# ]ogxg xhoeekx aeyg

dcm aeyg ygxgaikg zybxecx vb}o ag}dk mg}gh}eyx dcm `bmx fg}}bcf

x}ezzgm dcm nybx`gm ec }ogby vdr }e hkdxx ir wcbneyagm zekbhg voe

zd}yek }ogby odkkx# En}gc }ogxg xhoeekx xzgcm dyewcm odkn dx awho zgy

zwzbk dx }oexg bc }og vgkk!}e!me xwiwyix# 6

Ey }d`g bazybxecagc}< ]og Ikdh` zezwkd}bec bc zybxec bx 2::+:::?d

}gcnekm bchygdxg xbchg 427=$dcm }og zyezey}bec en Ikdh` zybxecgyx

bchdyhgyd}gm ygkd}b~g }e vob}gx odx aeyg }odc mewikgm bc }od} xdag

zgybem# D yghgc} x}wmr zebc}gm ew} }od} d rewcf Ikdh` adkg vb}oew} d

obfo xhoeek mgfygg odx d 72 zgyhgc} hodchg en igbcf bazybxecgm igneygobx }oby}r!nbn}o iby}omdr#2


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Ec }ez en dkk }od}+ dcm ygbcneyhbcf b}+ bx dc gcmkgxxkr xzew}bcf xgvgy en

ydhbxa bc }og agmbd+ hwk}wyg dcm zekb}bhx en }obx xehbg}rydhbxa }od}

}d`gx mgdmkr dba d} }og mygdax dcm xzbyb} en g~gyr Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc

hobkm# Dcm voe hdc neyfg} }og vd~g en ceexgx }od} xzywcf wz dyewcm}og hewc}yr+ xew}o dcm cey}o+ bc }og vd`g en }og 9::6 x}ywffkg bc Lgcd+

Kewbxbdcd dfdbcx} }og zyexghw}bec /dcm zgyxghw}bec" en xb Ikdh` rew}o

voe odm newfo} idh` dfdbcx} d ceexg igbcf owcf }e bc}babmd}g }oga

nyea xb}}bcf wcmgy d vob}gx eckr }ygg d} xhoeek5

Dkk }obx kdr igcgd}o }og hybabcdk fe~gycagc} ygxzecxg }e Owyybhdcg@d}ybcd bc 9::7# Ney ygdxecx mbygh}kr ygkd}gm }e }og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh`

zgezkg }oyewfoew} }og obx}eyr en }obx hewc}yr+ dcm hec}bcwbcf }emdr+

Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx vgyg mbxzyezey}becd}gkr }og ecgx vb}oew} }og

ygxewyhgx }e fg} ew} en }og vdr en }od} x}eya+ dx vgkk dx }og ecgx

hechgc}yd}gm bc }og cgbfoieyoeemx voexg kg~ggx odm fecg wcygzdbygm

ney rgdyx# Ndy nyea agyg bcheazg}gchg+ }og fe~gycagc} ygxzecmgm

vb}o d heaibcd}bec en fwc!bc!rewy!ndhg ygzygxxbec dcm vdc}ec+

awymgyewx cgfkgh}# Zgezkg vgyg x}wh` ec yeen}ezx bc 4::!mgfygg ogd}

ney mdrx ec gcm+ vb}o ce}obcf }e gd} ey mybc`# Zybxecgyx vgyg kgn} keh`gm

bc hgkkx dx vd}gyx yexg }e }ogby cgh`x# ]og zye}gh}bec en zyb~d}g zyezgy}r

dcm xehbdk hec}yek vdx zkdhgm die~g owadc kbng# ]og fe~gycey en }og

x}d}g eymgygm hezx dcm xekmbgyx }e xoee} ec xbfo} kee}gyx}od} bx+

zgezkg }yrbcf }e xwy~b~g dcm }e ogkz e}ogyx# Ec d} kgdx} ecg ehhdxbec+

zgezkg }yrbcf }e gxhdzg }og veyx}!ob} dygdx vgyg x}ezzgm ir zekbhg d}

fwczebc} nyea hyexxbcf e~gy }e d xdngy dygd# Vogc g~dhwd}becx nbcdkkr

vgyg hdyybgm ew}+ }ogr vgyg mecg vb}o }og ogdy}kgxxcgxx en d hywgk

zkdc}d}bec evcgy# Ndabkbgx vgyg xgzdyd}gm+ vb}o hobkmygc ybzzgm dvdr

nyea zdygc}x# ]gcx en }oewxdcmx vgyg xhd}}gygm dkk e~gy }og hewc}yr


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vb}o ecg!vdr }bh`g}x+ xeag}bagx ce} g~gc }ekm }ogby mgx}bcd}becx# Idh`

oeag+ iembgx vgyg kgn} nked}bcf bc vd}gy+ ey krbcf ec xbmgvdk`x+

wcmgycgd}o mgiybx+ mgheazexbcf dcm adcfkgm+ ney aec}ox#

]oyewfo b} dkk+ zekb}bhbdcx dcm heaagc}d}eyx xzgvgm ew} wcygkgc}bcf

ydhbxa# Voe hdc neyfg} Idyidyd Iwxo ogyxgkn+ }og zygxbmgc}x ae}ogy+

dcm ogy ygady` bc d xogk}gy ney ygnwfggx nyea @d}ybcdxeag xgzdyd}gm

nyea }ogby ndabkbgx dcm od~bcf kex} g~gyr}obcf+ bchkwmbcf mgdy ecgx

}od} ,Xe adcr en }og zgezkg bc }og dygcd ogyg+ rew `cev+ vgyg

wcmgyzyb~bkgfgm dcrvdr+ xe }obx bx vey`bcf ~gyr vgkk ney }oga#4: D 4:!}gya Hecfygxxadc }ee` }og zyb|g ney mghkdybcf+ Vg nbcdkkr hkgdcgm wz

zwikbh oewxbcf bc Cgv Eykgdcx# Vg hewkmc} me b}+ iw} Fem mbm#44

Xbchg }ogc+ }og nbyx}}og xghecm}og }obym dccb~gyxdyr en @d}ybcd

zdxxgm vb}o adcr zdy}x en Cgv Eykgdcx x}bkk wcbcodib}dikg foex} }evcx#

Bc }og aex}kr Ikdh` 2}o Vdym+ ikeh`x en mg~dx}d}gm oewxgx od~g iggcyd|gmd ~dx} vdx}gkdcm cev me}}gm vb}o ehhdxbecdk hechyg}g x}gzx

febcf cevogyg# Vogc Ikdh` zgezkg od~g newfo} }e x}dr bc }og zyelgh}x

vobho dyg x}bkk odib}dikg+ }ogr od~g iggc myb~gc ew}dcm vogc }ogr

od~g zye}gx}gm d} Hb}r Hewchbk+ }ogr od~g iggc zgzzgy!xzydrgm dcm

igd}gc#49 Ebk ybfx dcm }ewybx} dygdx dyg kecf xbchg idh` wz dcm

owaabcf+ vobkg ygiwbkmbcf xhoeekx+ oexzb}dkx+ dcm hobkmhdyg hgc}gyx dyg

zwxogm enn }og kbx}# ]oyewfo b} dkk+ hezx dcm cd}becdk fwdymx hec}bcwg }e

ehhwzr zeey cgbfoieyoeemx kb`g gcgar }gyyb}eyr#

Megx dkk }obx kee` kb`g d zex}!ydhbdk xehbg}r }e rew5


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]og dcxvgy bx hkgdy# Dcm vobkg aeyg Ikdh` zgezkg }odc g~gy igneyg

od~g iggc dkkevgm }e ad`g b} bc}e }og abmmkg hkdxx+ }ve }obcfx awx}

ig xdbm#

Nbyx}+ g~gc ney }ogxg zgezkg }ogby xb}wd}bec bx x}bkk }gcwewx# ]e }d`g ecg

x}dy` gdazkg< Bc ezzexb}bec }e }og vbmgxzygdm ce}becx en }og

Dagybhdc mygda+ vogyg gdho xwhhgxxb~g fgcgyd}bec megx ig}}gy

}odc }og zyg~bewx ecg+ }og adleyb}r en }og hobkmygc en abmmkg!hkdxx

Ikdh` ndabkbgx od~g iggc hdx}+ ir }og vey`bcfx en }obx xrx}ga+ ec}e d

mevcvdymkr aeibkg zd}o#48 Dcm g~gyr Ikdh` zgyxecce ad}}gy oev

obfo }ogr ybxgx}bkk ndhgx }og bcxwk}x dcm }og mdcfgyx hechgc}yd}gm bc

}og dkk!}ee!ndabkbdy gzgybgchg en igbcf x}ezzgm ney myb~bcf vobkg

Ikdh`# Dx Adkheka _ xdbm e~gy =: rgdyx dfe+ dcm dx bx x}bkk }ywg }emdr

]e lwx}bnr }obx+ }og hdzb}dkbx}x dcm xkd~g evcgyx mygv ec }og Ibikg

vobho rgx+ megx bc ndh} lwx}bnr xkd~gyr+ bc ie}o ekm }gx}dagc} dcm cgv

dcm }ogc kd}gy ec zxgwme!xhbgc}bnbh bmgekefbgx en ydhbxa }od} hkdbagm

}od} Dnybhdcx dcm Cd}b~g Dagybhdcx /Bcmbdcx" vgyg d kevgy xzghbgx+

bcogygc}kr bcngybey# ]og ndh} }od} Dnybhdcx odm iggc `bmcdzgm+ }ey}wygm+

gcxkd~gm+ `bkkgm bn }ogr }ybgm }e gmwhd}g }ogaxgk~gx+ neyhgm }e vd}ho dx

}ogby hobkmygc ey xzewxgx vgyg xekm enn }e e}ogy zdy}x en }og hewc}yr+

dcm fgcgydkkr `gz} bc dc bcngybey zexb}bec}obx HYBAG ir }og ywkgyx vdx

zebc}gm }e dx zyeen }od} Ikdh`x vgyg bcngybey# Bchygmbikr gcewfo+


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}ogxg xkd~gx vgyg mgcewchgm dx kd|r ir }og zdydxb}bhdk xkd~g adx}gyx

voexg fygd} vgdk}o }og xkd~gx hygd}gm }oyewfo }ogby idh`!iygd`bcf

kdiey$ ]ogxg kbgx xgy~gm ie}o }e lwx}bnr }og oeyyeyx en xkd~gyr dcm

neyagm d hywhbdk gkgagc} bc }og xehbdk fkwg }od} ogkm xehbg}r }efg}ogy#]obx zd}}gyc+ dcm }obx kbg dcm b}x xehbdk wxg+ od~g hec}bcwgm bc mbnngygc}

neyax wz }e }emdr#

]og ndh} }od} }ogxg xwzzexgmkr bcogygc}kr bcngybey zgezkg odm zkdrgm

d hywhbdk zdy} bc iwbkmbcf wz obfokr mg~gkezgm xehbg}bgx dcm hwk}wygx bc

ie}o Dnybhd dcm }og Dagybhdx+ kecf igneyg Gwyezgdcx hdag }e meabcd}g}ogxg zkdhgx+ vdx dc bchec~gcbgc} }yw}o vyb}}gc ew} en }og ennbhbdk

obx}eybgx dcm }g}iee`x# Dcm }og ndh} }od} dkk owadc igbcfx dyg dkk ecg

xzghbgx+ vb}o eckr ygkd}b~gkr xwzgynbhbdk mbnngygchgx bc xeag

hodydh}gybx}bhx+ vdx dkxe vyb}}gc ew}+ vb}o xzwybewx ydhbx} zxgwme!

xhbgchg xwix}b}w}gm bcx}gdmkbgx }od} dkxe heag wz bc cgv neyax }emdr#

]ogyg vdx ce}obcf bcogygc} bc Gwyezgdcx }od} kgm }e hdzb}dkbxa }d`bcf

yee} }ogyg nbyx}}ogyg vgyg d cwaigy en dygdx bc }og veykm vogyg

hdzb}dkbxa abfo} od~g }d`gc enn xkbfo}kr gdykbgy ey xkbfo}kr kd}gy bn }obcfx

odm heag }efg}ogy d kb}}kg mbnngygc}kr# Iw} Gwyezg bx vogyg hdzb}dkbxa

mbm }d`g enn+ dcm }og meabcdchg en }og hdzb}dkbx} cd}becx en Gwyezg dcm

}ogc }og W#X# /dcm Ldzdc+ vobho mg~gkezgm bc d mbnngygc} xg} en

hbyhwax}dchgx" e~gy }og zdx} nb~g hgc}wybgx bx bchechgb~dikg vb}oew}

xkd~gyr#

]ogyg Vewkm Ig Ce Wcb}gm X}d}gx dx Vg Cev @cev B} ]emdr Vb}oew}

Xkd~gyr


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Xkd~gyr nwgkgm }og newcmd}bec dcm ybxg en ce} lwx} hdzb}dkbxa bc fgcgydk+

iw} }og W#X# bc zdy}bhwkdy# ]obx bx ce} lwx} d x}dbc }od} hdc g~gc}wdkkr ig

vdxogm+ ey g~gc xhywiigm+ dvdr vb}obc }og hecnbcgx en }obx xrx}ga0 b} bx

gaigmmgm bc }og ~gyr ndiybh en }obx xehbg}rbcmggm+ }og W#X#

Hecx}b}w}bec b}xgkn kgfdkkr bcx}b}w}becdkb|gm xkd~gyr dcm mggagm Dnybhdc!

Dagybhdcx }e hewc} dx eckr 8%7 en d vob}g zgyxec ney hgcxwx zwyzexgx#

Bc }og yghgc}kr zwikbxogm vey`+ Heaawcbxa dcm Lgnngyxecbdc

Mgaehydhr+ Iei D~d`bdc vye}g

]obx zebxecewx adx}gy!hkdxx agc}dkb}r mbm ce} mbg vb}o }og diekb}bec en

xkd~gyrb} hec}bcwgm+ bc cgv neyax# Bc zdy}bhwkdy+ gdho vd~g en

baabfydc}x }od} hdag e~gy nyea Gwyezg odm }e nb} b}xgkn bc}e }og

meabcdc} ygkd}becx en Dagybhdc xehbg}r}ogr odm }e nbcm dc gheceabh

cbhog /wxwdkkr }evdym }og ie}}ea ywcfx en }og vey`bcf hkdxx+ d} kgdx}

d} nbyx}" dcm }ogr odm }e vey` ew} d ygkd}bec }e }og meabcdc} zekb}bhdk

dcm hwk}wydk xwzgyx}ywh}wyg en xehbg}r# Bc mebcf xe+ }ogxg vob}g

baabfydc}x en}gc }ybgm }e mbx}bcfwbxo }ogaxgk~gx nyea Ikdh` zgezkg

dcm }obx en}gc gzkemgm bc}e }og ezgc dc}dfecbxa en vob}g aeix

ydazdfbcf dfdbcx} Ikdh` zgezkg dcm g~gc krchobcf }ogargx+ bc }og

cey}ogyc hb}bgx dx vgkk dx }og Xew}o+ dx }ogxg baabfydc} heaawcb}bgx

mgnbcgm }ogaxgk~gx dx nwkk!ikeemgm vob}g Dagybhdcx bc ~bekgc}

ezzexb}bec }e Ikdh` zgezkg# ]obx xrx}ga ygbcneyhgm }og adx}gy!hkdxx

agc}dkb}r daecf cey}ogyc vob}gx vb}o zg}}r+ iw} ce} bcxbfcbnbhdc}+

zyb~bkgfgx bc leix dcm oewxbcf# Dcm }obx ighdag d adley mewikg!

idyygkgm xoe}fwc ney }og hdzb}dkbx} ywkbcf hkdxx< b} ikbcmgm }ogxg vob}g

zgezkg dcm baabfydc}x }e }ogby aex} nwcmdagc}dk bc}gygx}x dx

agaigyx en }og zyekg}dybd}+ }wycbcf }ogby dcfgy dvdr nyea }og xrx}ga

}od} dh}wdkkr gzkeb}gm dcm ezzygxxgm }oga+ dcm }wycbcf b} dfdbcx} }ogaex} ezzygxxgm dcm gzkeb}gm zgezkg bc xehbg}r# Dcm b} fd~g }oga dc

bmgc}b}r dx vob}g Dagybhdcx+ vb}o d xg} en gzgh}d}becx dcm

gc}b}kgagc}x }e fe vb}o b}dcm }e mgngcm# D abceyb}r en vob}gx

ezzexgm }obx admcgxx+ dcm }ee` wz yg~ekw}becdyr ey ydmbhdk ey g~gc lwx}


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mghgc}kr owadcg zexb}becx0 iw} vobkg ~gyr bazey}dc}dcm vgkk yg}wyc

}e b}x xbfcbnbhdchg kd}gy}obx xey} en x}dcm vdx ndy }ee wcheaaec# /D

xghecmdyr+ iw} bazey}dc}+ gnngh} en }obx adx}gy!hkdxx agc}dkb}r daecf

vob}gx en dkk hkdxxgx vdx }e zdy}kr eixhwyg }og hkdxx hodydh}gy en }ogezzygxxbec en }og adxxgx en Ikdh` zgezkg}ogby zexb}bec dcm yekg dx

