The Moberg Files - Casestudy Lasy

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NVNC DE SVEBIS DICENDVM EST

Stadia archaeoloies et historic^

ab amicis et discipulis dicatai

Studia dedykowaneprofesorowi Jerzemu Kolendo

w 60-lecie urodzin i 40-lecie pracy naukowej

Warszawal995

Redakcja

Aleksander Bursche, Mariusz Mielczarek, Wojciech Nowakowski

Projekt okiadki

Emilia Wtorkicwicz-Marosik

© Instytul Archeologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Printed in Poland

ISBN 83-903062-2-0

SPIS TRESCI

Bibliografia prac Jerzego Kolendo s. 7A. Abramowicz

J. Boucher de Perthes w Pompejach w 1853 roku s. 29J. Aridrzejowski

Ciekawe matcrialy z okresu rzymskiego znalezione w Czuprynowic w woj. bialostockim s. 35/. Andrzejowski &. J. Martens

The Moberg Files - Case Study Lasy s. 47/. Biezunskfi,-Mafowist

Wojna jako zrodfo doptywu niewolnikow s. 69A. Bitner-Wroblewska

Pochwaia archeologii archiwalnej. O lokalizacji zachodniobailyjskicgo cmentarzyskaw Lawkach (b. Lawken) kolo Rynu s. 73

A. BurscheCzy skarb z Polarica by\m z bilwy w Lcsie Teutoburskim? s. 85

K. CzarneckaZapinkitypu A 241 z Barbaricum s. 93

E. DqbrowaM. Paccius Silvanus Quintus Coredius Gallus Gtirgilius Antiquus et son cursus honorutn s. 99

T. DqbrowskaDwie bogato zdobione popielnice z cmentarzyska kultury przeworskiej w Kamiericzyku,woj. ostrol^ckic s. 103

T. DerdaChrzcs'cijaiiski symbol XMF s. 111

W. DobrowolskiAryballosy o kszlaltach zlozonych w zbiorach polskich s. 117

P. DyctekWas it sacetlunr Acsculapii in the valetudinarium at Novae? s. 125

K. GodiowskiRzadki import rzymski z TV w. z Jakuszowic s. 129

Z. KissHelios embrasse Scrapis s. 137

A. KokowskiQuelques reflexions sur la presence de perles de verre au sein du Groupe de Maslom^cz(type 304) s. 139

M. KotaczStone Jewellery of the Barbarians in the Roman Period s. 149

T. KotulaPoczatek "kryzysu III wieku"ccsarstwa rzymskiego: od kiedy? s. 153

W. LengaucrDionizos rogaty s. 157

A. LajtarThree Unpublished Greek Inscriptions from the National Museum in Warsaw s. 161

A. LosQuand et pourquoi a-t-on envoyc les pretoriens a Pompei? s. 165

A. LukasiewiczKaiser Elagabal in den Papyrusurkunden (Historiographie, Papyriund die offentliche Meinung) s. 171

H. MachajewskiSlroj ludnosci Pomorza Zachodniego i Zaodrzariskiego w czasie od II/III w.do poczatku VI w. s. 177

M. MielczarekZ dzicj6w zaintcresowari Polakow antycznymi zabytkamip61nocnego wybr/eza Mor/.a Czamego s. 183

T. MikockiJcszczejedcn nieborowski y.abytck w Museum. Chartaceum Cassiano dal Pozzoi w warsztacie Piraiiesiego s. 187

L. MorawieckiCyceron i pompejariskie cmisje wojskowe 49 r, p.n.e. s. 193

L. MrozewiczJupiter mil Adler. Einc unveroffentlichte romische Bildlampe aus Mainz s. 199

W. NowakowskiSOYAINOI - lud mie.dzy Ballykicm a Morzcra Czamym s. 205

M. NowickaLes portraits dcs empereurs dans la pcinture: apropos de laressemblanceavec les predecesseurs s. 211

L. PressPolish Travelers to Troy in the 19th c. s. 215

M. SalomonEuropa w Gctica (9) Jordanesa s. 221

T. SarnowskiG. Titius Sim His und eine Krisensituation an der unteren Donau in den letzten Jabrendes2.Jh.n.Chr. s. 225

S. SuchodolskiNumizmatyka i archeologia - korzysci wynikajqee ze wsp61pracy s. 231

W. SuderMa szescdziesiqtkf ... zadaje si% z heterami: Plautus, Mer. 1044-1045.Par^ uwag o starosci i moralnosci seksualnej u Plauta s. 237

/. SliwaSkarabeusze egipskie 7. kolckcji Feliksa Mangghi Jasieriskiego s. 243

P. TarachaCybelc and Old Anatolian Mother Goddesses s. 247

A. WqsowiczArtemis Chryselakatos de Philippcs? Sur 1'inerpretation des reliefs nipestres s. 251

/. / P. WielowiejscyUnikalne nas'ladownictwo CZQSCI rzymskiego naczynia brazowcgo w bursztyniez miejscowosci Ttuste, woj. warszawskie s. 257

J. WolskiSrodkowoazjalyckic plemiona irariskie - nomadzi czy ludnosc osiadla s. 261

R. WoiqgiewiczSzklo w kulturze wielbarskiej s. 265

W. Wroblewski.Rubiez zachodniaczy wschodnia?Z badaii nad poczatkami wczesnos'rcdniowiecznego osadnictwa w dorzeczu Liwca s. 271