~bhbewxkr gzkeb}gm zyekg}dybdcx+ vb}obc }og e~gydkk vey`bcf hkdxx en }og

W#X#dcm }og adcr dcm hkexg kbc`x ig}vggc }obx hkdxx gzkeb}d}bec en

kdyfg cwaigyx en Ikdh` zgezkg+ dx zdy} en }og zyekg}dybd}+ dcm }og

cd}becdk ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg dx d zgezkg#"

]e yg}wyc dfdbc }e }og zgybem en xkd~gyr+ b} bx bazey}dc} }e ig hkgdy ec dc

gxxgc}bdk }yw}o< }og xkd~gx nbgyhgkr ygxbx}gm }obx# Bc }og W#X# dkecg }ogyg

vgyg e~gy 9:: xkd~g yg~ek}x+ dcm }og xkd~gx en Odb}b x}wccgm }og veykm

vogc }ogr xwhhgxxnwkkr vdfgm d 47!rgdy yg~ekw}bec dfdbcx} nbyx} }ogby

hekecbdk adx}gyx+ }ogc }og Iyb}bxo+ dcm nbcdkkr Cdzekgecx dyabgx# G~gc

vb}o }ogxg ogyebh yg~ek}x+ b} vdx eckr vb}o }og Hb~bk Vdy }od} }og

ygxbx}dchg nbcdkkr ieyg nywb} bc }og W#X#+ dcm }og gadchbzd}bec en Ikdh`

zgezkg nyea ew}ybfo} xkd~gyr vdx dhobg~gm# Ogyg }ee }og adxxgx en

Ikdh` zgezkgie}o ywcdvdr xkd~gx dcm nyggmagczkdrgm d hywhbdk

yekg# Vogc nbcdkkr dkkevgm }e lebc }og Wcbec Dyar+ }ogr mbgm d} }vbhg

}og yd}g en vob}g xekmbgyx /vobkg igbcf zdbm kevgy vdfgx ney aex} en }og

Hb~bk Vdy"$

]og Hb~bk Vdy

]og Ygkbfbec ]ydz


22/91

Zgezkg xdr< Ewy zyeikga bx }od} vg od~g }e fg} ybfo} vb}o Fem# ]og

Keym vbkk zye~bmgog vec} kg} wx mevc#

Bn zydrbcf }e Lgxwx+ ey Dkkdo+ mbm dcr feem+ }ogc }og zdx} 9: rgdyx vewkm

od~g iggc mghdmgx en fygd} dm~dchg ney Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc zgezkg

ighdwxg Ikdh` zgezkg od~g iggc zydrbcf kb`g cg~gy igneyg$ Iw} bcx}gdm+

}ogxg od~g iggc }ve mghdmgx en oeyyey dcm mgxzdby< }og zwazbcf en

hydh` bc}e }og fog}}ex dcm }og zyeae}bec en }og nyd}ybhbmdk mywf }ydmg dx

}og vdr ew} ney }og rew}o dcm+ vb}o }od}+ }og cbfo}adyg bazybxecagc}

en owfg cwaigyx en Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc rew}o+ dkecf vb}o }og zgy~dxb~g+cg~gy!gcmbcf odydxxagc} dcm iyw}dkb}r+ dcm }og hecx}dc} }oygd} en

awymgy+ d} }og odcmx en }og zekbhg0 }og nwy}ogy ye}}bcf ew} en }og bccgy

hb}bgx+ mydbcgm en leix dcm ygxewyhgx0 }og ogbfo}gcbcf ezzygxxbec dcm

mgfydmd}bec en veagc+ bc }oewxdcmx en vdrx0 }og mgaecb|d}bec en

Ikdh` zgezkg bc }og meabcdc} hwk}wyg0 dcm xe ec# Dkk }obx zydrbcf odx

mecg ce}obcf }e zyg~gc} }ogxg oeyyeyx#

Iw} b} hw}x vdr mggzgy }odc }od}# Ygkbfbec bx lwx} vyecf# B} }gkkx zgezkg

}e xgg` ad`g!igkbg~g hdwxgx /x}ydrbcf nyea }og zd}o en Fem" ney }og

ygdk zyeikgax zgezkg ndhg dcm }e nbfo} ad`g!igkbg~g gcgabgx /}og

mg~bk" bcx}gdm en }og ygdk!kb~g ecgx voe awx} ig mgngd}gm# B} }gkkx

zgezkg }e zw} }ogby ndb}o bc ad`g!igkbg~g cec!gbx}gc} xd~beyxbcx}gdm

en wcmgyx}dcmbcf }og veykm dx b} bx+ x}ywffkbcf }e hodcfg b}+ dcm iwbkmbcf

wcb}r ec }od} idxbx# Ygkbfbec+ g~gc }og aex} zyefygxxb~g }rzg en

ygkbfbec vobho bchkwmgx d hdkk }e zgezkg }e x}dcm wz dfdbcx} ezzygxxbec+

cg~gy}ogkgxx bc }og gcm zygdhogx }e zgezkg }od} }ogr hdcce} ygdkkr

wcmgyx}dcm ygdkb}r dcm e~gyheag ezzygxxbec dcm vbc kbigyd}bec ec


23/91

}ogby evc+ iw} awx} wk}bad}gkr ygkr ec xeag cec!gbx}gc} fem /ey femx"

}e kgdm }oga }e xdk~d}bec+ bn ce} bc }obx veykm+ }ogc bc }og cg}# Bc xoey}+

ygkbfbec bx d hodbc ec zgezkgx }obc`bcf#

Dx` rewyxgkn }obx< Vor od~g }og ezzygxxeyx+ xbchg xkd~gyr mdrx+ ce} eckr

dkkevgm iw} e~gydkk gchewydfgm dcm xwzzey}gm }og Ikdh` Howyho+

ogkzbcf }e iwbkm b} wz dx d `gr bcx}b}w}bec bc Ikdh` heaawcb}bgx+ vey`bcf

vb}o b} dcm zyeae}bcf b} dx d ygnwfg ney Ikdh` zgezkg5 Dcm vor+ }emdr+

dyg }og howyhogx igbcf fb~gc dkk `bcmx en aecgr }e xg} wz zybxec

abcbx}ybgxvobkg }og gmwhd}becdk ezzey}wcb}bgx bc zybxec dyg igbcfhw}5

Ec }ez en dkk }od}+ }emdr }og ywkbcf hkdxx en bazgybdkbx}x bx iwbkmbcf wz d

heyg en ygdh}becdyr nwcmdagc}dkbx} zygdhogyx+ bchkwmbcf daecf Dnybhdc!

Dagybhdc hkgyfr+ dx zdy} en d Hoybx}bdc!ndxhbx} ae~gagc} mgxbfcgm }e

fg} zgezkg }e xwzzey} dkk `bcmx en ygdh}becdyr dcm ezzygxxb~g dh}becxdcm ygkd}becx+ }e nbfo} bc+ ey }e dh}b~gkr dcm dffygxxb~gkr xwzzey}+ vdyx

dfdbcx} ezzygxxgm zgezkg bc e}ogy hewc}ybgx+ bc }og xgy~bhg en }og W#X#

gazbyg+ }e hkdaz mevc nwy}ogy ec ygxbx}dchg }e dkk }obx vb}obc }og W#X#

dcm ad`g }obx dkygdmr ogd~bkr ygzygxxb~g xehbg}r twdkb}d}b~gkr aeyg

ygzygxxb~g#

En hewyxg+ adcr ygkbfbewx zgezkg me x}dcm wz dfdbcx} ezzygxxbec+ dcm

}og yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc} xoewkm wcb}g vb}o xwho zgezkg# Iw}

ygkbfbewx }obc`bcf hdcce} xg} }og }gyax ney }og x}ywffkg+ dcm }oexg voe

me wcmgyx}dcm }og bazey}dchg en }d`bcf d xhbgc}bnbh dzzyedho }e }og


24/91

hdwxgx dcm hwygx ney }obx ezzygxxbec cggm }e x}gz wz dcm ogkz zgezkg

fg} gadchbzd}gm nyea }ogxg agc}dk hodbcx# B}x }bag }e fg} ybm en }obx

zebxecewx cecxgcxg diew} Fem vbkk zye~bmg dcm ]odc` rew Lgxwx ey

Fem vbkkbcf}bag }e twb} xdrbcf Ba ikgxxgm+ kee` ygdkb}r bc }og grg+dcm yghefcb|g bcx}gdm< Vgyg ezzygxxgm$ Dcm }ogc xg} diew} lebcbcf

}efg}ogy bc }og ogyg dcm cev }e me xeag}obcf diew} b}#

Dx zebc}gm }e bc }og zdxxdfg hb}gm nyea Heaawcbxa dcm Lgnngyxecbdc

Mgaehydhr+ }og Hb~bk Vdy b}xgkn hdag diew} ighdwxg en }og hkdxo

ig}vggc }ve mbnngygc} gheceabh dcm xehbdk xrx}gax< xkd~gyr+ idxgm eczkdc}d}bec ndyabcf bc }og Xew}o0 dcm hdzb}dkbxa+ idxgm ec ndh}eyr dcm

e}ogy vdfg!kdiey hgc}gygm bc }og Cey}o# ]og xkd~g evcgyx cggmgm

aeyg kdcm ighdwxg }ogby zkdc}d}bec xrx}ga en ndyabcf wxgm wz }og kdcm

xe ndx}+ vobkg }og cey}ogyc hdzb}dkbx}x vdc}gm }e hec}yek }og hewc}yr dx

d voekg+ ie}o ney ygxewyhgx dcm }e nwy}ogy mg~gkez }ogby hec}yek en }og

cd}becdk ady`g}# Ir }og }bag en }og Hb~bk Vdy+ }ogxg }ve neyhgx}ogxg

}ve xehbdk xrx}gaxvgyg hkdxobcf ec ~by}wdkkr g~gyr adley twgx}bec en

gheceabhx# Ney gdazkg+ ndh}eyr zyemwh}bec vdx lwx} fg}}bcf febcf bc

}og Cey}o+ dcm }ogxg cey}ogyc hdzb}dkbx}x vdc}gm }e gygh} obfo }dybnnx /bc

gnngh}+ }dgx ec bazey}gm feemx" }e xghwyg }og W#X# cd}becdk ady`g} dcm

zye}gh} }ogby bcmwx}ybgx dfdbcx} }og Gcfkbxo hdzb}dkbx}x+ voe hewkm

zyemwhg }obcfx awho aeyg hogdzkr0 iw} }og xkd~g!oekmgyx bcxbx}gm ec

kev }dybnnx }e gcdikg }oga }e gdxbkr }ydmg vb}o }oexg xdag Gcfkbxo

adcwndh}wygyx# Dcm }ogxg idxbh gheceabh hecnkbh}x newcm gzygxxbec bc

zekb}bhx+ hwk}wyg+ dcm g~gc ygkbfbec}og Idz}bx} dcm Ag}oembx}

howyhogx+ daecf e}ogyx+ xzkb} bc}e cey}ogyc dcm xew}ogyc iydchogx

e~gy }og femkbcgxx /ey wcfemkbcgxx" en xkd~gyr$


25/91

Vor5 Xbazkr ighdwxg zgezkg bc }og Cey}o odm igheag gckbfo}gcgm5

Ce# Vobkg }ogyg vdx d xwyfg en aeyg ydmbhdk }obc`bcf bc }og Cey}o bc }og

mghdmgx zybey }e }og Hb~bk Vdy+ dcm abkb}dc} ezzecgc}x en xkd~gyr xwho

dx Nygmgybh` Mewfkdxx dcm Leoc Iyevc igfdc }e fg} d ogdybcf dcm fdbc d

nekkevbcf+ }obx vdx wk}bad}gkr dc gzygxxbec en aeyg nwcmdagc}dk

hodcfgx febcf ec bc }og gheceabh idxg en xehbg}r}od} bx+ }og ygkd}becx

}od} zgezkg gc}gy bc}e }e hdyyr ew} zyemwh}becdcm }og bc}gcxbnrbcf

hec}ydmbh}becx vb}obc }od} gheceabh idxg+ dcm ig}vggc }od} gheceabh

idxg dcm }og zekb}bhdk x}ywh}wyg vobho odm dybxgc ec }ez en b}#

Bc xoey}+ xkd~gyr odm hodcfgm nyea igbcf }og x}bawkwx }od} b} vdx bc }og

gdykr mdrx en hdzb}dkbxa bc}e d ng}}gy ec }og mg~gkezagc} en hdzb}dkbxa#

]og hecx}b}w}bec }od} xgy~gm }og gheceabh idxg en 46?2d hecx}b}w}bec

vobho kgfdkb|gm dcm bcx}b}w}becdkb|gm xkd~gyrhewkm ce kecfgy hec}dbc

}og bc}gcxbnbgm hec}ydmbh}becx en 4?>:# Diydoda Kbchekc obaxgkn+ }og

zygxbmgc} en }og Wcb}gm X}d}gx mwybcf }og }bag en }og Hb~bk Vdy+ vdx }og

zekb}bhdk ygzygxgc}d}b~g en }og iewyfgebxbg}og ndh}eyr!evcgyx+

ydbkyedm!evcgyx+ dcm e}ogy hdzb}dkbx}x hgc}gygm bc }og Cey}odcm og

newfo} }og vdy bc }ogby bc}gygx}x# Bc }og ~bgv en Kbchekc+ }og zevgy en

}og xkd~g x}d}gx odm }e ig d} abcbawa xodyzkr hwy}dbkgm0 dcm b} vdx eckr

vogc og vdx hec~bchgm }od} }ogyg vdx ce e}ogy vdr neyvdym }od} og

vgc} }e vdy# Xbabkdykr+ Kbchekc mgkdrgm gadchbzd}bcf }og xkd~gx dcm}ogc mgkdrgm dkkevbcf }og xkd~gx }e gckbx} bc }og Wcbec dyar wc}bk og

vdx hec~bchgm }od} }ogyg vdx ce e}ogy vdr }e hdyyr ew} obx idxbh dba en

xd~bcf }og Wcbec# Kbchekc obaxgkn xdbm


26/91

Ar zdydaewc} eilgh} bc }obx x}ywffkg bx }e xd~g }og Wcbec+ dcm bx ce}

gb}ogy }e xd~g ey mgx}yer Xkd~gyr# Bn B hewkm xd~g }og Wcbec vb}oew}

nyggbcf dcr xkd~g+ B vewkm me b}0 dcm bn B hewkm xd~g b} ir nyggbcf dkk }og

xkd~gx+ B vewkm me b}0 dcm bn B hewkm me b} ir nyggbcf xeag dcm kgd~bcfe}ogyx dkecg+ B vewkm dkxe me }od}#4?

]og Nbyx} Ig}ydrdk+ Dn}gy Xkd~gyr

]og dn}gyad}o en }og Hb~bk Vdy zygxgc}gm }og cev zygmeabcdc}hdzb}dkbx} hkdxx vb}o dc ezzey}wcb}r }e }ywkr bc}gfyd}g }og nyggm xkd~gx

bc}e }og kdyfgy xehbg}r# ]og xkd~gx odm zewygm fgcgyd}becx en kdiey bc}e

}og newcmd}bec en }og xehbg}r dcm }ogc mbgm vdr ew} en zyezey}bec }e

}ogby cwaigyx bc }og Hb~bk Vdy# Cey}ogyc fgcgydkx mwybcf }og vdy odm

zyeabxgm }og nyggm xkd~gx =: dhygx dcm d awkg# Dx d ad}}gy en xbazkg+

idxbh lwx}bhg b} vewkm od~g iggc ybfo} }e mb~bmg }og kdcm }od} }ogr odm

vey`gm ney fgcgyd}becx daecf }og neyagy xkd~gx+ dx vgkk dx }og cec!xkd~goekmbcf vob}gx0 dcm dx d ad}}gy en od~bcf d idxbx ney zekb}bhdk

nyggmea+ mebcf }obx vdx bazgyd}b~g# Dcm b} vdx bazgyd}b~g dx vgkk }od}

}ogxg neyagy xkd~gx od~g }og nwkk zekb}bhdk ybfo}x }ogr odm newfo} dcm

mbgm neybchkwmbcf }og ybfo} }e xwzzygxx }og ib}}gy+ wcygzgc}dc} g!