J. ZajqcZ Brixij do Noricum: Tapponii w Virunum s. 289

A. ZiotkowskiArchaiczna klientela i dzisiejszy sceptyk s. 297

M. ZioikowskiDisciplinaMilitaris Augusti!Augustorum i jej propagatorzy s. 303

Jacek Andrzejowski & Jes Martens

The Moberg Files - Case Study Lasy

THE FILES

IntroductionDuring the last decade of the interwar period Carl-Axel Moberg made a tour of the archaeological museums

and collections in East Prussia and the Vistuladclta as a preparation for his doctor's dissertation. Moberg was particularlyinterested in the material from the Late Bronze Age up to the Viking Age and made drawings as documentation ofcentral finds. He later arranged the collected information in a card file which he brought with him to Gothenburg wherehe worked as a professor of archaeology at the University of Gothenburg until he retired. When Moberg died in 1987his professional papers, including the files, were transferred to the Gothenburg University Library. Today - as themajority of (.lie archaeological collections of the northeastern Central Europe were lost during World Wai' II - these fileshave become an invaluable source of information. Jn this paper the nature and potential of the files will be described,aid as an example the information on a hitherto unpublished cemetery - Lasy, distr. Elblag (German: Laase, Kr. Stuhm)-wil l be presented.

The BackgroundLarge quantities of antiquities were lost during World War II. No-where was the fighting more severe or

damaging than on the Eastern Front of the Third Reich in the terminal years of the War. With the total destruction ofseveral of the towns in this region followed a destruction of their museums and their relics. In some instances workersof the museums tried to save their artifacts by carrying them off to supposedly safer places in the countryside, eitherstoring them in farm houses or burying them in secrecy. Others carried off the museum files as they escaped in front ofthe front line to the west.

Not all the museum workers survived the War, and, afterwards, a completely new political situation hademerged which prevented the survivors to return to their earlier working places: Poland was moved to the west - andEast Prussia had ceased to exist. Konigsberg (for me time being: Kaliningrad) was in the hands of the Soviet Unionwhich turned the region into an important military point. The southern part of OslpreuBen (East Prussia) became Pol ishas well as theFreie Stadt Danzig (Gdansk), WestpreuBen (West Prussia) and the eastern part of Pommern (Pomerania)including the town Stettin (Szczecin), and the western part of Schlesicn (Silesia) including Breslau (Wroclaw).

In this situation even the surviving materials were lost - because of the diversion between the materials andtheir excavators or hiders. Today one may find parts of Prc-War material preserved, but of little use since the informationabout them is missing .

See: C. J. B e c k e r, Carl-Axel Moberg. * 21/2 1915 f 314 1987. Minnesord av Carl Johan Becker, "Kungi. HumanistiskaVetenskapssamfundet i Lund. Arsberattelse 1987-1988", pp. 19-24.

2"For example: a clay vessel from the cemetery a(Wackcm, Kr. Pr.Eylau(Elanovka,dislr.Bagrationovsk,Russia) from the Prussia-Museum

collection in Konigsberg is kepi in the District Museum in Lublin (W. N o w a k o w s k i , Stan ipolrzeby batlaii nadzachodniobattyjsktm krggiemkutturowym na terenie Polski, y. szczegolnym mvzgl^dntenlem knhuiy bogacz^wskiej. [In:] Stan i porzeby badah nad mlodszym okreseniprzedrzymskfm i okre-sem wpfywow rzymskich w Polsc.e. Mate.riaty zkonferencji, Krakow, 14-16 lislopad 1984, Krakow 1986, p. 379); several smallfinds li'om the WJelbaikculkLregravcfield at WiUenberg, Kr. Stuhm (Wielbark,(own of Malbork) are stored in the ArchaeologicalMuseum in Cracow.

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Thus archaeology in northeastern Central Europe virtually was at the rockbottom after the War. Great nationalprograms were initiated, and within a few years large new materials were dug up - but they couid never really compensatefor the loss . The problem was essential: a majority of the key works still used in archaeology at present were writtenbefore the War, this means a good 50-70 years ago - from the Pre-Roman and Roman Period it is enough to mentionworks of Jozef Kostrzcwski, Erich Biumc, Martin John, Dietrich Bohnsack or Rcinhard Schindler. The archaeologicalsources they had been based on were published very poorly. These works are central to the Iron Age archaeology notonly in this region - but to European Iron Age archaeology at large. But now, when their archaeological base hasvanished, it is very difficult or even impossible to subject their results to a critical examination .

Under these circumstances any information written down for personal use by scholars, who saw these materialsbefore the War, becomes invaluable. It is obvious that many of the German scholars, who worked in the eastern areasof Pre-War Germany, must have left private files behind .

It was after a discussion on such topics with Polish colleagues that one of the present authors decided to askthe then retired professor Moberg about his private files. The chance to ask him personally came, when Mobcrg in late1986 visited the Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology at the Arhus University, where Jes Martens then was a student.Being a friend of Eastern European archaeology Moberg understood the problem. He suggested to discuss it inGothenburg in the next spring and to take a look at the material. The meeting never took place. During the first days ofthe New Year Moberg became ill and died on the third of April 1987.

The Discovery of the Moberg FilesIn the autumn 1987, when visiting the Gothenburg Archaeological Museum, Martens asked fil. dr. Jaii

Nordbladh at I he Institute of Archaeology about the fate of Moberg's files. Nobody knew about it, but Nordbiadh feltconfident that they would turn up sooner or later, as all the professional papers of Moberg had been handed over to theUniversity Library. He promised to let us know, when they turned up, and so they did in spring 1988. The tola! materialcomprised 5 boxes of card files which consisted of thousands of single sheets with information on Late Bronze Ageand Iron Age grave finds or deposits from East and West Prussia, Pomerania and Scandinavia. Some information wereobviously taken from publications - others were unpublished materials. The bulk of material stemmed from the Gdanskregion and Samland.