Hecngmgyd}g xekmbgyx voe+ dkygdmr bc }og vdcbcf mdrx en }og Hb~bk Vdy+

vgyg neyabcf bc}e xghyg} zdydabkb}dyr xehbg}bgx }e ~bekgc}kr d}}dh` }og

nyggm xkd~gx dcm zygxgy~g }og xew}ogyc vdr en kbng#

Iw} }obx vdx ce} mecg# Bcmggm+ }og }ywg bc}gygx}x en }og cey}ogyc

hdzb}dkbx}x hdag ew} vb}o }ogby ig}ydrdk en Yghecx}ywh}bec# Mwybcf }obx


27/91

dkk }ee iybgn zgybem en Yghecx}ywh}bec+ bc }og 4: rgdyx ey xe dn}gy }og

gcm en }og Hb~bk Vdy+ }og W#X# fe~gycagc} odm `gz} xeag en b}x

zyeabxgx dcm x}d}becgm }yeezx bc }og Xew}o# ]ogxg }yeezx vgyg }ogyg }e

zyg~gc} voekgxdkg xkdwfo}gyx en Ikdh` zgezkg+ dcm zeey vob}gx+ voevgyg x}yb~bcf }e fdbc kdcm dcm ggyhbxg zekb}bhdk ybfo}x zyeabxgm }e

}oga# Iw} }og hdzb}dkbx} hkdxx vobho cev meabcd}gm }og cd}becdk

fe~gycagc} mbm }obx bc kdyfg zdy} bc eymgy }e nwkkr xwieymbcd}g }og

neyagy zkdc}d}bec evcgyx0 dcm vogc }og g!xkd~gx dcm }ogby dkkbgx

newfo} }ee odym ney }ogby ybfo}x }ogxg xdag }yeezx vewkm ig wxgm

dfdbcx} }oga#

Die~g dkk }og cey}ogyc hdzb}dkbx}x vdc}gm eymgy dcm x}dibkb}r }e hdyyr

ew} }og nwy}ogy hecxekbmd}bec en }ogby ywkg+ dx vgkk dx nwy}ogy gzdcxbec

ec }og Cey}o Dagybhdc hec}bcgc} dcm bc}gycd}becdkkr# ]og ngyagc} dcm

wzogd~dk }od} vewkm od~g fecg dkecf vb}o g~gyr}obcf }od} vewkm od~g

iggc bc~ek~gm bc }og neyagy xkd~gx zkdrbcf d xbfcbnbhdc} yekg bc }og

zekb}bhdk zyehgxx ey g~gc ggyhbxbcf idxbh ybfo}x abfo} od~g xgc} }og

vyecf agxxdfg }e e}ogy ezzygxxgm zgezkg vb}obc }og W#X#0 dcm bc ndh}+

vogc bc 4?66 }og W#X# }yeezx vgyg zwkkgm ew} en }og Xew}o+ xbfcdkbcf

}og gcm en Yghecx}ywh}bec+ }ogr vgyg baagmbd}gkr xgc} vgx}}e nwkkr

hywxo }og ygxbx}dchg en }og Bcmbdcxdcm bc}e }og hb}bgx en }og Cey}o}e

~bekgc}kr xwzzygxx yg~ek}x en baabfydc} vey`gyx# Nwy}ogy+ ygdk nyggmea

ney }og neyagy xkd~gx vewkm od~g gcdikgm }oga }e ygxbx} }og xg~gyg

gzkeb}d}bec }od} vdx ~bxb}gm wzec }oga+ dcm }owx vewkm od~g admg }og

yg!bc}gfyd}bec en }og xew}ogyc ghecear bc}e }og kdyfgy xehbg}r awho

kgxx zyenb}dikg ney }og ywkbcf hdzb}dkbx}x# Xe }og @w @kw @kdc vdx

wckgdxogm bc nwkk neyhg dcm zkdrgm d iyw}dk yekg bc mgngd}bcf dcm

xwilwfd}bcf }og nyggm xkd~gx dcm zyefygxxb~g vob}gx+ en}gc bc ikeemr


28/91

id}}kgx# ]ogc }og Xwzygag Hewy} admg b} dkk kgfdk+ vb}o }og

Hywb`xodc` mghbxbecvobho wzogkm }og x}d}g en Kewbxbdcdx mghbxbec }e

ce} zyexghw}g }og vob}g zgyzg}yd}eyx en }og adxxdhyg en e~gy 4:: Ikdh`

dcm vob}g xwzzey}gyx en Yghecx}ywh}bec bc Heknd+ KewbxbdcddcmZkgxxr ~# Ngyfwxec+ vobho gcdikgm x}d}gx }e kgfdkkr xgfygfd}g Ikdh`

zgezkg#

Bc xoey}+ vogc }og ezzey}wcb}r ney bc}gfyd}bec ec dc gtwdk nee}bcf bc}e

}obx xehbg}r dyexg bc }og zgybem dn}gy }og Hb~bk Vdy+ }og mgadcmx en

}og gheceabh idxg en }og hdzb}dkbx} xrx}ga+ dcm }og zekb}bhdkxwzgyx}ywh}wyg }od} dybxgx ec dcm xgy~gx }od} idxg+ e~gyyemg }od}

ezzey}wcb}rdcm }og dcxvgy vdx CE# Gtwdkb}r vdx mgcbgmdcm }obx

mgcbdk vdx gcneyhgm }oyewfo }og aex} ikeem}obyx}r agdcx#

]og cgv xehbdk eymgy }od} hdag vb}o }og ig}ydrdk en Yghecx}ywh}bec

neyhgm aex} Ikdh` zgezkg bc}e }og zexb}bec en vey`bcf }og kdcm neyvob}g zkdc}d}bec evcgyx bc ygkd}becx }od} vgyg idygkr ig}}gy }odc

xkd~gyr# Dcm xeag neyax en }og dh}wdk+ kb}gydk gcxkd~gagc} en Ikdh`

zgezkg hec}bcwgm+ zdy}bhwkdykr bc }og Xew}o+ kecf dn}gy xkd~gyr odm iggc

kgfdkkr diekbxogm# ]og adxxgx en Ikdh` zgezkg vgyg `gz} hodbcgm }e }og

kdcm ir mgi}+ ir kgfdk mbxhybabcd}becdcm ir ~bekgchg# ]oyewfo dkk }obx+

yd}ogy }odc igbcf bc}gfyd}gm ec dc gtwdk idxbx bc}e W#X# kbng+ Ikdh`

zgezkg vgyg neyfgm bc}e dc ezzygxxgm cd}bec vb}obc }og Ikdh` Igk}

Xew}o mwybcf }obx zgybemmgcbgm dkk mgaehyd}bh ybfo}x+ bchkwmbcf }og

ybfo} }e xgkn!mg}gyabcd}bec dx d cd}bec# /Ney nwy}ogy mbxhwxxbec en }og

ybfo} en xgkn!mg}gyabcd}bec+ xgg ie#"


29/91

Xoey}kr dn}gy }og Hb~bk Vdy+ }og hdzb}dkbx} xrx}ga admg d kgdz }e d cgv

x}dfg}e d veykmvbmg xrx}ga en bazgybdkbxa+ vobho mb~bmgm wz }og

gc}byg fkeig daecf d odcmnwk en zevgyx# ]og yg!gc}ygchoagc} en vob}g

xwzygadhr bc d cgv neya+ dn}gy }og Hb~bk Vdy+ neyagm dc bazey}dc}

gkgagc} bc }og W#X#x ybxg }e adley zevgy x}d}wx daecf }ogxg

bazgybdkbx}x# ]og he}}ec dcm }eidhhe zyemwhgm ir }og ib}}gykr gzkeb}gm

Ikdh` xodyghyezzgyx vgyg }og }ez hdxo hyezx en }og W#X# nyea 4?7: }e

4?2:+ dcm Ikdh` agc voe vgyg dyygx}gm ir xew}ogyc xogybnnx ec }og

nkbaxbgx} en hodyfgx dcm kb}gydkkr xekm dx xkd~g kdiey iwbk} }og bcmwx}ybdk

bcnydx}ywh}wyg en }og Xew}o# /Yghgc}kr+ Mewfkdx D# Ikdh`aec+ bc Xkd~gyr

Ir Dce}ogy Cdag< ]og Yg!Gcxkd~gagc} en Ikdh` Dagybhdcx nyea }og

Hb~bk Vdy }e Veykm Vdy BB+ mehwagc}gm }og wxg en e~gy 4::+::: Ikdh`

zgezkg bc xkd~g kdiey bcmwx}ybdk zyelgh}x+ dcm }og dh}wdk cwaigy bx

wcmewi}gmkr ndy obfogy }odc }og 4::+::: og odx iggc dikg }e

mehwagc}# Hecmb}becx bc }ogxg hdazx+ bchkwmbcf vbmgxzygdm mbxgdxg+

xrx}gad}bh mgfydmd}bec+ }ey}wyg+ bchkwmbcf vd}gyiedymbcf+ dcm d obfomgd}o yd}g+ hdkk }e abcm }og hechgc}yd}bec hdazx en Cd|b

Fgyadcr#"42D} }og xdag }bag+ }og ygbcneyhgagc} en }og adx}gy!hkdxx

agc}dkb}r daecf kdyfg xgh}becx en vob}gx x}ygcf}ogcgm }ogby

bmgc}bnbhd}bec vb}o }og ywkbcf hkdxx# Dcm }og ygbc}gfyd}bec en }og

xew}ogyc ywkbcf hkdxx gkgagc}x bc}e }og kdyfgy hdzb}dkbx} hkdxxvb}o }og

xew}ogycgyx fg}}bcf zdy}bhwkdy zevgy bc }og Hecfygxx dcm igbcf d adley

neyhg bc }og abkb}dyrygbcneyhgm }og ywkbcf hkdxx dx d voekg bc b}xheogxb~gcgxx#

]og Ybxg en }og Krcho Aei


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]og vob}g Dagybhdc }ydmb}bec en krchobcfvogyg aeix en zgezkg mydf

xeagecg ew} en }ogby oeagx+ ey g~gc ew} en ldbk+ dcm odcf }oga ney

xeag ygdk ey+ aeyg en}gc+ badfbcgm hybag vb}oew} igcgnb} en d }ybdk

zkdrgm d ~gyr bazey}dc} yekg bc dkk }obx# Cgdykr 7+::: zgezkg vgygkrchogm ig}vggc 4??9 dcm 42>=+ vb}o e~gy 6:' en }oga Ikdh`#9:

Xeag}bagx }ogxg krchobcfx vgyg hdyybgm ew} wcmgy he~gy en mdy`cgxx

iw} en}gc }ogxg vgyg heaawcb}r dnndbyx+ d}}gcmgm ir }oewxdcmx en

vob}gx+ bc d hdycb~dk d}aexzogyg+ voe vewkm }ogc od~g zbh}wygx }d`gc

en }ogaxgk~gx zexbcf vb}o }og en}gc iwyc} dcm aw}bkd}gm iemr en }og

~bh}ba+ xeag}bagx ad`bcf }ogxg zoe}efydzox bc}e zex}hdymx }e xgcm }e

nybgcmx# ]og Hywb`xodc` mghbxbec+ agc}becgm gdykbgy+ fd~g d kgfdk fyggckbfo} }e }obx `bcm en idyidybh }gyyey0 dcm ney mghdmgx }og W#X# Xgcd}g

ygnwxgm }e zdxx kdvx hdkkbcf ney ngmgydk dh}bec dfdbcx} krchobcf# Bc xoey}+

}og ywkbcf hkdxx idh`gm }ogxg krchobcfx }e }og obk}#

Wxwdkkr+ }og ~bh}bax vgyg zeeygy Ikdh`xiw} en}gc }og krchogyx vgc}

dn}gy }og xadkk abceyb}r en Ikdh`x voe evcgm kdcm# Bc 424>+ Dc}oecr

Hydvneym en Diig~bkkg+ X#H#+ d Ikdh` he}}ec ndyagy voe evcgm =96 dhygx

en zybag kdcm dcm odm x}dy}gm d Ikdh` xhoeek bc }og dygd dcm d wcbec ney

Ikdh` zgezkg+ vdx krchogm dn}gy d mbxzw}g vb}o d vob}g adc e~gy }og

zybhg en Hydvneymx he}}ec hyez# Og vdx odcfgm nyea d zbcg }ygg dcm

xoe} e~gy 9:: }bagx+ dcm vob}gx mye~g obx ndabkr nyea }og dygd dcm

mb~bmgm wz obx kdcm# Bc ndh}+ d ngv rgdyx dfe }og Dxxehbd}gm Zygxx

mehwagc}gm e~gy 76 ~bekgc} kdcm!}d`bcfx ir vob}gx#94

Iw} }og ogkkbxo xehbdk nwch}bec xgy~gm ir krchobcfx vdx kdyfgy }odc xoggy

fyggm+ kdyfgy }odc ygbcneyhbcf ydhbx} nggkbcfx /dcm bc}babmd}bcf dcr voe


31/91

abfo} ygxbx}" }oyewfo fybxkr idyidybh yb}wdkx# B} vdx }e gcneyhg d xehbdk

xrx}ga bc vobho Ikdh`x vgyg }e ig hodbcgm }e }og kdcm }oyewfo }gyyey

dcm+ dx xoevc ir }og krchobcf en Dc}oecr Hydvneym+ ecg zdy} en }od}

vdx }e hywxo dcr Ikdh`x voe abfo} neya }og ad`bcfx en d cd}becdkiewyfgebxbg daecf Ikdh` zgezkg vobho abfo} ce} ig dx zkbdc} dx }og

Iee`gy ]# Vdxobcf}ecx en }og gyd dcm vobho abfo}+ }ogygneyg+ wzxg}

}og gx}dikbxogm eymgy en }obcfx ir mgadcmbcf }og ybfo}x dxxehbd}gm vb}o

igbcf d cd}bec# /Iee`gy ]# Vdxobcf}ec vdx }og newcmgy dcm ogdm en }og

Ikdh` hekkgfg ]wx`gfgg Bcx}b}w}g+ dcm zygdhogm }od} vobkg }ogyg vgyg

zyeikgax bc }og Xew}o+ Ikdh`x xoewkm dm~dchg ir kgdycbcf }ydmgx dcm

vey`bcf odym+ vobkg xwiab}}bcf }e ezzygxxbec+ dcm bc ]OD] vdr }ogrhewkm bazye~g }ogby zexb}bec vb}obc }og xrx}ga bc }obx hewc}yr0 og vdx

zyeae}gm ir }og ywkbcf hkdxx dx }og xze`gxadc ney Ikdh` zgezkg dcm

ighdag }og zye}e}rzg en }og ygxzecxbikg Cgfye kgdmgy+ dcm ghoegx en

obx kbcg hdc ig ogdym }emdr bc Ibkk Hexirdcm Idydh` Eidad#"99

Vor X}ez }og ^bekgchg Hdc} Vey`

Zgezkg xdr< Rew hdc} }dk` en nwcmdagc}dk hodcfg vobkg }og zgezkg dyg

dkk hdwfo} wz bc `bkkbcf gdho e}ogy# Nbyx} vg od~g }e x}ez }obx ~bekgchg

daecf }og zgezkg+ dcm }ogc vg hdc }dk` diew} ad`bcf ibffgy hodcfg#

]og ~bekgc} xb}wd}bec bc adcr Ikdh` dcm Kd}bce cgbfoieyoeemx dkk e~gy

}og hewc}yrvogyg zdygc}x vd}ho rewcf hobkmygc xoe} mevc bc

hyexxnbygx dcm `bmx fyev wz odwc}gm ir cbfo}adygx en fwcnbyg+ xwyg }ogr

vec} ad`g b} zdx} 4?bx d oeyyey ney }og zgezkg# Iw} }og kefbh }od} }og


32/91

zgezkg awx} nbyx} xeagoev nb }ogaxgk~gx dx }og cghgxxdyr nbyx} x}gz+

igneyg }ogr hdc hodcfg }og kdyfgy hecmb}becx zgezkg nbcm }ogaxgk~gx bc+

yg~gyxgx hdwxg dcm gnngh} dcm+ ygfdymkgxx en bc}gc}+ mbygh}x zgezkgx

d}}gc}bec dvdr nyea }og xewyhg en }og ~bekgchg daecf }og zgezkg}oghdzb}dkbx}!bazgybdkbx} xrx}ga vobho odx hygd}gm }ogxg hecmb}becx bc }og

nbyx} zkdhg# ]og ~bekgchg zgezkg heaab} dfdbcx} gdho e}ogy bx ce} d} yee}

mwg }e idm hoebhgx }od} cggm }e ig xek~gmnbyx} iw} bx mwg }e }og

vdrx bc vobho }obx xrx}ga odx hecnbcgm zgezkg bc d zexb}bec vogyg }ogr

dyg xg} dfdbcx} gdho e}ogy }e xwy~b~g#

Zgezkg kb`g Ibkk Hexirdx vgkk dx Ibkk Hkbc}ec dcm Idydh` Eidadce}

eckr fe xe ndy dx }e ikdag Ikdh` zgezkg ney }og oeyygcmewx xb}wd}bec

bc}e vobho }obx xrx}ga odx xoe~gm }oga+ vb}o b}x mgdm!gcm xg} en

hoebhgx+ }ogr me xe vb}o d zoecr zexg en hechgyc ney Ikdh` zgezkg#

]ogxg xcd`gx me }ygagcmewx mdadfg }e Ikdh` zgezkgx dibkb}r }e

wcmgyx}dcm }og zyeikga dcm }e hodcfg }og veykm dhheymbcfkr+ dcm }ogr

dkxe lwx}bnr dkk }oexg ydhbx} kbgx bc }og abcmx en vob}g zgezkg#

Rgx+ zgezkg me cggm }e hodcfgiw} }ogryg eckr febcf }e }ydcxneya

}ogaxgk~gx+ nwcmdagc}dkkr dcm bc d kbigyd}bcf vdr+ bc }og zyehgxx en

hecnyec}bcf }og dh}wdk xewyhg en }og zyeikga dcm ydmbhdkkr hodcfbcf

}ogby hecmb}becx# ]obx odzzgcgm bc kdyfg cwaigyx bc }og yg~ekw}becdyr

ae~gagc} en }og 42>:x+ vogc adcr neyagy fdcfidcfgyx dcm zybxecgyx

fe} ew} en }od} kbng dcm bc}e ad`bcf yg~ekw}bec dcm xgy~bcf }og zgezkg+

ad`bcf }og ywz}wyg nyea hybabcdk!abcmgm }e yg~ekw}becdyr!abcmgm#


33/91

]og ndh}eyx }od} gxzghbdkkr rewcf zgezkg dyg ygxzecmbcf }e }emdr}og

ndh} }od} }ogxg rew}o ygdkkr od~g ce}obcf }e kexg wcmgy }obx xrx}gadyg

}og ~gyr xdag myb~bcf neyhgx }od} hewkm bazgk }oga bc d voekg e}ogy

mbygh}bec bn }ogr hewkm ig ywz}wygm vb}o }od} fdcfx}d ew}kee` dcm bn}ogby dcfgy+ dkbgcd}bec+ dcm ygigkkbewxcgxx hewkm bcx}gdm ig hodccgkgm