The Genes isCarl-Axel Moberg passed his f i l . kand. examination at the Lund University in December 1936 . The

examination included archaeology, history and Slavonic languages - the latter stressing Russian. Two years later, inDecember 1938, followed the fil. lie. titled: "Studies on the Relative Chronology of Early Iron Age Northern Europe".Finally in 1941 Moberg defended his doctorate: "Zonenglicderungcn der vorchristlichen Eiscnzeit in Nordcuropa". Thetwo latter works were partly based on primary studies of the archaeological materials in northeastern Central Europe.

Already in 1935 Moberg made his first study trip to Poland and visited among other places the archaeologicalmuseum in Warsaw. The same year he took part in a conference in Cracow . However, the major part of his basematerial, Moberg collected when he spent half a year in Gdansk working on part-time contract at the Swedish consulatein Spring 1937. At the same time he was employed as a teacher of Scandinavian and Polish at the Swedish consulatein Gdynia (between 8th of March to 20th of July 1937). In spite of these duties, or rather because of them, Moberg wasable to travel all over the southeastern costal area of the Baltic at a lime when the political situation was already tense,

o

and speaking both German and Polish lie had no problems getting around .

3Compare: Stan ipoir-cby.... especially papers byJ . A n d r z e j o w s k i & A . B u r s c h c . W. N o w a k o w s k j and R. W o-

la.gi c w j c -L. See also: A. A b ram o w j c z, Historlaarcheofagiipolskiej. XfXi XXwiek, Warszawa-Lodz 1991, pp. 139-194.4

Thai is why. for instance, we h;we lo use Hie R. Schindler's classifications of the Wielbark culture pottery- otherwise we would haveno information of more than a thousand of pots found before the War (cf. R. W o \, g i e w i c 7, Chronolagia ce.ramiki kultuiy wielbarskiej wswietle dotychczasowego slanu badan, "Arclieologia Poiski". 32/1, I9S7, pp. 169-208: sec also: J. A n d r z c j o w s k i , A. B i l n c r - W r o b -l e w s ka, W. N o w a k o w s k i , Seminariuni "Ce.ratnika kultuiy wie.lbarskiej: problamy typv/ogii i chronologti w swietle anal'izy zespolow ?wartycli ",Malbork-Gdansk 25-26 listopada 1985 r_, " ArcheoJogia Polski", 32/1. 1987. pp. 239-241.

As for example the files of professor Martin Jahn, today kept in thr Institute of Archaeology at the- University of Warsaw.

C. -A. M o b e r g , Curriculum Vifar, Application to Kungliga Vilterhels Historic och AiiUkvitctsakademien, Stockholm, July 1950.

C. -A. M o b e r g , Vaster-ftster-Soder, fin:] Nar jarnet torn, Gotchorg 1976, p. 31.Q

C. -A. M o b e r g . Curricubn Vitae ...; see: C. J. B e c k e r . Carl-Axel Moberg ... .

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The ContentsAll in all Moberg visited 18-20 museums during his two tours in northern Germany and Poland in the last

decade before World War IT. From the files it appears thai he visited the museums and collections in Danzig (Gdansk),Elbing (Elblag), Gdynia, Instcrburg (Chemyakhovsk), Konigsberg (Kaliningrad), Koslin (Koszalin), Lauenburg (LQ-bork), Marienburg (Malbork), Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), Ortelsburg (Szczytno), Poznari, Rugenwaldc (Darlowo),Schneidemiihle (Pila), Stolp (Slupsk), Swinemiindc (Swinoujscie), Tilsit (Sovetsk), Tomri, Treptow a.d. Rega (Trzc-biatow). Whether the tour included a visit to Berlin and Szczecin (Stettin) is less certain.

The result was more than 2000 sheets with information about finds and relics. Of these about 1900 were drawnfrom the original finds, whereas the rest were re-drawings from publications. The majority of the sheets concern gravefinds, but deposits especially from the Late Bronze Age, but also from the Late Iron Age, have caught Moberg's interestas well. The bulk of the material dates to the Late Prc-Romon and Roman Period (about 1200 sheets), whereas the LateBronze Age - Early Iron Age and the Migration and Early Medieval Period amount lo about 400 and 350 sheets

10 " "respectively .A single file is of ca 13.5 x 22.2 cm (I.e. about half size of the standard A-4): on one side there is a label

including the name of the site, the museum where thcrclics arc kept (with the museum numbers) and shoit characteristicsof the find (grave, stray find, deposit), while the other side is covered by the drawings of selected relics and brieflynamed artifacts; all was hand written in Swedish. The majority of the drawings were made in pencil, only a few in ink.Though the sketches are rather rough and free in style, they give precise information about the type of each artifact, asdemonstrated below (Fig. IA-B, IIA-B). In some cases Moberg even copied the excavation plans of larger cemeteries.

About 1250 sheets, or about 2/3 of the files, refer to finds of the Museum fur Natur- und Vorgcschichtc inDanzig (former Westpreussisches Provinzial-Muscum). 120 sheets refer to finds in Poznari, and 270 to the museumsin Konigsberg - the former mainly dating to the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age, the latter mainly to the LateRoman and Migration Period. A fourth major collection was the Stadtischcn Museum in Marienburg which includedthe majority of the finds from the eponym site of Ihe Wielbark Culture - the Willenberg cemetery (Wi el bark, town ofMalbork, distr. Elblag). Over 100 sheets stem from this site alone. From the large but very little known cemetery fromNeuguth, Kr. Kulm (Nowe Dobra, comni. Chelmno, distr. Toruii) there is 355 sheets and a copy of the burial groundplan. Even less known is the cemetery from Schonwarling, Kr. Danziger Hohe (Skowarcz, comm. Pszcz61ki, distr.Gdansk) - this is represented in 223 sheets. It is worth to mention 58 cards and a plan of the gravcfield from Langfuhr,Kr. Dan/.iger Hohe (Gdansk-Wrzcszcz) and 80 files and a plan of the cemetery from Praust-Zuckerfabrik, Kr. DanzigerHohe (Pruszcz Gdariski, distr. Gdansk, site 4) as well. The most interesting pail of the Early Iron Age materials isconstituted of 58 sheets with relics and a plan of the site from Schwarzau, Kr. Putzig (Swarzewo, comm. Puck, distr.Gdansk) and 11 sheets from GroBendorf, Kr. Putzig (Wielka Wies', town of Wiadyshrwowo, distr. Gdansk). From EastPrussia the largest group of files (67 sheets) is from the cemetery from Linkuhnen, Kr. Elchniederung (Rzevskoe, distr.Slavsk, Russia), but it is worth to mention 10 cards from Pruschinowen-Wolka, Kr. Sensburg (WolkaPmsinowska,comm. Pieeki, distr. Ols/.tyn) or 7 files from Oberhof, Kr. Memel (Aukstkiemiai, Lithuania).

The files comprise information about a total of approximately 450 sites. Among the Late Bronze Age/EarlyIron Age sites deposits predominate with about 50%, graves/cemeteries coming second with 45%. In the LatePre-Roman/Roman Period files graves/cemeteries dominate completely with about 75%, stray finds and finds withoutfurther information coming second with about 25%. About 75% of the sites dating to the Migration and Early MedievalPeriod arc graves/cemeteries, whereas 22% are deposits, and 3% stray finds or finds without further information.

It is informative to note which museums Moberg did not visit. Except for a visit to Poznari Moberg did notventure on tours into the Polish hinterland. It means that the collected information mainly or almost exclusively concernsthe coastal areas of the Lausitz and the Pomeranian Culture, the Oksy wie and the Wielbark Cultures and the West BaitCircle cultures, but not the Przeworsk Culture. Only 9 of the Poznari files concern the latter culture complex. In short;the Moberg files reflect a major interest in the period between the Late Bronze Age and the Late Roman Period ofPomerania, and in the Late Roman to Early Medieval Period of East Prussia. This order of priority is quite logical froma Swedish point of view.

9We used at (he first position the geographical names as they were noticed by Cart-Axel Moberg then present Polish or Russian ones.

We shall not give (he Ini l list oi' finds and Sites mentioned by Moberg because part of the files still needs more detailed researches to

identified and cnmlctcd with the present names.

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FutureThe files do have a great potential if printed . Bui a publication would be of limited value, if the information

were not cross-examined with published information as well as other existing files. This is a large and laborious projectwhich we, however, intend 10 venture upon.

AcknowledgementsWe wish to express our gratitude to professor Jarl Nordbladh, Institute of Archaeology at Gothenburg

University, and archivist Anders Larsson, the University Library, Gothenburg University for assistance with findingthe files. Furthermore we would like to thank mgr Henryk Paner, Director of the Archaeological*Museum in Gdanskwho allowed us to publish information from the Laase catalogue kept in this museum.

CASE STUDY LASY

As an example of the nature and potentiality oi" the files we would finally like to make a lull presentation ofone site chosen from the Moberg files - the cemetery at Laase, Kr. Stulim (Lasy, comm. Stary Targ, distr. Elblag) withburials from theOksywie and Wielbark cultures. The 28 sheets with information about this site arc quite typical of thefiles in general. The site is rather small and easy to review, but almost unknown except for short reports from theexcavations and a few mentions about older finds. The materials which were stored in the Hcimalmuseum inMaricnwerdcr (Kwidxyn), were supposedly destroyed totally, but in the archives of the Archaeological Museum inGdansk were fortunately preserved files with short descriptions of the graves, lists of the s^ravc goods, and sometimes

[2 ' ^photos of the burials. This allows us to compare the two sources .The cemetery was already known at the end of the XIX century. Thus A. Lissauer ~ mentioned from the

collections of the WestpreussischeProvinzial-Musemn m Dan?.\g (Gdansk) 2 Hakenfibeln mi tbreitem until Hakenfibelmit schmalem Biigel uml durchbrochcnem Nadelhallcr which in Skelctlgrdbern bei Laase gcfunden warden. One ofthe brooches, of the type A.68, was depicted; another one is apparently an eye-brooch of the Prussian series. O. Almgrenlater referred to these fibulae , but he registered 4 brooches of the type A.52, 1 of type A.46-47 and 2 of type A.67-68. Later E. Blume1 mentioned the site according to the Almgren*s work.

The museum acquired some new relics during the first decade of the XX century, when the farmer from Laase,Majcwski, presented it with 3 bron/.c fibulae, 2 richly decorated bronze bracelets and many beads ausgolduberfangenetnGlas, Email und Bcrgkristal, wohl aus einigcn Skcletigrabcrn \y these very bracelets, which arc of a veryrare form, were published with a very rough drawings in 1939 by J. Rosen-Przeworska . New finds were uncoveredby the field owner Alexander Majewski in the mid 20ties (einigc Skeletle mitBcigabcn }. These were brought to theStiidtischen Museum in Elbing (Elblag) in 1926. In 1928 the artifacts were transferred to the Heimatmuseum in

Already now we have the first proof of this. On the base ofMoberg's plan of the burial ground at Langfuhr. Kr. Danziger Hohe.M. Pietr/iik from (he Archaeological Museum in Gdansk in 1992 identifies Ihe place of the grave field in a present quarter Wrzeszcz of the town ofGdansk.

12The Archaeological Museum in Gdansk, folder 1150.

13 A . L i s sa u er. Die Prahistorische n Denknialei der Provinz Westpreussen und der angre.nz.ende.il Gebiete. Leipzig 1887. p. 150.pi. IV: 14.