d} }og xewyhg en }og zyeikga+ dcm }gazgygm dcm }ydcxneyagm vb}o

yg~ekw}becdyr xhbgchg dcm d aeydkb}r en kbigyd}bec# Iw} }obx vbkk eckr

odzzgc idxgm ec NBFO]BCF }og zevgy+ dcm ce} vey`bcf vb}o b} ey

vb}obc }og xrx}ga }e xeagoev `ggz d kbm ec }obcfx# Vg od~g }e

diekbxo }og xrx}ga }od} hdwxgx dcm gcneyhgx }ogxg hecmb}becx+ iybcf

bc}e igbcf d cgv xehbg}r dcm cgv hecmb}becx bc vobho xwho ~bekgchgdaecf }og zgezkg vbkk ce kecfgy od~g dcr idxbx+ dcm vbkk ce kecfgy }d`g

zkdhg# Dcm b} bx bc }obx zyehgxxen ad`bcf yg~ekw}bec }e hodcfg }og

kdyfgy hbyhwax}dchgx vobkg kgdycbcf diew} }og wcmgykrbcf mrcdabhx }od}

fb~g ybxg }e }oexg hbyhwax}dchgx}od} zgezkg hdc+ dcm awx}+ }ydcxneya

}ogaxgk~gx#

Nbfo} }og Zevgy+ dcm ]ydcxneya }og Zgezkg+ ney Yg~ekw}bec$

B} bx d ib}}gy byecr }od} adcr en }og vob}gx voe }emdr hkbcf }e }og fydcm

cdyyd}b~g hyb}bhb|gm ir Iei D~d`bdc die~g}od} zgezkg bc Dagybhd+ ey

yd}ogy vob}g zgezkg+ od~g admg b} mwg }e }ogby bcfgcwb}r dcm odym

vey`+ }d`bcf dm~dc}dfg en }og nyggmea enngygm ir }obx xehbg}rdcm

voe heazkdbc diew} }obcfx kb`g dnnbyad}b~g dh}bechec~gcbgc}kr neyfg}

}od} d} }og ~gyr }bag }od} aex} Ikdh` zgezkg vgyg igbcf neyhgm ec}e

}og kdcm dx xodyghyezzgyx /gxxgc}bdkkr d neya en xgab!xkd~gyr"+ vb}o

}oexg voe mbm evc zyezgy}r en}gc od~bcf b} ~bekgc}kr ybzzgm nyea }oga+


34/91

bchkwmbcf }oyewfo awymgyd} }od} ~gyr }bag+ }og dchgx}eyx en }ogxg

vob}gx vgyg igbcf fb~gc kdcm }od} odm iggc neyhbikr x}ekgc nyea }og

Cd}b~g Dagybhdcx+ dcm }ogxg vob}gx vgyg xgcmbcf }ogby hobkmygc }e

kdcm fydc} hekkgfgx xg} wz ir }og fe~gycagc} }e }gdho }ogadm~dchgm ndyabcf }ghocbtwgx+ ey gkxg fg}}bcf ogkz nyea dfybhwk}wydk

dfgc}x dkxe xgc} ew} ir }og fe~gycagc}# ]obx ezzey}wcb}r }e fg} d

ndya+ dcm }e fg} fe~gycagc} xwzzey} bc fg}}bcf }od} ndya wz dcm

ywccbcf+ ce} eckr xgy~gm dx d x}gda ~dk~g ney }og mbxhec}gc} en adcr

gzkeb}gm vob}g zgezkg+ b} dkxe nwy}ogy ngm bc}e }og adx}gy!hkdxx abcm!

xg} dcm dxxwaz}becx zyg~dkgc} daecf vob}g zgezkg diew} vod} b}

agdcx }e ig dc Dagybhdc#

]og Zyeabxgm Kdcm

Dcm Ybxbcf Gzgh}d}becx

B} vdx eckr vb}o Veykm Vdy 9cgdykr 4:: rgdyx dn}gy }og Hb~bk Vdy

}od} d adley hodcfg igfdc }e ig iyewfo} diew} bc }og xb}wd}bec en Ikdh`zgezkg bc }og W#X# Dyewcm }og }bag en Veykm Vdy 4+ }ogyg vdx d ibf

mgadcm ney vey`gyx bc }og mgngcxg zkdc}x dcm e}ogy ndh}eybgx+ d} }og

xdag }bag dx }og vdy hw} enn }og nkev en baabfydc} kdiey nyea Gwyezg#

Hdzb}dk cggmgm vey`gyxdcm xe xeag Ikdh` zgezkg vgyg mydvc nyea

}og Xew}o dcm dkkevgm bcec }og ie}}ea nkeey# ]obx nkev vdx mgkdrgm

ir }og gheceabh mgzygxxbec en }og 428:x+ iw} vb}o }og ew}iygd` en

Veykm Vdy 9 }ogyg vdx echg dfdbc d owfg mgadcm ney kdiey# ]ogc+ ec

}ez en }od}+ }og rgdyx mbygh}kr dn}gy Veykm Vdy 9 iyewfo} }og

aghodcb|d}bec en dfybhwk}wyg bc }og Xew}oxe cev Ikdh` zgezkg vgyg

ce} eckr igbcf mydvc }e }og cey}ogyc ndh}eybgx+ }ogr vgyg igbcf myb~gc


35/91

enn }og kdcm }od} }ogr odm ndyagm ney fgcgyd}becx wcmgy hecmb}becx en

g}ygag gzkeb}d}bec#

]og neyax en ezzygxxbec mbnngygm bc }og Cey}o+ iw} }og ndh} en

ezzygxxbec ygadbcgm }og xdag# Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc vey`gyx vgyg

iyewfo} bc}e }og vey`neyhg+ iw} ec }og idxbx en }ogby ezzygxxbec dx d

zgezkg }ogr vgyg zw} bc}e }og mby}bgx}+ aex} mdcfgyewx dcm kevgx}!

zdrbcf leix# ]ogr vgyg kdx} obygm dcm nbyx} nbygm# Ikdh` zgezkg vgyg

ygnwxgm }og xwixbmbgx }od} vob}g zgezkg yghgb~gm }e iwr oewxgx+ dcm

g~gc vogc Ikdh`x odm }og aecgr }ogr vgyg zyg~gc}gm+ gb}ogy irwcxze`gc dfyggagc}x+ fe~gycagc} zekbhr+ ey x}ydbfo}!wz ~bekgchg ir

vob}g aeix dcm%ey ~bfbkdc}gx /wxwdkkr dxxbx}gm ir }og zekbhg"+ nyea

iwrbcf oeagx bc vob}g cgbfoieyoeemx# Bcx}gdm }ogr vgyg xowc}gm

ir fe~gycagc} zekbhrbc}e zeeykr iwbk} obfoybxg oewxbcf zyelgh}x bc }og

bccgy hb}bgx# Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx ndhgm xgfygfd}bec dcm mbxhybabcd}bec

g~gyrvogyg }ogr }wycgm+ Cey}o dcm Xew}o#

Iw} }og hodcfgx bc }og Xew}o+ bc }og hec}g} en adley zekb}bhdk hodcfgx

bc}gycd}becdkkr+ odm fb~gc ybxg }e d hb~bk ybfo}x ae~gagc}# Ikdh` zgezkg

vgyg adyhobcf+ mgadcmbcf ~gyr idxbh dcm nwcmdagc}dk ybfo}x}og

ybfo} }e ~e}g+ }e gtwdk gmwhd}bec+ }e ce} ig owabkbd}gm vogc }ogr }ybgm

}e wxg zwikbh ndhbkb}bgx# ]ogr vgyg ag} vb}o zekbhg mefx+ ieaix dcm @w

@kw @kdc }gyyey# Bcmggm+ e~gy 97 hb~bk ybfo}x vey`gyx vgyg awymgygm bc

}og Xew}o#98


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]obx }bag+ oevg~gy+ d mbnngygc} mrcdabh hdag bc}e zkdr< echg }obcfx

ygdhogm d hgy}dbc zebc}+ }og aeyg }od} }og zevgy x}ywh}wyg hdag d}

}oga+ }og aeyg }og adxxgx newfo} idh`# Dcm }obx bc}gydh}gm vb}o }og

bc}gycd}becdk hodkkgcfgx ndhbcf }og W#X# ywkbcf hkdxx d} }og }bag# ]ogezzygxxgm cd}becx dcm hekecbgx vgyg ybxbcf wz dcm nbfo}bcf ney cd}becdk

kbigyd}bec bc }og ]obym Veykm en Dxbd+ Dnybhd dcm Kd}bc Dagybhd#

Yg~ekw}becdyr Hobcd+ wcmgy }og kgdmgyxobz en Ade ]xg}wcf+ vdx

ggy}bcf d fdk~dcbh zekg en d}}ydh}bec vb}obc }od} xb}wd}bec+ zevgynwkkr

yg~b~bcf }og fedk dcm bmgekefr en heaawcbxa dcm bcxzbybcf zgezkg dkk

e~gy }og veykm }e xgg` ew} }og vdrx }e ad`g yg~ekw}becdfdbcx} dc

bazgybdkbx} eymgy ogdmgm ir }og W#X# ]og W#X# ywkgyx vgyg dkxehec}gcmbcf vb}o }og neyagykr xehbdkbx} Xe~bg} Wcbec /vobho odm igheag

bazgybdkbx} iw} odm ce} rg} myezzgm b}x xehbdkbx} he~gy" dcm ekm!kbcg

hekecbdk zevgyx+ zdy}bhwkdykr Iyb}dbc dcm Nydchg+ ney bcnkwgchg bc }og

]obym Veykm# Bc }og ndhg en dkk }obx+ }og x}ywffkg dfdbcx} }og hec}bcwbcf

idyidyb}r en }og ezzygxxbec en }og Ikdh` zgezkg bc }og Xew}odcm }og

vdr }od} x}ywffkg `gz} neyhbcf }obx twgx}bec ec}e }og veykmx nyec}

zdfgxvdx heazgkkbcf }og Dagybhdc ywkbcf hkdxx }e xhydaikg+ dcm }e

ad`g dmlwx}agc}x bc oev b} mgdk} vb}o Ikdh` zgezkg#

Xe dkk }obx}og bcmeab}dikg fyev}o en }og xew}ogyc!idxgm hb~bk ybfo}x

ae~gagc} bc }og 427:x dcm gdykr >:x dcm }og vdrx bc vobho b} vdx

igheabcf ce} lwx} d cd}becvbmg iw} d veykmvbmg neyhg en d}}ydh}bec+

dkecf vb}o }og abfyd}becx }e }og zyeabxgm kdcm en }og Cey}o+ ydbxgm

gzgh}d}becx# Iw} }og ygdkb}r en }obx xrx}ga echg dfdbc mdxogm }ogxg

ogbfo}gcgm oezgx# Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx bc }og Cey}o hec}bcwgm }e ig

xwilgh} }e ikd}dc} ezzygxxbec dcm mbxhybabcd}bec# Dcm }og xew}ogyc

krcho aeix newcm }ogby hevdymkr hewc}gyzdy} bc cey}ogyc aeix }od}


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vewkm iwyc ew} Ikdh` zgezkg voe vewkm mdyg }e iwr oewxgx bc vob}g

cgbfoieyoeemx+ ey vewkm d}}dh` Ikdh` hobkmygc voe mdygm }e fe }e

vob}g xhoeekx#

Vod} odzzgcx }e d mygda mgngyygm5 dx`gm Kdcfx}ec Owfogx bc d

ndaewx zega#9=

Megx b} myr wz

kb`g d ydbxbc bc }og xwc5

Ey ngx}gy kb`g d xeyg

Dcm }ogc ywc5

Megx b} x}bc` kb`g ye}}gc agd}5

Ey hywx} dcm xwfdy e~gy

kb`g d xrywzr xvgg}5

Adrig b} lwx} xdfx

kb`g d ogd~r kedm#

Ey megx b} gzkemg5


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]og Ikdh` Kbigyd}bec X}ywffkg< Vod} Ygdkkr Odzzgcgm Enn }og >:x

Dcm Vod} Mbm Ce}

]og adxxgx dcxvgygm }obx twgx}bec+ wcabx}d`dikr# Zgezkg ygigkkgm bc

owcmygmx en Dagybhdc hb}bgx+97 dcm }og yg~ekw}becdyr x}dchg en kgdmgyx

kb`g Adkheka _ dcm neyhgx kb`g }og Ikdh` Zdc}ogy Zdy}r ygxecd}gm vb}o

abkkbecx bc }og x}ygg}x dcm hdazwxgx en }og W#X# Adcr }obcfx ngm bc}e

}obxbchkwmbcf+ dfdbc+ }og bc}gycd}becdk xb}wd}bec vobho+ dx zebc}gm ew}

gdykbgy+ vdx ady`gm ir d fygd} wzxwyfg bc cd}becdk kbigyd}bec x}ywffkgx

dcm }og bcnkwgchg en d xehbdkbx} Hobcd wcmgy }og kgdmgyxobz en Ade#

Vb}o }obx zevgynwk wzxwyfg odaagybcf }og vdkkx en }og xehbdk eymgy+

xeag idyybgyx }e Ikdh` zgezkg mbm ndkk# Xeag Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx vgyg

fb~gc ezzey}wcb}bgx }e gc}gy hekkgfg dcm zyengxxbecdk hdyggyx+ dcm xehbdk

zyefydax kb`g vgkndyg+ heaawcb}r hkbcbhx+ dcm gdykr gmwhd}bec zyefydax

vgyg gzdcmgm# Fe~gycagc} xzgcmbcf ney }ydbcbcf dcm leix }od} vewkmgazker Ikdh` zgezkg bchygdxgm# Xeag mbxhybabcd}bec vdx kbn}gm bc hygmb}

ney oewxbcf dcm xadkk iwxbcgxxgx# Aex} en }obx vdx bc }og neya en xadkk

hechgxxbecxce} eckr mbm }obx ce} igfbc }e }ewho }og ygdk xhdyx en

owcmygmx en rgdyx en }gyybikg ezzygxxbec+ iw} mbxhybabcd}bec hec}bcwgm

bc dkk en }ogxg dygcdx# Cecg}ogkgxx+ }ogxg dm~dchgx vgyg odymkr

bcxbfcbnbhdc}#

Bc }og nbyx} zdy} en }og cbcg}ggc}o hgc}wyr mg ]ehtwg~bkkg vye}g

~ekwagx+ vobho od~g iggc admg ndaewx+ wzoekmbcf }og WXD dx d aemgk

mgaehydhr# Xwho d xehbg}r+ og xdbm+ vb}o b}x g}gcxb~g ezzey}wcb}r ney

bcmb~bmwdk gcybhoagc} dcm b}x kdyfg+ zyexzgyewx+ x}dikg abmmkg hkdxx+


39/91

vewkm ig ~gyr ygxbx}dc} }e yg~ekw}bec# Iw}+ og vdycgm+ bn yg~ekw}bec g~gy

mbm heag }e }og WXD+ b} vewkm ig bc heccgh}bec vb}o }og Ikdh` zgezkg#

]emdr+ 47: rgdyx ey xe dn}gy mg ]ehtwg~bkkg vye}g }obx+ }og adxxgx en

Ikdh` zgezkg dyg x}bkk gcxkd~gm+ iw} }od} xkd~gyr odx }d`gc cgv neyaxdcm }og Ikdh` adxxgx dyg bc d mbnngygc} zexb}bec }ee# ]ogr dyg cev

hechgc}yd}gm bc }og x}yd}gfbh wyidc heygx bc }og W#X# dcm hechgc}yd}gm

bc }og aex} gzkeb}gm xgh}becx en }og vey`bcf hkdxx+ vb}o }og kgdx} x}d`g

bc wzoekmbcf }og xrx}ga dcm zygxgy~bcf }og zygxgc} eymgy# Dcm }ogr dyg

lebcgm bc }obx zexb}bec ir abkkbecx en zyekg}dybdcx en e}ogy ezzygxxgm

cd}becdkb}bgx# Bc xoey}+ }ogxg xzghbdk ~bh}bax en W#X# bazgybdkbxa dyg bc d

}ygagcmewxkr zevgynwk zexb}bec }e zkdr d mghbxb~g yekg bc ad`bcf mg]ehtwg~bkkgx vdycbcf d ygdkb}rvb}o veykm!obx}eybh hecxgtwgchgx ndy