O. A l m g r e n . Stuciirn /iber nordeuropaische Fibelformen der e.rsien nachchristlichen Jahrintnderte mit Beructeichtigung derprovinzialrdmischen und siidrussischen Formen. Stockholm 1897, pp. 148. 156.

C. B 1 u m e, Die germanisehen Stcinim? und die Kulturen z\vischen Oder und Passarge zur romischen Kaiserzeit, Part !.Mannus-Bibliothek 8, Wiirzburg 1912, p. 158; Part II, Mannus-Bibholhek 14. Wiirzburg 1915, p. 154.

XXXi. und XXXII. Amlb'cher IScricht iiber die Verwaltung der naturgeschichthchen, vorgeschichtlichen line! voikskundh'chcnSammlung des Westpreussischen Provinzial-Museums fiir das Jahren 1910/19,. Danzig 1912, p. 27. Two old photos of these relics are st i l l kept inthe Archaeological Museum in Gdansk, (older 1150. One of them shows both bracelets, another one presents 3 brooches anc! a necklace of 42 beads.Two of the brooches are different eye fibulae of the main series of Almgren's group III. Ihe third seems to conform with the type A. 19a.

17 "J. R o s e n - P r z e w o r s k a. Zabytki celtyckie tia ziemiach polskich, "Swiatowjt" 19. 1939, pp. 122-123, fig. 31:1-2 ant! note 252:Gdansk. Muzeuni mie.jskie. V.S. 17053 a, b. Dar Majewskiego, 1910. flic type is clearly of Celtic origin. See; J. A n d r z e j o w s k i , The RomanPeriod branches Made, of Decoralive.ly Coiled Wire. [In:] Barbaricum 2: Stiidia z archeologii ludow barbarzyhskich wybrzeza Baltyku ! dorxeczaWisly.Warszawal992, p. 171.

1RB- E h r l i c h. [In:] "Nachrichtenblatt fiirdculschc Vorgeschichte", 3, 1927, p. 146.

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Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). This resulted in an excavation carried out by ihe head of this museum, Waldemar Heym, thesame year in July . Only these materials have been examined and drawn by Moberg.

Later on, the materials from Laase, both from Heym's excavations and older, have been mentioned quilc often,20 21 ?2but never published as a whole. Probably only D.Bohnsack ,R. Schindler and, of course, C.-A. Moberg" , examined

the relics from Lasy themselves, while other scholars based their works on older publications"1. Among present Polisharchaeologists referring to the Lasy materials" , only R. Wola_giewicz~" has made use of the documentation kepi in thearchives of the Archaeological Museum in Gdansk.

The Cataloguehi the following catalogue Ihe text in quotation-marks (".-") is the original description by C.-A. Mobcre

translated into English. In addition to this, we give an interpretation and a typological determination of the drawings"'.Our own comments to the single relics are put into square brackets - [...]. The information from the archives of Gdanskmuseum are put into brackets with sign MAG - (MAG:...); we standardized punctuation here and corrected obviousmistakes. Each number of Ihe figure corresponds with the grave number. The grave descriptions are supplemented wilhreferences to the published information of the artifacts or the burials.

THE LASY CEMETERY

Grave 1: "Inhumation, two children".Grave 2: "Inhumation, disturbed". 2 different [bronze?] brooches A.57-59.

Ref.: H. Hcym, Gotengrabcr..., fig. 6.Grave 3: "Cremation, umgrave". Clay pot Sch. 13A, [glass? or faience?] mcllon-like bead type 155-171, disc-shape

[amber?! bead type 391, [bronze?] brooch A.95/96, needle.(MAG: Urnengrab. Uroe frei stehend im Sande. Oberteil zerstort. Lcichenbrand i. d. Urne).Ref.: R. Schindler, Die Bcsiedlungsgcschichle..., p. 153 N 13:18; R. Wola_gjewicz, Chronologia..., "Archeo-logiaPolski" 32/1:1987, p. 189:17.

Grave 5: "Inhumation, skeleton resting on the belly, arms as if he were pressing against the soil, the legs were closetogether, the head turned halfway upwards. No goods".(MAG: Skclettgrab. Sk. gut erhalten, auf dem Bauchc 1 legend. Holzkohle an dcr Schuller u. dem Beckon.Keine Bcigaben).

19 H. H c y m . Goie-ngrahcrbei Marienburg, "AltpreuBen". 2/2, 1937. pp. 62-65.20

D. B o h n s a c k , Die Burganden in Qstdeuschland andPolen, Leipzig 1938, p. 133 list 4.21

R. S c h i n d 1 e r. Die Best&dlwngsg&schichte derGoten undGepiden im untcren Weichsetraum auf Grand der Tongefasse, Leipzig1 note 5. pp. 152,153.22

C. -A. M o h e rg, Zonengliederimgendervarge3chichtlichenEisenze.it inNordeuropa^imd 1941. p. 133 note 463: i &&ta,Almgren68. Om dairying av enjjbulafonnfrdnromerskjarnaIder,"Foinv3sm&a", 44. 1949. p. 128 notes 28-30.

O. K I i n d I - J e n s c n. Foreign Influences in Denmark's Early iron Age, "Ada Arcbacologica" 20. 1949 (1950), pp. 220, 222,223.based mi Moberg and was (he source for both H.J. E g g e r s , Derromische Import im freieii German/en, Hamburg 1951, p. I04:634a, andn. S l j e r n q u i s t , Siniris. On Cultural Connections of Scania in the Roman Iron Age, Lund 1955, p. 57 (preparing Hi is work she borrowed Mobcrg'sliles). Ks. W. L § g a. Handel miedzy paftstwem rzymskim a Pomorzem nadwlslanskim vd I w. przed n.e. do VI w. n.e., "Przeg1a_d Archeologiezny"!0. 1954-1956(1958),p.71: 17-20,73:43,and J. Garbsc!i,Otefl<?r/^/j-/»<n^Hfac/)6^^zur Vor-und Hriihaescliichlc" 11, Munch en 1965. p. 229: 732 based on both Heym and (icgers.

24 ,1. W i e t o w i e j s k i. Kmilalay Noricuw i Pannonii z ludanii pfihiocnyini. Wroclaw-Warszawa-Krakow 1970, p. 326; K. W a 16 n-t a, Obrza.dekpogrtebowy na Ponwrzu w okresiepoznolatc.j'iskini i rzyniskini. "Archaenlogia Ballica" V. Lodz 1980/1981, p. 133.

25R. Wohvgiewicz,C/H-(i;w/(»g/</...,"ArchcologiaPolski".32/l. 1987.p. 189:17; i dem. Chronologiaceramikikutturywielbftrskiej,

Part 2, WarsKiwa ] 992 fimpubl. raanusci-ipt], p. 382.26

Pottery: R. S c h i n d l e r . Die Besie.dlungsgeschichie ... andR. W c i j a _ g i e w ! c z . Chronologia .... Part 1 and 2, Warszawa 1992[uopubl.manuscript]. Brooches: O. Almgrcn,Studie i t . - , ,nndi . KQslrzcw&kl.DieostgennanLvcIwKultiirderSpatlatenewit.Martnus-BiMMlhck.18. Wiir/burg 1919. Beads: M. T em p elm ann -M %c zy 6 s ka, Die Prrlen derr&mischGn Kaiserzeit undderfruhen Phase, der Volkenvanderangszeitii>t mitleteuropaischen Barbaricum, Mainz am Rheui 1985. Bracelets: E. B 1 u m e. Die germanischen Sliimme .... Part I. Shield-headed bracelets:'I'. W 6 j c i k. Pomorskift for/ity bransolet wezowatych z okresu rzymskiego, "Maferialy /.iichodniopommskic" 24, 1978 (1982). pp. 35-109.Belt-buckles: R. M a d y d a - L e g u t k o. Die GiJi-telschnallen der Romischen Kaiserzeit and der Romischen Kaiserze.it mid der jriihenVolkerwanderimgszeit im mitteleuropaischen Barbaricum, B. A.R. International Series 360. Oxford 1986 (1987).

51

Gra ve 7: "Inhumation, Ihc legs slightly bent. The two eye-brooches placed at the shoulders". {Bronze?] brooches A.236cand A.68, pendant made of an animal [bear's? ] tooth, [glass?] head with circular inlays [of other colour?]group XX or XXI, piece of potleryf?] in a bowl shape, "Iron".Ref.:H. Heym, Golengrabcr,.., fig. 4; C.-A. Moberg, Om datering..., p. 128 note 29; J. Garhsch, Dienorisch-pamionische..., p. 229:732.

Grave 8: "Inhumation, one legs slightly bent, the head resting on its side". 2 [bronze?] brooches A.45, [bronze?]brooches A.236c and A.68, piece of pottery, gold [glass with golden folie] bead group XXIX, glass bead groupI.(MAG: Skciettgrab. Sk. gut erhalten. Kopf auf d. r. Seite liegend. - 0,70 m. Beigaben: 1 Sc'hcrbe vor d. Gesichl.2 Fibe-In am Halsc. 2 Fibeln an den Schultern. 1 eis. Nadcl am Hinterkopf (zerfalien). 1 Perlcnschnur. Eiser.Reste auf d. Bntst (Gurlelschnalle?). Hol/kohle um d. Sk.).Ref.: H. Heym, Gotengraber..., fig. 5; C.-A. Moberg, Om datering..., p. 128 note 28.

Grave 9: "Inhumation, resting on the back, NW". [Bronze?] brooch A.57-59 [with traces of spring reparation?],2 different [bronze?] brooches A.60-61, 2 unprofilcd [bronze?] bracelets type Blume fig. 73-75.(MAG: Skelcttgrab. Sk. auf d cm Riicken iicgend, langausgestreckt. Schaciel ieichterhdht. - 0,80m. Beigaben:3 Fibeln, 2 am Halsc, ] auf d. Brusl, jc 1 Armring am Unlcrarni).

Grave 10: (MAG: Skelcttgrab. Sk. auf r. Seite Iicgend, Kopf im Osten, die iibrigen Sk. liegend rait dem KopfimW, Nach dem Zahnbcfund Jugendlichcr. - 0,85 m. Beigaben kcine).

Grave 11: "Inhumation, child, badly preserved". Brooch A.149 with silver [pressed sheet? or filigree?] cover, ironneedle.(MAG: Skelettgrab. Schlecht crhaltencs Kindersk. Kopf auf r. Seite liegend. - 0,75 m. Beigaben: 1 StuckchenEisen (Nade!) vor dem Gesichl (zcrfallcn), 1 silberplattierte Fibcl am Halse).

27Grave 12: "Inhumation burial, crouched on Ihc right side, NE". [Bronze?] brooch of special form" .(MAG: Skelcttgrab. Sk. schlecht erhalten. auf derr. Seite liegend. Hacker. - 0,70m. Vom Schadei lagdiehal-be Kalotte auf dem Beck. Beigaben: 1 Fibel auf d. liken Schulter).

Grave 13: "Inhumation burial, crouched on the right side". 2 [bronze?] brooches A.52, [bronze?] brooch A.Ill, mainseries, "Iron".(MAG: SkeleLtgrab. Hockcr. Schiidcl fastgan/, vcrgangen. Auf d. rcchten Seite Iicgend. -1,05 m_ Beigaben: 3Fibeln. I Sliickchcn Eisen am Hals (vergangcn)).