igrecm dcr}obcf mg ]ehtwg~bkkg hewkm od~g badfbcgm#

Nyea IWKKG]XNyea }og Vyb}bcfx+ Xzgghogx dcm Bc}gy~bgvx

en Iei D~d`bdc+ Hodbyadc en }og YHZ+

YHZ Zwikbhd}becx+ 42?7+ zz# 464!469

G~gc aeyg bazey}dc} }odc }ogxg zdy}bhwkdy hechgxxbecx+ bc xeag vdrx+

vgyg }og bc}dcfbikgx# ]og hecxhbewxcgxx en ce} lwx} Dnybhdc!Dagybhdcx

iw} e}ogy abceyb}bgx+ dcm adcr abkkbecx en vob}g zgezkg dx vgkk+

ydmbhdkkr hodcfgm# Zgezkg xodyzkr hodkkgcfgm }og kbgx }od} ney mghdmgx

odm iggc }dwfo} bc Dagybhdc xhoeekx dcm odm iggc myb~gc oeag bc

Dagybhdc hwk}wyg }oyewfo vey`x kb`g Fecg Vb}o }og Vbcm dcm Iby}o en d

Cd}bec# ]og YGDK obx}eyr en xkd~gyr+ }og Hb~bk Vdy+ Yghecx}ywh}bec+ dcm


40/91

}og voekg zgybem en }og 9:}o hgc}wyr igfdc }e ig wcgdy}ogm dcm

iyewfo} neyvdym#

]og >:x xoevgm }od} d ae~gagc} }od} odm Ikdh` zgezkg dx b}x aex}

xekbm idxg en xwzzey} dcm }og x}ywffkg ney }ogby gadchbzd}bec dx b}x

kgdmbcf gmfg+ dcm }od} mygv heccgh}becx }e e}ogy ew}ydfgx en }og

xrx}ga dcm e}ogy x}ywffkgx dfdbcx} }od} xrx}ga+ hewkm dkxe bcxzbyg dcm

mydv neyvdym zgezkg en e}ogy ezzygxxgm cd}becdkb}bgx vb}obc }og W#X#+

x}wmgc}x en dkk cd}becdkb}bgx+ dcm }ogc xzygdm dx vgkk }e veagc+ }e

vob}g zyekg}dybdcx /zeey vob}gx"+ xekmbgyx dcm igrecm# Dkk `bcmx enzgezkg igfdc }e kee` d} g~gyr}obcf diew} }obx xehbg}r vb}o nygxo grgx

dcm vb}o }og ikbcmgyx xwmmgckr }d`gc enn+ }ogr mbmc} kb`g vod} }ogr xdv

dcm mghbmgm }e twgx}bec b} dcm nbfo} b}$

]e zw} b} dce}ogy vdr+ }og >:x xoevgm }od} vogc adxxgx yexg wz bc

ygigkkbec dfdbcx} }og zevgyx!}od}!ig+ dcm vogc }od} vdx hewzkgm vb}od zekb}bhdk x}dchg }od} hdkkgm ew} }og xrx}ga dx }og zyeikga+ dcm vogc d

fyevbcf xgh}bec en }od} ae~gagc} kbc`gm b}xgkn }e dcm kgdycgm nyea }og

yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc} veykmvbmgvgkk+ vogc dkk }od} odzzgcgm+ rew

hewkm ydmbhdkkr hodcfg }og zekb}bhdk zekdyb|d}bec bc xehbg}r# Vod} hewkm

odymkr ig badfbcgm rgx}gymdr xwmmgckr ighdag d ygdk zexxbibkb}r ney

}eaeyyev+ vobho mgadcmgm dh}bec }emdr# /Xeag en }ogxg xdag

zogceagcd+ bc abhyehexa+ dkxe ehhwyygm bc }og Kex Dcfgkgx Ygigkkbec

en 4229+ e~gy }og dhtwb}}dk en }og zekbhg voe odm igd}gc Yemcgr @bcf#

Vobkg }og bcb}bdk xzdy` hdag nyea }og Ikdh` adxxgx+ xbfcbnbhdc} cwaigyx

en Kd}bcex dcm vob}gx+ gxzghbdkkr }og rew}o+ gb}ogy lebcgm bc ey zekb}bhdkkr

xwzzey}gm b}+ dcm adcr+ adcr zgezkg vgyg d} kgdx} }gazeydybkr mydvc


41/91

bc}e zekb}bhdk kbng dcm xeag }e d awho aeyg ydmbhdk dcm g~gc

yg~ekw}becdyr zekb}bhdk ew}kee`#"

]og >:x dkxe mydad}bhdkkr xoevgm }od} }og ywkgyx en }obx xrx}ga+ ney dkk

}ogby zevgy dcm ~bhbewxcgxx+ dyg ce} dkk!zevgynwkce} vogc }og

zgezkg voea }ogr ywkg e~gy ybxg wz dcm ygigk bc }ogby owcmygmx en

}oewxdcmx dcm }ogc abkkbecx# Xgybewxkr hodkkgcfgm dcm id}}gygm ir }og

^bg}cda vdy dcm }og x}ywffkg d} oeag+ }ogxg ywkgyx dh}wdkkr ngkk bc}e

xgybewx mbxdyydr+ dcm xodyz id}}kgx iye`g ew} vb}obc }ogby ydc`x+ vobho

zye~bmgm nwy}ogy erfgc ney wzxwyfg nyea igkev# Bc adcr ygxzgh}x+}og ywkbcf hkdxx vdx zw} ec }og zekb}bhdk mgngcxb~g+ dcm g~gc kex} b}x

kgfb}badhr bc }og grgx en abkkbecx# ]obx voekg wzxwyfg vb}obc }og W#X#

dkxe odm d }ygagcmewx gnngh} bc}gycd}becdkkrie}o gzexbcf Dagybhdx

krbcf zyg}gcxbecx diew} b}x nygg xehbg}r dcm fb~bcf bcxzbyd}bec }e }og

adxxgx bc hewc}ybgx dkk e~gy }og veykm#

Iw} vobkg }obx }ygagcmewx x}ywffkg iyewfo} mevc xeag idyybgyx }e

neyadk gtwdkb}r+ dcm vobkg }og ywkgyx vgyg hodkkgcfgm dcm }og xrx}ga

xod`gc }e b}x newcmd}becx+ }og zgezkg vgyg ce} dikg }e ad`g yg~ekw}bec#

Dcm ogyg vg od~g }e ad`g dc bazey}dc} zebc}< yg~ekw}bec bx ce} lwx} d

heek veym }od} agdcx ke}x en hodcfg0 yg~ekw}bec odx d ~gyr xzghbnbh

agdcbcf# B} agdcx }od} }og zgezkg e~gy}oyev }og xrx}ga dcm mgzyb~g

b}x ywkgyx en }ogby zekb}bhdk zevgy dcm+ dx }og gxxgchg en }od} zevgy+ }og

dibkb}r }e vbgkm dyabgx dcm zekbhg dfdbcx} }og zgezkg# Yg~ekw}bec nwy}ogy

agdcx }od} d cgv zevgy bx }ogc gx}dikbxogm+ vb}o cgv dbax dcm

eilgh}b~gx dcm }og agdcx }e gcneyhg }oexg dbax dcm eilgh}b~gx# ]ogyg

VDX d yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc} bc }og >:xdcm }od} bx xeag}obcf en


42/91

aecwagc}dk xbfcbnbhdchg# Iw} }ogyg vdx CE] d yg~ekw}becdcm }od}

}ee odx aecwagc}dk xbfcbnbhdchg+ bc wcmgyx}dcmbcf vod} mbm

odzzgcvod} mbmc} odzzgcdcm vod} awx} rg} odzzgc#

]og gkbabcd}bec en xeag neyadk mbxhybabcd}bec+ }og gzdcxbec en d

abmmkg x}yd}wa en Ikdh` zgezkg+ dcm }og gagyfgchg en d ngv Ikdh`

ndhgx bc obfo zkdhgx mbm ce} dcm hewkm ce} }gdy wz }og mggz yee}x en

vob}g xwzygadhr /cey x}bkk kgxx iybcf diew} }og iyedmgy gadchbzd}bec

}od} vdx cggmgm"# Dcm }og gkbabcd}bec en neyadk mbxhybabcd}bec dkxe

hewkm ce} mgdk vb}o }og hkdxx zexb}bec en }og adxxgx en Ikdh` zgezkgdxagaigyx en }og zyekg}dybd}+ }og zyezgy}rkgxx hkdxx }od} bx gb}ogy mbygh}kr

gzkeb}gm ir hdzb}dkbx}x ey `gz} dx zdy} en }og mgxzgyd}gkr baze~gybxogm

ygxgy~g dyar en }og wcgazkergm vobho hdc ig aeyg ygdmbkr dcm

yw}okgxxkr gzkeb}gm vogc b} xgy~gx }og hdzb}dkbx}x zwyzexgx+ dcm vobho

}og hdzb}dkbx}x xgg` }e wxg }e mgzygxx }og hecmb}becx dcm nbfo}bcf xzbyb}

en }og zyekg}dybd} e~gydkk# ]og x}ywffkg en }og Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc zgezkg

ney kbigyd}bec bx }bgm ir d }oewxdcm }oygdmx }e }og x}ywffkg en }og

zyekg}dybd} ney }og nwkk gadchbzd}bec en dkk owadcb}r# ]ogyg bx ce iybh`

vdkk ig}vggc }ogxg neyax en ezzygxxbec}ogr dyg hecx}dc}kr

bc}gy}vbcbcf dcm bc}gyzgcg}yd}bcf+ dx vdx xggc bc Owyybhdcg @d}ybcd#

Bcmggm+ }ogyg bx d heaaec gcgar d} }og yee} en ie}o }ogxg neyax en

ezzygxxbec}og hdzb}dkbx}!bazgybdkbx} xrx}ga# ]ogyg bx d heaaec

xekw}bec }e ie}oheaawcbx} yg~ekw}becdcm }og zyekg}dybd}+ dx d

hkdxx+ odx ce bc}gygx} bc adbc}dbcbcf dcr neya en ezzygxxbec dcm g~gyr

bc}gygx} bc vbzbcf ew} dkk neyax en ezzygxxbec#

Dn}gyad}o en }og >:x< ]og Xghecm Ig}ydrdk


43/91

Ighdwxg }ogyg vdx ce yg~ekw}bec bc }og W#X# bc }og 42>:x dcm+ dkecf

vb}o }od}+ ighdwxg }og yg~ekw}becdyr x}ywffkg bc}gycd}becdkkr wk}bad}gkr

xwnngygm xgybewx xg}idh`x+ }og mghdmgx xbchg od~g iggc d cbfo}adyg#

]og zevgy en }og ywkbcf hkdxx odm iggc xod`gc+ iw} ce} e~gy}oyevc0dcm }ogr hdag idh` vb}o d ~gcfgdchg#

Adley }ydcxneyad}becx vgc} ec bc }og bc}gycd}becdk zekb}bhdk dcm

gheceabh x}ywh}wyg en bazgybdkbxa mwybcf }ogxg zdx} mghdmgx# Ogyg vg

hdc eckr bcmbhd}g+ bc idxbh }gyax+ xeag en }og adbc dxzgh}x en dkk }obx+

vobho bchkwmg

}og x}yd}gfbh yb~dkyr+ wz }oyewfo }og 42?:x+ ig}vggc }og W#X# dcm }og

Xe~bg} Wcbec /vobho hec}dbcgm }og ygdk mdcfgy en cwhkgdy vdy"0

}og xwixgtwgc} ndkk en }og Xe~bg} Wcbec bc }og gdykr 422:x+ dcm }og

ogbfo}gcbcf fkeidkb|d}bec en hdzb}dk }od} nekkevgm bc b}x vd`g# Daecf

e}ogy }obcfx+ }obx dhhgkgyd}gm }og wzyee}bcf en owcmygmx en abkkbecx en

zgdxdc}x+ voe vgyg myb~gc bc}e }og hb}bgx en }og ]obym Veykm+ dx vgkk dx

}og bazgybdkbx} hewc}ybgx+ dx xewyhgx en kev!vdfg kdiey0

}og W#X#x x}yd}gfbh mghbxbec }e kdwcho }og vdy ec }gyyeyvobho bx

bc ndh} d vdy }e hecx}ywh} dc wchodkkgcfgm dcm wchodkkgcfgdikg gazbyg+

dcm vobho dkxe mydvx ec dcm wckgdxogx }og aex} idh`vdym dcm

ygdh}becdyr neyhgx bc }obx xehbg}r dx b}x idxg en xwzzey}#

Dkk }ogxg mg~gkezagc}x od~g iggc mghbxb~g bc xg}}bcf }og hec}g} bc

vobho }og ywkbcf hkdxx en }obx hewc}yr odx ae~gm }e mgdk vb}o }og x}bkk


44/91

wcygxek~gm yekg en Ikdh` zgezkg vb}obc W#X# xehbg}r+ bc }og dn}gyad}o en

}og fygd} wzxwyfg en }og 42>:x+ vobho+ dx vg od~g xze`gc }e ogyg+

xoee` }obx xrx}ga dcm b}x ywkbcf hkdxx }e }ogby newcmd}becx iw} vobho

vdx ce} dikg }e iybcf diew} d nwcmdagc}dk hodcfg }oyewfo dc dh}wdkyg~ekw}bec#

Dx }og >:x gcmgm+ hechgxxbecx odm idygkr iggc fb~gc igneyg+ bc g~gyr

xzogyg+ }ogr igfdc }e ig xcd}hogm dvdr# ]og ywkbcf hkdxx iyewfo} bc

Cbec dx zygxbmgc}+ dcm og zwyxwgm mwdk }dh}bhx# Ec }og ecg odcm+ og

mghkdygm obaxgkn bc nd~ey en Ikdh` zevgy dcm iwbk} wz xeag Ikdh`iwxbcgxxgx bc dc gnney} }e zdhbnr d xgh}bec en }og abmmkg hkdxx# Iw} obx

e~gyvogkabcfkr zybchbzdk gmfg vdx ygzygxxbec# ]og xodyzgx} ikdmg en

}obx vdx iyewfo} mevc dfdbcx} }og Ikdh` Zdc}ogy Zdy}r< owcmygmx en b}x

agaigyxbchkwmbcf `gr kgdmgyxvgyg nydagm wz dcm bazybxecgm+

dcm e~gy 9: en b}x agaigyxdfdbc+ bchkwmbcf `gr kgdmgyx kb`g Nygm

Odaz}ec dcm Fgeyfg Ldh`xecvgyg dxxdxxbcd}gm# ]og Cbec ygfbag

dkxe iyw}dkkr ygzygxxgm e}ogy ygigkkbewx xgh}becx en xehbg}rdx xggc bc

}og awymgyx en dc}bvdy x}wmgc}x d} @gc} X}d}g dcm }og dkk!Ikdh` Ldh`xec

X}d}g bc Abxxbxxbzzb#

Cbec dkxe mg~gkezgm }og xew}ogyc x}yd}gfr en }og Ygzwikbhdc Zdy}r+

vobho cd`gmkr dzzgdkgm }e }og ydhbxa en wcygzgc}dc} ygdh}becdyr

xew}ogyc vob}gx dcm fd~g }ogxg+ dcm e}ogy ygdh}becdyr neyhgx+ zekb}bhdk

kgfb}badhr dcm bcb}bd}b~g# Agdcvobkg+ }og Mgaehyd}bh Zdy}r admg ae~gx

}e iybcf d voekg xgh}bec en Ikdh` dh}b~bx}x nyea }og >:x bc}e }og dygcd

en iewyfgebx gkgh}eydk zekb}bhx# Ie}o zdy}bgx vey`gm }e mg~gkez

nyec}gyxIkdh` ndhgx bc obfo zkdhgx voe zwyzey}gm }e dh} dx


45/91

iye`gyx ig}vggc }og adxxgx dcm }og zevgyx+ iw} bc dh}wdk ndh} vgbfogm

mevc }og zgezkgx dibkb}r }e ygxbx} }oyewfo abxkgdmgyxobz dcm kbgx#

]og wzogd~dk en }og >:x odm echg dfdbc zevgynwkkr zygxgc}gm d hkgdy

hodkkgcfg }e }og ywkbcf hkdxx }e gkbabcd}g vob}g xwzygadhr dcm

bc}gfyd}g Ikdh` zgezkg bc}e xehbg}r ec dc gtwdk nee}bcf# Echg dfdbc+ }obx

vdx CE] mecg# ]og zyeabxg en gtwdkb}r vdx echg aeyg ig}ydrgmdx b}

odm iggc dn}gy }og Hb~bk Vdy# Dcm echg dfdbc+ }ve }obcfx vgyg d} vey`6 dcm 42?6+ }og newy

hb}bgx en Zobkdmgkzobd+ Hobhdfe+ Cgv Rey` dcm Mg}yeb} }efg}ogy kex} e~gy

ecg abkkbec ndh}eyr leixdcm }obx }ygcm odx eckr dhhgkgyd}gm bc }ogmghdmgx xbchg$96 D} }og xdag }bag+ }og ydmbhdk }ydcxneyad}becx dcm

zkwcmgybcf en }og gheceabgx en }og ]obym Veykm mye~g cgv vey`gyx }e

}og W#X# /dcm e}ogy bazgybdkbx} hewc}ybgx"vb}o }emdr dc gx}bad}gm 49

abkkbec en }ogxg vey`gyx bc }og W#X# kdh`bcf dcr kgfdk zdzgyx+ dcm ogchg

kb~bcf d} }og agyhr en }og hdzb}dkbx} ywkbcf hkdxx#9? Ikdh` zgezkg odm+

g~gy xbchg }og 427:x+ admg wz d mbxzyezey}becd}g xgh}bec en }og ygxgy~g

dyar en }og wcgazkergm+ bc dcm ew} en vey`+ en}gc od~bcf }e owx}kg }efg} ir0 }emdr }obx odx gzdcmgm dcm bc}gcxbnbgm }e d voekg e}ogy kg~gk#