Grave 14: "Inhumation, resting on the back". [Bronze?] brooch type O ace. to Kostrzewski, covered with gold,2 [bronze?]brooches A.45.(MAG: Skelettgrab. Sk. gut erhalten. lang ausgestrcckt. Ruckenlage. - 1,10m. Beigaben: 3 Fibeln am Halsc).

Grave 15: (MAG: Skelettgrab. Sk. gut erhalten. Kopfim Oslcn. Kopf etwas nach links geneigt. Holzkohlcn amOberkorper. -. 1,00 m. Beigaben: 1 Fibe! am Hals, 1 Spinnwirlel auf der Schulter).

Grave 16: "Inhumation". [Bronze?] brooch type O ace. to Kostrzcwski, [bronze?] brooch A.45-46.(MAG: Skelettgrab. Nur noch cinzelnc Teilc des Sk. erhalten. (Obcrarm u. Oberschenkclknocb.cn). In Kinn-hohe zwei Fibeln. - 0,70 bis 1,10 in).

N" 17: (MAG: Streufund: Latene-fibel. - 0,60 m).Grave 18: (MAG: Skeletlgrab. Sk. fast ganz vergangen. - 0,75 m. Keinc Beigaben).Grave 19: (MAG: Skelettgrab. Kind, ohnc Beigaben. - 0,80 m. Sk. schlecht erhalten. Scbadelteilc zerstrctit).Grave 20: "Inhumation, resting on the back, the head resting on its left side". 2 [bron/c?] brooches A.Ill, main series,

[bronze?] bracelet with ball shape endings lypc Blumc fig. 71, [iron?] belt buckle type AC 13.(MAG: Skelettgrab. Sk. auf dem Riicken Iicgend. Kopf naeh linken Schulter geneigt. - 0,85 m. Beigaben:1 Fibcl auf der r. Schulter, I Fibcl am Hals. Armband am I. LJnterarm. Eis. Gurtelschnailc oberhalbdes Bee kens).Ref.: H. Heym, Gotengrabcr..., fig. 7,

27 '["his is unique lypc. "Hie only parallel brooch was found in grave 1 at Kronwinkl, Bayem, dated from LT D2 phase (W. K r ii m e r,

En^t£m;zeitticlieBrandgraberau$KronwaiktinNieckrbayern,"G&taisiniii"'37, 1959, p. 142, fig. 1:2, pi 21:1;

and die latenezeitlicIienFlachgraberinSudbayern, Die Ausgcabuogen in Munching 9, Stuttgart 1985, p. 143, pi. 104:1).

52

Grave 21: "Inhumation, 1.15 m, resting on the right side,NW, cut by grave 22". [Bronze?] brooch typeO ace. toKos-tr/,ewski.(MAG: SkclelLgrab. UnterGrab 22. Auf rechter Seiteliegend. Nur Oberkorper bis zumBccken in ungcstortcrLage. Die Schenkelknochen durch die Anlage des Grabes 22 verschobcn. - 1,15 m. 1 Fibel am Kopf).Ref.: H. Hcym, Gotengraber..., fig. 3; D. Bohnsack, Die Burgunden..., p. 133 list 14 (here graves 21-22 arewrongly descripted as a single burial).

Grave 22: (MAG: Skeleltbestattung in ciner groBen ova]en Brandgrube (D: 1/1,5m). - 0,95 m. Auch unLer dem Sk.Brandschutt. In dern Brandschult. Hol/.kohle, Schcrbcn, 1 Armreif u. 1 Fibel. Elwas i'einer Lcichenbrand.Am Nordrande dcr Grube ein groBer Stein. Vordem Kopf dcs Sk.,da.s in derGrubclag,ein zweiter Stein. Sk.:Schadel u. Korper auf d. rechtcn Scite liegend. Beinc angezogen. Beigabcn: 3 Fibeln am Halse. 1 Annreifam link. Unterarm. 1 BeigabengefiiB an dcr link. Schulter, umgckippL). [+ 2 photos]Ref.: D. Bohnsack, Die Burgunden..., p. 133 list 14 (here graves 21-22 are wrongly described as a singleburial).

Grave 22a: "Inhumation, resting on the right side, cutting graves 22b and 21". Clay polSch. 13B, 3 different [bronze?]brooches A.57-59, ornamented [bronze? j unprofiled bracelet type Blume fig. 73-75, [glass?] bead group I.[there arc two files o(" this grave with slightly different drawings, cf. figs. ITb and 22a]Ref.: H. Heym, Gotengraber..., fig. 9; R. Schindler, Die Besiedlungsgcschichte...,p. 153 N° 13:19; R. Wo-lqgjewic/,,Chronologia...,"ArcheologiaPolski"32/l:1987,p. 189:17.

Grave 22b: "Cremation pit cut by grave 22a, cutting grave 21". [Bronze?] brooch A.II1, prussian series, [bronze?]shield-headed bracelet type III ace. to Wojcik, pieces of pottery.

Grave 23: "Inhumation". 3 different bronze brooches type O ace. to Kostrzewski.(MAG: Skclcttgrab. Erhalten isl nur der Oberkorper. Schadel ganz platt gediiickt. Kopf im O. - 1,00 m.3 Latene-fibeln am Hals, Schulterblatt u. EHenbogen).

Grave 24: (MAG: Skelettgrab. ZcrsLort. Erhalten sind nur die Arrnc. Zwei Scherben am rechten Obcrarm KeincBeigabcn. - 1,05 m).