]og Vdy ec Mywfx+ }og Fw}}bcf en Vgkndyg dcm }og Iwbkmwz en Ygkbfbec

Bc 42>2+ O#Y# Odkmgadc+ Cbecx }ez dxxbx}dc}+ vye}g bc obx mbdyr }od}

,Zygxbmgc} Cbec gazodxb|gm }od} rew od~g }e ndhg }og ndh} }od} }og

voekg zyeikga bx ygdkkr }og ikdh`x# ]og `gr bx }e mg~bxg d xrx}ga }od}

yghefcb|gx }obx vobkg ce} dzzgdybcf }e# ]owx vdx ieyc }og vdy ec

mywfx#92

Kdwchogm ir Cbec+ }obx vdy ec mywfx vdx }d`gc }e d voekg e}ogy

kg~gk ir Ygdfdc+ voe ighdag zygxbmgc} bc 42?:# B} ady`gm d x}yd}gfbhmghbxbec ir }og ywkbcf hkdxx }e adbc}dbc bccgy!hb}r Ikdh` rew}o bc

mgxekd}g orzgy!xgfygfd}gm cgbfoieyoeemx vobho kdh`gm leix+ dcm

vogyg gmwhd}bec dcm ogdk}o hdyg ygxewyhgx odm iggc xg~gygkr hw}# G~gc

vb}o }og leix }od} ygadbcgm+ mbxhybabcd}bec vdx x}gzzgm wz+ dx


48/91

gazkergyx xewfo} }e d~ebm }og mgnbdchg en Ikdh` rew}o voe+ bc }og

veymx en Iei D~d`bdc+ vgyg ce} xe zkbdc} ney hdzb}dkbx} gzkeb}d}bec#

Bcx}gdm en zye~bmbcf ig}}gy gmwhd}bec dcm }og zyeabxg en cgv

ezzey}wcb}bgx ney }ogxg rew}o+ mywfx vewkm ig dkkevgm }e nkeem }ogbccgy hb}r /bchkwmbcf vb}o }og heccb~dchg en }og HBD"+ dcm adcr bccgy!

hb}r rew}o vewkm ig nwccgkgm bc}e }og mywf }ydmgvogyg }ogr vewkm

}ogc ig ~wkcgydikg }e hecx}dc} odydxxagc}+ dyygx}+ bazybxecagc} dcm

xehbdk bxekd}bec# ]og yd}g en bazybxecagc} gzkemgm mydx}bhdkkr8: }e }og

zebc} vogyg xow}}kbcf ig}vggc }og odym owx}kg en }og x}ygg}x dcm }og

odymgy }bagx bc zybxec ighdag }og meabcdc} aemg en kbng bc adcr

ezzygxxgm bccgy!hb}r heaawcb}bgxd kbng}bag en keh`mevcx# Igfbccbcfd} }od} }bag dcm hec}bcwbcf dcm bc}gcxbnrbcf wz }oyewfo }emdr+

vogcg~gy leix ezgc wz bc d adley hb}r+ zgezkg vbkk kbcg wz ney ikeh`x }e

g~gc fg} d hodchg }e dzzkr# Iw} ney aex} en }og }bagdcm+ bc xeag

dygdx+ ney aex} en }og zgezkg}ogyg bx kb}}kg hoebhg e}ogy }odc }og

bkkgfdk ghecear#

Ec }od} idxbx+ }og hemg en }og x}ygg}x }ee` xbfcbnbhdc}kr mggzgy yee}

}og kbigydk Ibkk Hkbc}ec odm xbfcgm d ibkk }od} mgcbgm vgkndyg }e abkkbecx

en zgezkg+ gxzghbdkkr veagc+ dcm }oywx} abkkbecx en veagc bc}e }og

kdiey ady`g} vey`bcf ney }og idyg abcbawa+ en}gc bc ogdk}o hdyg ey }og

~gyr kev!zdrbcf yg}dbk }ydmg+ dcm neyhbcf adcr bc}e ~dybewx owx}kgx dcm

mgxzgyd}g dh}x+ bchkwmbcf zyex}b}w}bec+ bc eymgy }e xwy~b~g dcm nggm }ogby

hobkmygc#P84Q Ir dcr agdxwyg+ }obx vdx d adxxb~g xehbdk hodcfgecg

vobho odx iggc g}ygagkr wcmgyygzey}gm dcm wcmgygx}bad}gm#

G~gc }og xgh}bec en Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc zgezkg voe admg b} ew} en }og

fog}}e dcm bc}e ig}}gy!zdrbcf leix mwybcf }ogxg kdx} ngv mghdmgx ndhg d

kbng nydwfo} vb}o wchgy}dbc}r dcm mdcfgy# Mbxhybabcd}bec bc g~gyr

dygcdhygmb}+ ogdk}o hdyg+ gmwhd}bec+ dcm xe echec}bcwgx+ dx me }og


50/91

hdxgx en ig}}gy!enn Ikdh` zgezkg gb}ogy igbcf `bkkgm ir }og zekbhg ney

myb~bcf vobkg Ikdh` ey iyewfo} hec}bcwdkkr bc}e xgybewx mdcfgy en

agg}bcf }od} nd}g#

Febcf dkecf vb}o dkk }obxdcm ~gyr hecxhbewxkr iwbk} wz dx zdy} en }obx

ygdh}becdyr hewc}gy!enngcxb~g ir }og ywkbcf hkdxxodx iggc }og yg~b~dk

en }og Ikdh` howyho dcm ygkbfbewx nggkbcf daecf Ikdh` zgezkg# ]og

bcnkwgchg en ygkbfbec odm bc ndh} fygd}kr giigm mwybcf }og kd}}gy zdy} en

}og >:x+ vogc zgezkg ydbxgm }ogby ogdmx }e nbfo} ney yg~ekw}bec dcm+ dx

zdy} en mebcf xe+ x}ywffkgm }e yd}becdkkr nbfwyg ew} oev }og veykm ygdkkrvey`gm dcm oev }e hodcfg b}# Iw} vb}o }og gii en }og yg~ekw}becdyr

x}ywffkg d} }og gcm en }od} mghdmg+ nggkbcfx en mbxeybgc}d}bec dcm

mgxzdby dyexg daecf adcr#

Ygkbfbewx neyhgx ydhgm }e nbkk }od} ~ebm vb}o dkk `bcmx en gyyecgewx+

eilgh}b~gkr odyanwk+ dcm bc xeag hdxgx ew}ybfo} ygdh}becdyr dcm mgdmkrbmgdx< ikdabcf rewyxgkn ney igbcf ezzygxxgm ir }obx xrx}ga0 xggbcf

hdzb}dkbxa dx }og vdr ew} en d admcgxx }od} vdx hdwxgm ir hdzb}dkbxa0

x}ygcf}ogcbcf adkg meabcd}bec e~gy veagc0 xwix}b}w}bcf Ibikg x}eybgx

dcm ar}oekefr ney }og dh}wdk }yw}ox en xhbgchg /bchkwmbcf g~ekw}bec" dcm

fgcgydkkr zwxobcf }og bmgd }od} zgezkg hdc} ygdkkr wcmgyx}dcm }og

veykm+ dcm }ogygneyg hdc} ygdkkr fe diew} hodcfbcf b} ydmbhdkkr+ dcm xe

awx} kgd~g b} }e }og keym# Vog}ogy }ogxg bmgdx vgyg igbcf ywc ir

Hygnke Mekkdy+ ]#M# Ld`gx+ ey Kewbx Ndyyd`odc /voexg abkb}dc} zexbcf

hechgdkx d zyenewcmkr hecxgy~d}b~gdcm bc adcr vdrx ew}ybfo}

ygdh}becdyriydcm en cd}becdkbxa"+ }ogr dkk xgybewxkr hecnwxgm+ abxkgm

dcm mgaeydkb|gm zgezkg#


51/91

Vor X}yecf Ndabkbgx Dyg Ce} }og Dcxvgy

Zgezkg xdr< ]og idxbh ygdxec ney }og zyeikgax en Ikdh` zgezkg odx

iggc }og iygd`mevc en }og Ikdh` ndabkr# ]od}x vor }ogxg `bmx fg} bc}e

}og fdcf kbng# Vg od~g }e iybcf idh` }og }ydmb}becdk ndabkr dx }og nbyx}

x}gz }e xek~bcf }ogxg zyeikgax#

Vobkg }ogyg odx iggc d }ygagcmewx iygd`mevc en Ikdh` ndabkbgx bc }og

kdx} xg~gydk mghdmgx+ }od} }ee odx x}gaagm nyea }og vey`bcfx en }obx

xrx}ga+ vobho odx hdx} adcr Ikdh` agc }e }og adyfbcx en xehbg}r+ vb}o

cgdykr d abkkbec en }oga bc zybxec dx rew ygdm }obx# ]og gheceabh idxbx

ney x}dikg+ }ve!zdygc} ndabkbgx odx iggc wcmgyhw}# Rew hewkm od~g

g~gyr Ikdh` nd}ogy dh}b~gkr bc~ek~gm bc }og hdyg en g~gyr Ikdh` hobkm+ dcm

}og ndh} vewkm x}bkk ygadbc< }obx xrx}ga odx ce nw}wyg ney abkkbecx dcm

abkkbecx en }ogxg rew}o+ vb}o ey vb}oew} nd}ogyx zygxgc}#

Bn rew ygdkkr }obc` }od} }og x}dikg+ }ve!zdygc} ndabkr vbkk xek~g }og

zyeikga+ }d`g d kee` idh` }e }og rgdyx en @@@ }gyyey+ krchobcfx dcm Lba

Hyev xgfygfd}bec bc }og Xew}o# Idh` }ogc }og fygd} adleyb}r en Ikdh`

ndabkbgx vgyg }ydmb}becdk }ve!zdygc} ndabkbgx# Iw} }od} mbm ce} dcm hewkm

ce} zyg~gc} }og mg~dx}d}bcf gnngh}x en vob}g xwzygadhr dcm hdzb}dkbx}

gzkeb}d}bec dcm ezzygxxbec#


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Iw} }ogyg bx dc g~gc mggzgy zyeikga vb}o }obx cec!gzkdcd}bec< b}

mbygh}x ezzygxxgm zgezkg }evdymx dc ew}kee` }od} vbkk x}ygcf}ogc }og

hodbcx en ezzygxxbec dcm kgdm dvdr nyea kbigyd}bec# ]og }ydmb}becdk

ndabkr odx b}x eybfbcx bc }og eybfbcdk mb~bxbec en xehbg}r bc}e ezzygxxeydcm ezzygxxgm# Rew hdc fg} d hkwg }e }obx ir kee`bcf d} }og yee} veym en

ndabkr+ vobho bx nyea }og Kd}bc ndabkbdvobho dh}wdkkr agdcx }og

cwaigy en xkd~gx evcgm ir ecg adx}gy$ Ygx}eybcf }og adc }e }og

ogdm en }og ndabkr he~gyx e~gy }og ygdkb}r en vod} }od} agdcx ney }og

veadcvobho bx gdh}kr igbcf }ygd}gm kb`g d xkd~g+ vog}ogy d

nd~eygm ecg ey ecg voe bx igd}gc+ diwxgm+ ig}ydrgm+ aekgx}gm+ dcm

ydzgm vb}obc }og oekr hecnbcgx en }og ndabkr /vobho bx dkk }ee en}gcoev b} ygdkkr fegx mevc"# Vogc rew fg} ybfo} mevc }e b}+ }obx ybfo}nwk

yekg en }og adc iwkkxob} bx lwx} }og }dk` dcm agc}dkb}r en d vdccdig

xkd~g adx}gy# Dcm dkk }obx e}ogy }dk` nyea }og x}ygg} en oex dcm

ib}hogxdkk }obx od}ygmen fdr zgezkg+ vb}o }og }dk` en ndffe}x+ }og

zgyxghw}bec+ dcm }og dh}wdk igd}!mevcx dcm g~gc `bkkbcfx en dcrecg

voexg xgwdk nggkbcfx mbnngy nyea }og ceyadkk }od} x}wnn+ }ee+ bx }og

xdag agxxgm!wz+ mgx}ywh}b~g agc}dkb}r#

Vg mec} cggm }obxdcm b} vbkk cg~gy kgdm }e kbigyd}bec dcm d ig}}gy

veykm$$ Vobkg }og heaawcbx} yg~ekw}bec vbkk baagmbd}gkr ygae~g }og

eix}dhkgx }od} xehbg}r odx zkdhgm bc }og vdr en neyabcf Ikdh` ndabkbgx+ b}

vbkk CE] me }obx ec }og idxbx en }og }ydmb}becdk ygkd}becx dcm bmgdx }od}

meabcd}g ndabkbgx bc hdzb}dkbx} xehbg}r+ iw} ec }og idxbx en gtwdkb}r dcm

aw}wdk ke~g dcm ygxzgh}dcm en kee`bcf ew}vdym }evdym }ydcxneyabcf

dkk en xehbg}r+ bchkwmbcf wckgdxobcf }og nwkk zdy}bhbzd}bec en veagc bc

g~gyr xzogyg# Ikdh` agc+ dcm e}ogy agc+ mec} cggm }e fg} bc ec }ogby

ybfo} }e dxxgy} meabcd}bec bc }og ndabkr e~gy veagc dcm hobkmygc


53/91

}ogr cggm }e ybxg wz }efg}ogy vb}o veagc bc gtwdkb}r dx zdy} en

gadchbzd}bcf dkk en owadcb}r#

Dcm Ikdh` hobkmygc mec} cggm adkg yekg aemgkx}ogr cggm dc gcm

}e }og hybzzkbcf hecmb}becx }od} oga }oga bc d} g~gyr zebc}# ]ogr cggm

yg~ekw}bec+ dcm }ogr cggm yg~ekw}becdyr yekg aemgkx+ veagc ce kgxx

}odc agc# ]ogr cggm }e xgg agc dcm veagc voe aemgk }og aw}wdk

ygxzgh} dcm gtwdkb}r }od} ygnkgh}x }og veykm vg dyg nbfo}bcf ney< d voekg

cgv kbigyd}gm veykm vogyg fbykx fyev wz x}yecf dcm vb}oew} ngdy en

igbcf ydzgm+ mgfydmgm ey diwxgm+ vogyg ce hobkm bx g~gy mggagmbkkgfb}bad}g+ dcm vogyg agckb`g g~gyrecg gkxgnbcm }ogby vey}o bc

hec}ybiw}bcf }e }og ig}}gyagc} en dkk en owadcb}r }oyewfo }og

yg~ekw}becdyr }ydcxneyad}bec en dkk xehbg}r yd}ogy }odc ir fg}}bcf bc ec

g~gc d kb}}kg en }og ezzygxxbec en }obx cbfo}adyg veykm#

]emdr+ dx }ogr mbm bc xkd~gyr }bagx+ }og hdzb}dkbx} ywkbcf hkdxx iwbkmx wz}og howyho dx }og ADBC bcx}b}w}bec bc }og Ikdh` heaawcb}r#

Fe~gycagc} aecgr }od} echg vgc} }e zwikbh gmwhd}bec dcm heaawcb}r

dy}x bx cev hodccgkgm }oyewfo zygdhogyx voe dkbfc }ogaxgk~gx vb}o }og

fe~gycagc} dcm vb}o }og Hoybx}bdc ndxhbx} ae~gagc} }od} odx iggc

iwbk} wz ir Iwxo# Cevogyg bx }obx xodyzgy }odc bc }og zybxecx# ]og

x}ywffkg en }og >:x xzwyygm daecf zybxecgyx d }obyx} ney `cevkgmfg dcm

}yw}o+ dcm }ogr newfo} ney dcm vec }og ybfo} }e }d`g hekkgfg hewyxgx dcm

od~g dhhgxx }e kb}gyd}wyg g~gc }oewfo }ogr vgyg keh`gm wz0 }emdr }od}

bx bchygdxbcfkr xwzzygxxgm dcm nkwxogm dvdr vobkg ygdh}becdyr

nwcmdagc}dkbx} zybxec abcbx}ybgx dyg fb~gc }e}dk dhhgxx }e }og abcmx

en }og kb}gydkkr abkkbecx en Ikdh` rew}o voea }og xrx}ga xow}}kgx


54/91

}oyewfo }ogxg ogkkoekgx+ vb}o kdyfg cwaigyx d} dcr fb~gc }bag xgy~bcf

kecf xgc}gchgx bc mgfydmbcf zybxec hecmb}becx#

Vobkg adcr ygkbfbewx zgezkg dcm hkgyfr ezzexg+ dcm hdc ig wcb}gm bc

x}ywffkg dfdbcx}+ }og ew}ydfgx dcm hybagx en }obx xrx}ga+ dcm bazey}dc}

dxzgh}x en }og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg dcm e}ogyx+ }ogyg awx} ig

x}ywffkg dcm mgid}g e~gy }og ygdk hodydh}gy en }og zyeikga dcm

xekw}bec+ dcm }og veykm~bgv dcm ag}oem }od} bx cghgxxdyr }e vbc

heazkg}g gadchbzd}bec+ dcm }og ygdk yekg en ygkbfbec bc ygkd}bec }e dkk

}od}# Ygkbfbecie}o bc fgcgydk dcm zdy}bhwkdykr bc }og aeyg yghgc}zgybemzkdrx }og yekg en }wycbcf zgezkg dvdr nyea xgg`bcf d ygdk

wcmgyx}dcmbcf en }og dh}wdk hdwxgx dcm mrcdabhx en }obcfx+ dx }ogr

ygdkkr dyg+ dcm }og zexxbibkb}r en hodcfbcf }obcfx bc }obx ygdk veykm# G~gc

vogc aeyg zyefygxxb~g ~gyxbecx en ygkbfbec adr gchewydfg zgezkg }e

ygxbx} ezzygxxbec /ey zdy}bhwkdy dxzgh}x en ezzygxxbec"+ b} x}bkk zyeae}gx

}og bmgd }od}+ vogc dkk bx xdbm dcm mecg+ zgezkg }ogaxgk~gx hdcce}

hodcfg }obcfx ir hecxhbewxkr xgg`bcf ew} dcm heabcf }e dc

wcmgyx}dcmbcf en vod} bx }og zyeikgavod} bx }og dh}wdk hdwxg en

zgezkgx xb}wd}bec dcm vogyg ezzygxxbec dh}wdkkr heagx nyeadcm

vdfbcf d mg}gyabcgm x}ywffkg ec }og idxbx en }od} wcmgyx}dcmbcf+ iw}

bcx}gdm }ogr awx} wk}bad}gkr zw} }obcfx bc }og odcmx en fem dcm ygkr

ec }obx cec!gbx}gc} fem }e fb~g }oga }og hewydfg dcm x}ygcf}o }e

zgyxg~gyg# Dcm }obcfx dyg veyxg+ ec d voekg e}ogy kg~gk+ vb}o }og

ygdh}becdyr ygkbfbewx ~bgvzebc}x }od} ezgckr wzoekm }obx xrx}ga dcm }og

`gr zbkkdyx en b}x ezzygxxb~g ygkd}becx#

,,,


55/91

Zex}!ydhbdk5 Zkgdxg# Vg odm ig}}gy+ dkk en wx+ ndhg ~gyr xtwdygkr vod}

odx ygdkkr fecg mevc }ogxg zdx} ngv mghdmgx# ]og oezg dcm ez}babxa

en }og >:x+ newcmgm ec }og ygdk ze}gc}bdk }od} hdc ig xggc vogc zgezkg

ybxg wz+ nbfo} idh` dcm igfbc }e xgg` ew} d ydmbhdk dk}gycd}b~g }e }obx

aecx}yewx xrx}ga}obx oezg odx }wycgm }e mgxzdby bc }og ndhg en

mghdmgx en ig}ydrdk dcm iyw}dk ygzygxxbec ag}gm ew} ir }ogxg ywkgyx+

mghdmgx en cggmkgxx xwnngybcf dcm wcneyfb~dikg xtwdcmgybcf en owadc

ze}gc}bdk# ]emdr }og xb}wd}bec bx g~gc aeyg mdcfgyewx# ]e }d`g ecg

x}dy` gdazkg< }ogyg bx }og mbx}bch} zexxbibkb}r+ dcm }ogyg dyg dkygdmr

mgnbcb}g }ygcmx dcm mg~gkezagc}x }evdym+ d voekg cgv gyd en cge!

xkd~gyr+ vogyg d zygmeabcdc}kr Ikdh` zybxec zezwkd}bec bx zw} }e vey`

ney zgccbgx d mdr+ gb}ogy }e }wyc zyenb}x ney hdzb}dkbx}x ey iybcf mevc

hex}x ney }og x}d}g# Dcm }ogyg dyg }oexg bc }og ywkbcf hkdxx ad`bcf

zekbhr xwffgx}becx vb}o fgcehbmdk bazkbhd}becxzgezkg kb`g }og

zyeabcgc} Ygzwikbhdc /dcm nwcmdagc}dkbx} Hoybx}bdc ndxhbx}" Zd}

Yeigy}xec voe odx dm~ehd}gm gghw}bcf ce} eckr zgezkg hec~bh}gm enawymgy+ iw} dcr zgezkg voe heaab} hybagx }od} zw} d x}dbc ec

xehbg}r#

]ogyg bx+ bc e}ogy veymx+ d twgx}bec+ dcm d zyexzgh}+ en ig}ydrdk rg}

dfdbcec dc g~gc aeyg oeyybnbh xhdkg$

BBB# Zebc}bcf Neyvdym< Yg~ekw}bec Bx }og Xekw}bec

Vg igfdc ir mbxhwxxbcf }og cggm }e hecnyec} }og nwkk xhezg en }og

zyeikga dcm }e zbczebc} }og dh}wdk hdwxg en b}# Vg od~g xoevc }od} }obx


56/91

ezzygxxbec dyexg nyea dcm odx mg~gkezgm bc}gy}vbcgm vb}o }og

vey`bcfx en hdzb}dk+ dx b} hecxwagx abkkbecx dcm abkkbecx en kb~gx bc ikbcm

gzdcxbec+ dcm }og hecxhbewx zekbhbgxgheceabh+ zekb}bhdk dcm xehbdk

en }og hdzb}dkbx}x }ogaxgk~gx# Vg od~g ew}kbcgm }og }b}dcbh x}ywffkgxdfdbcx} cd}becdk ezzygxxbec /}og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg dcm e}ogy

zgezkgx voe dyg mbxhybabcd}gm dfdbcx} dcm ogkm mevc+ dx cd}becx+ ey

cd}becdk abceyb}bgx" }od} }obx hewc}yr odx vb}cgxxgm+ dcm vg od~g

mydvc }og aex} gxxgc}bdk kgxxecx nyea }oexg x}ywffkgxbchkwmbcf }od}

}obx xrx}ga+ g~gc vogc fb~gc d hodchg }e ygneya+ odx }bag dcm dfdbc

ig}ydrgm Ikdh` zgezkg dcm mgaecx}yd}gm }od}+ ighdwxg en b}x ~gyr

cd}wyg dcm gxxgc}bdk mrcdabhx+ b} hdcce} ygneya ey ig ygneyagm# Vgod~g xoevc }od} ndy nyea igbcf zex}!ydhbdk ey g~gc bazye~bcf+ }og

ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg hec}bcwgx bc adcr oeyygcmewx neyax dcm

odx iggc ygbcneyhgm dcm bc}gcxbnbgm e~gy }og zdx} zgybemvb}o ygdk

zyexzgh}x en g~gc veyxg oeyyey cev zexbcf }ogaxgk~gx#

Vobho kgdmx wx cev }e }og ecg xekw}bec }e }obx oeyyey+ }og ecg vdr ew}

en }obx admcgxx< yg~ekw}bec#

Vg mbxhwxxgm gdykbgy }og gzgybgchg en }og 42>:x+ dcm oev b} xoevgm

}og ze}gc}bdk ney d yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc} }e dybxg dcm vbc

}ygagcmewx xwzzey} ybfo} ogyg bc }og W#X# ]emdr }og veykm!vgdyr

iggc }ogyg mecg }od} }rzgx kb`g }e xdr+ Yg~ekw}bec5 Vg }ybgm }od}

dcm b} mbmc} vey`# ]ogxg zgezkg od~g b} wzxbmg mevc# ]og aex}

dad|bcf }obcf diew} }og >:x bx }od} bn d ngv }obcfx odm iye`gc d kb}}kg

mbnngygc}krdcm bn }ogyg odm iggc d yg~ekw}becdyr kgdmgyxobz+ d

~dcfwdym zdy}r+ vb}o ie}o mggz }bgx daecf }og adxxgx dcm d hkgdygy


57/91

bmgd en }og fedkx en }og yg~ekw}bec dcm d heyygh} x}yd}gfr ney ad`bcf

ecgvgkk+ voe bx }e xdr }od} }ogyg hewkmc} od~g iggc d yg~ekw}bec+ ey

d} kgdx} d xgybewx d}}gaz} d} ecg+ ybfo} ogyg bc }og igkkr en }og igdx}5

]og aex} bazey}dc} }obcf diew} }og >:x bx ce} }od} b} mbmc} vey` iw}}od} b} vgc} dx ndy dx b} mbmb} kgn} ~dkwdikg kgxxecx }e dcdkr|g dcm

dixeyi+ dcm d x}dcmdym }e xwyzdxx bc }og x}ywffkg dogdm#

Iw} }od} fg}x }e dc g~gc aeyg bazey}dc} zebc}< }og yg~ekw}bec vec} ig

d xbazkg yg~b~dk en }og ae~gagc} idh` }ogc# Ney ecg }obcf+ vobkg adcr

}obcfx dyg }og xdagbchkwmbcf }og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg dx dhgc}ydk ndh} en Dagybhdc kbng dcm oev }od} vewkm ig ygnkgh}gm bc dcr

yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc}adcr }obcfx+ bchkwmbcf xeag en }og

zdy}bhwkdy neyax bc vobho Ikdh` zgezkg dyg ezzygxxgm+ od~g hodcfgm

xbfcbnbhdc}kr bc }og newy mghdmgx xbchg }og >:x# Ney dce}ogy }obcf+ }og

ae~gagc} en }od} }bag odm ygdk kbab}d}becx# G~gc }og aex} ydmbhdk

neyhgx bc }od} ae~gagc}bchkwmbcf Adkheka _ dcm }og Ikdh` Zdc}ogy

Zdy}rvgyg ce} hkgdy ec vod} }og dbax en d yg~ekw}bec xoewkm ig+ dcm

ec oev ygdkkr mggzkr xgd}gm bc }og hdzb}dkbx} xrx}ga dyg }og ezzygxxbec

en Ikdh` zgezkg dcm }og e}ogy neyax en ezzygxxbec }od} zgezkg vgyg

ybxbcf wz dfdbcx}#

Ney Adkheka+ dcm }e d kdyfg g}gc} g~gc }og Zdc}ogyx+ }og oeyb|ecx en

}og x}ywffkg mbm ce} fe igrecm }og kbigyd}bec en Ikdh` zgezkg dx d

zgezkg+ }ogyg vdx ce} d heazkg}gkr hkgdy dcm heyygh} wcmgyx}dcmbcf en

oev }od} kbigyd}bec hewkm dh}wdkkr ig dhobg~gm+ dcm }ogyg vdx d} kgdx} d

}ygcm en neyhbcf Dagybhd }e `ggz b}x zyeabxgx# Iw} }ogyg bx d ygdxec

}od} Dagybhd odx hec}bcwdkkr ig}ydrgm b}x zyeabxgx< }og ezzygxxbec en


58/91

}og Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc zgezkg neyax dc gxxgc}bdk zdy} en }og ndiybh dcm

nwch}becbcf en W#X# xehbg}r+ dcm dcr d}}gaz} }e wzyee} b} vewkm }gdy wz

}og voekg ndiybh en }obx xehbg}r dx b} cev gbx}x# Nwy}ogy+ }og

gadchbzd}bec en }og Dnybhdc!Dagybhdc zgezkgvoe ce} eckr ad`g wzdc ezzygxxgm cd}bec vb}obc }og kdyfgy xehbg}r iw} dkxe dyg+ bc ~gyr kdyfg

cwaigyx+ agaigyx en }og W#X# zyekg}dybd}bx iewcm wz vb}o }og

yg~ekw}bec kgm ir }og zyekg}dybd} ney }og nwkk gadchbzd}bec en dkk

owadcb}r+ dcm bc }og hwyygc} gyd hdc eckr ig dhobg~gm dx zdy} en }od}

yg~ekw}bec#

]ogyg vdx hecnwxbec vogc xeag en }og neyadk kgfdk idyybgyx }e

dm~dchgagc} vgyg ygae~gm+ dcm d xadkk xgh}bec en }og ezzygxxgm

vgyg dikg }e ae~g wz+ g~gc bn bc kbab}gm vdrx+ vobkg }og adleyb}r en }og

adxxgx vgyg fyewcm bc}e g~gc veyxg hecmb}becx# ]og ce}becx }od} vgyg

iyewfo} neyvdym }e gzkdbc }obx}od} }og ae~gagc} ndbkgm ey+ veyxg

rg}+ }od} }og zgezkg ndbkgm }e }d`g dm~dc}dfg en }ogby cgv

ezzey}wcb}bgxdyg vyecf dcm g}ygagkr mdadfbcf#

]og ae~gagc} mbm ce} ndbk0 b} mbm ce} fe ndy gcewfo# Dcm ce} eckr vgyg

}og meeyx }e ezzey}wcb}r cg~gy ygdkkr ey nwkkr ezgcgm+ g~gc aeyg

nwcmdagc}dkkr }ogyg vgyg x}bkk }oewxdcmx en x}ggk }oygdmx+ xeag ~bxbikg

dcm xeag obmmgc+ }od} vgyg mggzkr gaigmmgm bc xehbg}r dcm oekmbcf

}og adxxgx en Ikdh` zgezkg mevc# Xeag}obcf aeyg ydmbhdk+ aeyg

}oeyewfofebcf+ vdx dcm bx cggmgm# Dx vgkk fg} bc}e xoey}kr+ d

yg~ekw}becdyr zevgy hewkm twbh`kr igfbc }gdybcf wz }ogxg }oygdmx+ dcm

xg} diew} aeibkb|bcf zgezkg }e hecx}ywh} d xehbg}r idxgm ec dcm

ogdmbcf }evdym }ywg gadchbzd}bec0 dcm+ dx vg od~g gazodxb|gm+ }og


59/91

ygdxec }od} }og ae~gagc} en }og 42>:x mbm ce} xwhhggm bc mebcf }obx

vdx gxxgc}bdkkr ighdwxg b} mbm ce} ygdho }og zebc} en dh}wdkkr igbcf dikg

}e e~gy}oyev }og zevgy en }og hdzb}dkbx}!bazgybdkbx} ywkbcf hkdxx#

Igrecm }od}+ g~gc }e }og g}gc} }od} zgezkg vgyg hkgdy ec }og cggm ney

yg~ekw}bec dcm b}x fedkx+ }og yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc} en }og 42>:x

hecnyec}gm ibf dcm heazkg zyeikgax# Oev }e e~gyheag }og fdz

ig}vggc }og hecmb}becx ndhgm ir }og mggzkr ezzygxxgm dcm }oexg en }og

xen} abmmkg en Dagybhdc xehbg}r+ adcr en voea cggm }e ig vec e~gy

bc }og hewyxg en yg~ekw}becdyr x}ywffkg5 Oev }e vdfg d yg~ekw}becdyrx}ywffkg+ dcm iybcf bc}e igbcf d cgv xehbg}r+ }od} megx ce} heazyeabxg

vb}o+ iw} bx mg}gyabcgm }e nwkkr diekbxo dcm wzyee}+ vob}g xwzygadhr

dcm }og xwilwfd}bec en Ikdh` zgezkg dcm e}ogy ezzygxxgm zgezkgx

vb}obc }og W#X#+ vobkg ec }od} idxbx dcm vb}o }oexg eilgh}b~gx vbccbcf

dcm wcb}bcf bc }obx yg~ekw}bec adxxgx en zgezkg en dkk mbnngygc}

cd}becdkb}bgx+ bchkwmbcf kdyfg cwaigyx en vob}g zgezkg5 Oev }e dh}wdkkr

`ggz }og ae~gagc} eybgc}gm }evdym ad`bcf yg~ekw}bec+ yd}ogy }odc

fg}}bcf xwh`gm bc}e lwx} dhhgz}bcf ygneyax+ bc d zgybem vogc }og

ae~gagc} hdcce} rg} fe mbygh}kr ney yg~ekw}bec5 Oev }e fe wz dfdbcx}+

dcm dh}wdkkr mgngd}+ g~gyr}obcf }od} }og W#X# ywkbcf hkdxx hewkm dcm

vewkm }oyev dfdbcx} d yg~ekw}becdyr zgezkg5

Igneyg }ogxg twgx}becx hewkm ig nwkkr lebcgm+ kg} dkecg dcxvgygm+ }og

zevgyx!}od}!ig hdag d} }og ae~gagc} vb}o ngyehbewx ygzygxxbec# Dx

ce}gm gdykbgy+ e~gy 9: agaigyx dcm kgdmgyx en }og Ikdh` Zdc}ogy Zdy}r

vgyg ew}ybfo} `bkkgm+ dcm owcmygmx aeyg vgyg bazybxecgm+ xeag ney

rgdyx dcm g~gc mghdmgx# Dcm vobkg }ogr mbm }obx+ }og zevgyx dkxe


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iyewfo} neyvdym Ikdh` zekb}bhbdcx voe zwxogm }og kbcg }od} }og

ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkg+ dkecf vb}o }og e}ogy ywccbcf xeygx en }obx

xehbg}r+ hewkm ig odcmkgm }oyewfo ygneya# Kdx} iw} ce} kgdx}xg}}bcf

}og kdyfgy nydagvey` ney dkk }obx}og bc}gycd}becdk xb}wd}bec hodcfgmnyea ecg vogyg yg~ekw}bec vdx }og adbc }ygcm bc }og veykm bc}e ecg bc

vobho }og bc}gycd}becdk heaawcbx} yg~ekw}bec odm xwnngygm d xgybewx+

veykm!obx}eybh xg}idh` vb}o }og yg~gyxdk en yg~ekw}becdyr ywkg bc Hobcd bc

426>+ vogc Ade mbgm dcm obx nekkevgyx vgyg dyygx}gm dcm bc adcr

hdxgx gghw}gm# ]obx kdx} ikev hdwxgm }ygagcmewx hecnwxbec dcm

mgaeydkb|d}bec+ dcm hewzkgm vb}o }og bmgekefbhdk d}}dh`x ir }og

zevgyx!}od}!ig ec }og voekg gzgybgchg bc Hobcd wcmgy Adexkgdmgyxobz dcm ec yg~ekw}bec dcm heaawcbxa bc fgcgydk+ kgm adcr }e

vyecfkrfb~g wz ec }og zexxbibkb}r en yg~ekw}bec#

Xe }og ae~gagc} en }og >:x giigm# Iw} }og gxxgc}bdk kgxxec nyea }od}

}bag awx} ce} ig kex}< b} xoevgm }od} yg~ekw}bec vdx ce} eckr cghgxxdyr

iw} dkxe zexxbikg bc }og W#X#+ dcm b} fd~g d xgcxg en }og `gr neyhgx bc }od}

yg~ekw}bec dcm }og adbc zyeikgax }od} vewkm od~g }e ig xek~gm bc

eymgy }e ad`g }od} yg~ekw}bec#

Aeyge~gy+ xeag}obcf g}ygagkr bazey}dc} mbm heag ew} en }od} voekg

zgybem# ]og aex} bazey}dc} }obcf+ bc ndh}+ nyea d x}yd}gfbh x}dcmzebc}#

Dcm }od} bx d zdy}r }od} odx dh}wdkkr mg~gkezgm dcm bx hec}bcwbcf }e

mg~gkez }og wcmgyx}dcmbcf }e kgdm d xwhhgxxnwk yg~ekw}bec bc }obx

hewc}yrd zdy}r vb}o d hkgdy wcmgyx}dcmbcf en }og fedk en xwho d

yg~ekw}bec+ vb}o d xhbgc}bnbh wcmgyx}dcmbcf en }og mrcdabhx bc xehbg}r

}od} hewkm kgdm }e d yg~ekw}becdyr xb}wd}bec dcm }og neyhgx }od} hewkm ig


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wcb}gm }e dh}b~gkr }d`g wz dcm bc mbnngygc} vdrx xwzzey} b}+ dcm vb}o }og

kgdmgyxobz }e xgg b} }oyewfo }e ~bh}eyr#

]obx zdy}r}og Yg~ekw}becdyr Heaawcbx} Zdy}r+ WXDbx kgm ir Iei

D~d`bdc+ d ~g}gydc en }og >:x voe+ dx d ad}}gy en ndh}+ nbyx} fe} }wycgm

}evdym yg~ekw}bec ir vey`bcf hkexgkr vb}o }og Ikdh` Zdc}ogy Zdy}r#

D~d`bdc odx fecg ec xbchg }og 42>:x }e ie}o kgdm }og yg~ekw}becdyr

ae~gagc} bc zydh}bhg e~gy }ogxg zdx} mghdmgx+ dcm }e fwbmg }od}

zydh}bhg ir }d`bcf ec dcm dcxvgybcf }og ibffgx} twgx}becx igneyg }og

voekg yg~ekw}becdyr heaawcbx} ae~gagc}# ]ogxg od~g bc~ek~gm adleytwgx}becx en xhbgchg dcm zobkexezor+ en `cevbcf dcm hodcfbcf }og

veykm0 }og agdcbcf dcm fygd} bazey}dchg en zyekg}dybdc+ yg~ekw}becdyr

bc}gycd}becdkbxa0 }og voekg obx}eyr en }og heaawcbx} ae~gagc} dcm

}og gzgybgchg en }og xehbdkbx} yg~ekw}becx+ xwaabcf wz dcm nbyakr

wzoekmbcf }ogby dhobg~gagc}x dx vgkk dx febcf mggzkr bc}e }ogby

xoey}heabcfx+ dcm zebc}bcf }og vdr neyvdym }e d hechgz}bec en xehbdkbx}

xehbg}r }od} iygd`x cgv fyewcm dcm zye~bmgx fwbmdchg ney d voekg cgv

x}dfg en heaawcbx} yg~ekw}bec0 dcm x}yd}gfbh twgx}becx bc~ek~gm bc

dh}wdkkr xwhhgxxnwkkr ad`bcf yg~ekw}bec bc d hewc}yr kb`g }obx# D adley

gkgagc} bc D~d`bdcx vey` mwybcf }obx voekg zgybem odx iggc d mggz

dcdkrxbx en }og obx}eyr dcm xb}wd}bec en Ikdh` zgezkg bc }og W#X#+ mydvbcf

ec dcm xrc}ogxb|bcf }og xgybewx vey` dcm ygxgdyho en xhoekdyx ec }obx

hywhbdk twgx}bec+ dx vgkk dx hec}bcwdkkr yg}wycbcf }e }og bmgdx en }og

yg~ekw}becdyr kgdmgyx en }og >:x+ fydzzkbcf vb}o ie}o }ogby bcxbfo}x dx

vgkk dx }ogby kbab}d}becx dcm mydvbcf kgxxecx mggzkr nyea }od} voekg

zgybem#89


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Adcr zgezkg vbkk heag bc}e }og yg~ekw}bec ew} en }ogby mbygh}

gzgybgchg en ezzygxxbec+ dcm }obx gzgybgchg dcm }og bcxbfo}x }od}

dybxg nyea b} awx} ig mggzkr mydvc ec ir }og yg~ekw}becdyr ae~gagc}#

Iw} }od} gzgybgchg dkecg hdc ce} bkkwabcd}g }og mggzgy xewyhgx en }obxezzygxxbec dcm }og ze}gc}bdk zd}ovdrx }e gkbabcd}g dkk }obx# ]od} }d`gx

xhbgchg}og xhbgchg en heaawcbxa nbyx} iyewfo} neyvdym ir Ady dcm

mggzgcgm dcm mg~gkezgm xbchg }ogc# Ady xoevgm }od} owadc xehbg}r+

kb`g dkk ad}gybdk zogceagcd bc }og wcb~gyxg+ hdc ig xhbgc}bnbhdkkr

wcmgyx}eem+ dcm og mg~gkezgm }og gxxgc}bdk ag}oemx ney mebcf }od}# B}

bx }obx xhbgchg }od} }oexg voe ezzexg ezzygxxbec awx} }d`g wz+ dcm

dzzkr }e wcmgyx}dcmbcf dcm }ydcxneyabcf ygdkb}r+ bn vg dyg }e fg} nygg#Dzzkrbcf }obx }e }og ezzygxxbec en Ikdh` zgezkgdcm }e g~gyr iwycbcf

twgx}bec en xehbg}rbx d }dx` ney zgezkg en dkk cd}becdkb}bgx0 vg cggm

g~gyrecg vey`bcf }e fg} }og aex} heyygh} dcm mggzgx} zexxbikg

wcmgyx}dcmbcf#

Dx ney Ikdh` zgezkg od~bcf }e fg} b} }efg}ogy daecf }ogaxgk~gx nbyx}+

}obx abx!kehd}gx }og zyeikga# Ce ad}}gy oev odym zgezkg od~g }ybgm+

fg}}bcf b} }efg}ogy dx d zgezkg hdcce} odzzgc wcmgy }obx xrx}ga# D}

g~gyr x}dfg xbchg b}x neyad}bec mwybcf Yghecx}ywh}bec+ }og mg~gkezagc}

en }og Ikdh` cd}bec odx iggc mgneyagm dcm xwilwfd}gm vb}obc }og kdyfgy

W#X# ezzygxxey cd}bec+ dcm }og xdag gxxgc}bdk mrcdabhx dyg d} vey`

}emdr+ bc cgv neyax# D} }og xdag }bag+ }ogyg dyg mbnngygc} hkdxxgx

zgezkg vb}o mbnngygc} xehbdk zexb}becx dcm ew}kee`xdaecf Ikdh`

zgezkg# Vobkg }ogyg bx d xodygm ezzygxxbec daecf Ikdh` zgezkg+ g~gc

}obx ezzygxxbec bx gzgybgchgm mbnngygc}kr ir zgezkg ehhwzrbcf mbnngygc}

zexb}becx vb}obc }og e~gydkk xehbg}r+ dcm }ogyg bx+ dcm }ogyg hdc ig+ ce

ecg wcbnbgm ew}kee` ygzygxgc}bcf dkk Ikdh` zgezkg+ ce Ikdh` ey


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Dnybhdc bmgekefr }od} ygzygxgc}x dkk Ikdh` zgezkg bc xeag xzghbdk dcm

wcbtwg vdr+ dzdy} nyea e}ogy ezzygxxgm zgezkgdcm dcr hkdba }e xwho

dc bmgekefr dcm d}}gaz} }e zw} }obx neyvdym dx ygzygxgc}bcf dkk Ikdh`

zgezkg+ vbkk eckr kgdm }e }og ew}kee` en }og aeyg iewyfgebx neyhgxoekmbcf xvdr+ dx }obx bx aeyg bc kbcg vb}o dcm bc adcr vdrx bx ygbcneyhgm

dcm xwzzey}gm ir }og nwch}becbcf en }obx xrx}ga dcm }og ew}kee` dcm

}og agdcx en aekmbcf zwikbh ezbcbec }od} dyg xgy~gm dcm hec}yekkgm ir

}og meabcdc} iewyfgebx ywkbcf hkdxx#

X}bkk+ }ogyg bx d yekg bc }og yg~ekw}becdyr zyehgxx ney eyfdcb|d}bec daecfIkdh` zgezkg+ dcm e}ogy ezzygxxgm zgezkgx+ voe dyg x}ywffkbcf dfdbcx}

}ogby ezzygxxbecdcm }obx vbkk ig wcb}gm vb}o ir }og yg~ekw}becdyr

heaawcbx} ae~gagc}# Dcm }ogyg vbkk ig d yekg ney neyax en xgkn!

fe~gycagc} dcm dw}ecear ney Ikdh` zgezkg bc }og cgv xehbdkbx} xehbg}r+

g~gc dx bc}gfyd}bec bx hdyybgm neyvdym bc xehbg}r dx d voekg# ]og

yg~ekw}becdyr heaawcbx} ae~gagc} dkxe vey`x }e iwbkm wcb}r vb}o

cd}becdk neyax dcm cd}becdkbx} fyewzbcfx daecf Ikdh` zgezkg bc }og

x}ywffkg }emdr+ dcm vbkk me xe d} d }bag vogc hecmb}becx heag }efg}ogy

ney }og dh}wdk yg~ekw}bec b}xgkng~gc dx x}ywffkg bx vdfgm e~gy }og

fedkx en }og yg~ekw}bec+ dcm }og ew}kee` dcm ag}oem }od} awx} fwbmg b}#

]og heaawcbx} ew}kee`+ wckb`g cd}becdkbxa+ dzzyedhogx g~gyr}obcf

nyea }og x}dcmzebc} en gadchbzd}bcf dkk en owadcb}r# Heabcf lwx} nyea

vb}obc }og mgxbyg }e fg} b} }efg}ogy daecf Ikdh` zgezkg vbkk kgdm }e

zb}}bcf }og bc}gygx}x en Ikdh` zgezkg dfdbcx} }og bc}gygx}x en e}ogy

cd}becdk fyewzbcfx+ vobho vewkm bcg~b}dikr gcfgcmgy bcgtwdkb}r dcm

zgyzg}wd}g ezzygxxbec# Cd}becdkbxa dkxe kgd~gx wcdmmygxxgm }og voekg


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twgx}bec en }og gadchbzd}bec en veagc+ vobho hdc eckr ig dhobg~gm

}efg}ogy vb}o }og g~gc}wdk diekb}bec en cd}becx dcm dkk ygkd}becx en

gzkeb}d}bec dcm ezzygxxbec# Byecbhdkkr+ heabcf lwx} nyea vb}obc }og

mgxbyg }e dxxgy} }og ybfo}x en }og Ikdh` cd}bec bx }ee cdyyev d nydagvey`g~gc nyea vobho }e iygd` }obx cd}bec ew} nyea wcmgy }og meabcd}bec b}

ndhgx }emdr# B} bx eckr heabcf nyea }og ndy}ogx} oeyb|ecx en }og

heaawcbx} nw}wyg }od} }og x}ygdax en x}ywffkg dfdbcx} dkk en }ogxg

neyax en ezzygxxbec hdc ig zevgynwkkr kbc`gm }efg}ogy bc yg~ekw}becdyr

x}ywffkg+ dcm b} bx eckr }og yg~ekw}becdyr zyekg}dybd}+ vb}o d xekbm heyg

}od} wcmgyx}dcmx }od} b}x gadchbzd}bec dx d hkdxx ygtwbygx }og diekb}bec

en dkk neyax en ezzygxxbec+ }od} hdc kgdm xwho d yg~ekw}becdyr x}ywffkg#

Adcr vbkk heag bc}e }og yg~ekw}bec ighdwxg }ogr~g iggc mgcbgm }og

dibkb}r }e nwknbkk }ogby ze}gc}bdk+ dcm od~g odm }ogby oezgx dcm }ogby

xzbyb}x ogkm mevc+ aeh`gm ir }og xkdaabcf meeyx en }obx xrx}ga# Xeag

vbkk ig mydvc }evdym }og yg~ekw}bec ew} en nggkbcfx en yg~gcfg dcm d

kdxobcf ew} dfdbcx} }og vyecfx }od} od~g iggc mecg }e }oga dcm }ogby

zgezkg# ]od} dcfgy hdc zyezgk zgezkg }evdym yg~ekw}becdcm ew}ydfg

d} ezzygxxbec awx} dcm vbkk ig d `gr zdy} en dcr yg~ekw}beciw} }obx

awx} ig kgm+ hodccgkgm dcm }ydcxneyagm bc}e d mg}gyabcd}bec }e nbfo}

dfdbcx} dcm wzyee} dkk ezzygxxb~g dcm mgfydmbcf ygkd}becx daecf

zgezkg+ dcm dkk neyax en gzkeb}d}bec en ecg zdy} en xehbg}r ir dce}ogy#

Xeag vbkk heag bc}e }og yg~ekw}bec vdc}bcf kbigyd}bec ney Ikdh` zgezkg+

ey dc gcm }e }og iyw}dk ezzygxxbec dcm mgfydmd}bec en veagc+ ey dc

gcm }e }og ezzygxxbec en baabfydc}x dcm }e }og meabcd}bec en }og

hewc}ybgx }ogr heag nyea ir Dagybhdc bazgybdkbxa# Xeag vbkk heag }e


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yg~ekw}bec ighdwxg en mgxzgyd}g hechgyc ney }og mgx}ywh}bec en }og

zkdcg} vygh`gm ir hdzb}dkbxax vdyx dcm xd~dfbcf en }og gdy}ox

ygxewyhgx# Dkk }ogxgdcm adcr aeyg ew}ydfgxdyg nwgk ney }og

yg~ekw}bec# Iw} gdho en }ogxg hybagxdx }evgybcf dx gdho bx bc b}x evcybfo}+ dcm dx hgc}ydk dx xek~bcf gdho bx }e }og yg~ekw}becbx dc

gzygxxbec en xeag}obcf mggzgy x}bkk# Xek~bcf dcr en }ogxg ygtwbygx

d}}dh`bcf }og zyeikga d} b}x yee}x}od} bx+ fg}}bcf d} dcm fg}}bcf ybm en

}og hdzb}dkbx} xrx}ga dx d voekg# Dcm+ ir kee`bcf mggzkr bc}e }og yee}x

en }obx zyeikga+ }og xekw}bec dkxe gagyfgx#

]obx xdag xrx}ga }od} dyexg vb}o dcm cewybxogm b}xgkn ec owadc

xkd~gyr+ dcm }od} odx hec}bcwgm }og kgfdhr en }od} hybag mevc }e }emdr+

bx d veykmvbmg xrx}ga }od} hecx}dc}kr fgcgyd}gx iyw}dk vdyx ney }og

gzdcxbec en gazbyg+ }od} hecxwagx dcm mgx}yerx }og kb~gx en hewc}kgxx

hobkmygc veykmvbmg+ }od} xwilwfd}gx veagc+ ecg odkn en owadcb}rdcm

dkk }e xd}bxnr }og mbh}d}gx en d xrx}ga voexg e~gyybmbcf hechgyc bx }og

gcmkgxx myb~g }e dhhwawkd}g g~gy aeyg zyenb}+ dcm voexg eckr

heaadcmagc} bx gzdcm ey mbg# Kee` d} }og }evgybcf hybagx }od} dyg

hdyybgm ew} e~gy dcm e~gy dfdbcnyea }og iyw}dk bc~dxbecx dcm vdyx en

dffygxxbec dcm ehhwzd}bec bc Bydt dcm Dnfodcbx}dc }emdr+ }e ^bg}cda d

fgcgyd}bec dfe+ dcm voe `cevx vogyg }eaeyyev# ]obx xrx}ga en

veykmvbmg zkwcmgy dcm gcneyhgm cggmkgxx abxgyr awx} ig iyewfo} }e

dc gcm#

Iw} }og ybxg en hdzb}dkbxa iyewfo} neyvdym xeag}obcf gkxg dx vgkk< }og

agdcx }e gcm }od} xrx}ga en zb}bkgxx gzkeb}d}bec dcm adxx awymgy# Ney

dx hdzb}dkbxa mg~gkezgm+ xe }ee mbm }og aemg en zyemwh}bec}od} bx+

The Oppression of Black People

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