Grave 25: "Inhumation burial, crouched on the right side". 2 different [bron/e?] brooches type O ace. to Kostrzewski.(MAG: Skelellgrab. Hockergrab. Auf rechten Seiteliegend. - 1,05 m. Beigaben: 2 Fibeln am Hals),Ref.: C.-A. M.obcrg, Zonenglicdcrungen..., p. 133 note 463 (a clay pot wrongly mentioned here).

Grave 26: "Inhumation, child resting on the back, NW". [Bronze?] brooch A. 113.(MAG: Skeletlgrab. Kinder. Nur Teilc erhalten. Kopf auf der rechtcn Seite liegend. Korper auf dem Riickenliegend. - 0,90 m. 1 Fibel auf dem Kopf).

Grave 27: "Inhumation, child resting on Ihe back". 2 different [bronze?] brooches A.52-53[?], 2 [glass?] beadsgroup I.(MAG: Skclctlbextattung. Kind. Ruckenlage, Gesicht aufwarls. - 0,45 m. Schadel von 27 liegt auf dem Beckenvon 28. 2 Fibeln auf der Schulter, 2 Perlen am Hals).

Grave 28: "Inhumation". Small clay bowl Sch. 12A.(MAG: Skelettbestattung. Jugendlicher. Mockers tell ung. Sk. auf der rechtcn Seite liegend. Hande vor demGesicht. - 0,50 m. 1 BeigefaB vor der Sim in 10 cm Abstand. OITnung nach unten. Dancben 1 Scherbc).Ref.: R. Schindler, Die Besiedlungsgeschichle..., p. 152 N° 12:28.

Grave 28b: (MAG: Restc ciner Sk.bestattung, nur Ober- u. Unterschenkcl erhalten. - 0,60 m),Grave 29: "Inhumation burial, crouched on the right side". [Bronze?] brooch type O ace. to Koslrzewski.

(MAG: Skelettbestattung. Hocker, Sk. rechter Seite liegend. Kopf ganz vcrgangen. - 0,65 m. Beigaben: } Fibelauf der Schullcr).

Grave 29b: (MAG: Skelettbestattung. Bis auf die Rippcn und das GcbiB zerstort. - 0,50 m. Keinc Beigaben).Grave 30: "Inhumation burial, crouched on the right side". 2 [bronze?] brooches A.67, clay spindle-whorl.

(MAG: Skclctthestattung. Hocker auf rechter Seite liegend. Skelett wird eingepackt. - 0,90 m. 2 Fibeln amHalse. 1 Tonperle). [+ 2 photos j

Ref.: H. Heym, Gotengraber..., fig. 2.Grave 31: "Inhumation, resting on the back, head to E". Clay pot Sch. 13A, 2 different [bronze?] brooches A.68.

(MAG: Skelettbcstattung. Zum Teil nur erhalten (Kopf, Schulter u. r. Arm, beide Obcrschenkel). Rtickcnlage.Kopf auf der rechtcn Seite. Kopf im Oslen. - 0,85 m. Scherbe einer schwarzen Schale an 1. Schulter.2 Latenc-fibeln auf den Schultem. 1 kl. BeigabengefaB in ausgcworfenen Erdc).

53

Ref.: R. Schindler, Die Besiedlungsgcscbichte...,p. 153 N° 13:20; R. Wol<-jgiewicz, Chronologia..., "Archco-IogiaPolski"32/l:I987, p. 189:17.

N 32; (MAG: Slrcufund in der ausgeworfcnen Erde: Schlangcnkopfarmring).Rcf.: H. Heym, Gotengraber..., fig. 8,

Grave 33: (MAG: Skeicttgrab. Erhallcn nur die Obcrschcnkel. - 0,90 m).Grave 34: (MAG: Skclettbcstattung. Hocker auf derrechten Seite liegend, Kciiie Beigaben. - 1,00m).

Rcf.: H. Heym, Gotengnibcr..., fig. 1.Grave 35: "Inhumation, crouch, resting on the left side". 2 [bronze?] brooches A.68, fglass? or faience?] mellon-likc

bead type J55-171, disc-shape [amber?] bead type 391.(MAG: Skclettbeslattung. Hocker auf der linken Seite licgend. Kind. - 1,15 m. 2 Fibeln am Hals, 2 Perlen amrcchten Oberarm).

N° 35b: (MAG: Ende eines Armringes. Streufund. - 0,50 in).Grave 36: "Inhumation burial, crouched on the right side". [Bronze?] brooch A.57-59.

(MAG: Skclettgrab. Hocker auf der rcchten Seitc liegend. Kind. - 1,00 m. 1 Fibcl an der Schulter).N° 37: (MAG: Fibelspirale mit Nadel. Streufund).Grave 38: "Inhumation, resting on the right side". Clay pot Sch. 13A, [bronze?] brooches A.68 and A.57-59, half

of an unprofiled [bronze? [ bracelet type Blume fig. 71.(MAG: Skclettgrab. Kopf u. Korper auf linker Scite, nurlinkes Bein erhalten. - 1,00m. 2 Fibeln auf derBrust.1 Armring am linken Unterarm. 1 kl. GefaB an der rechtcn Kopfseite, auf der Seite liegend).Ref.: R. Schindler, DicBesicdlungsgeschichte...,p. 153 N° 13:21; C.-A. Moberg, Om dalering..., p. 128 note30; R. Wolagiewicz, Chronologia..., "Archeologia Polski" 32/1:1987, p. 189:17.

N° 39: (MAG: Fibel. Streufund).

Warszawa-Copenhagen 1993

APPENDIX

9ftCorrespondence between Ole Klindt-Jenscn and Carl-Axel Moberg on the Laase cemetery"

29While preparing his dissertation O!c Klindt-Jcnsen in 1946 decided to consult Carl-Axel Moberg on amatlerconcerning the Laasc gravefield. Moberg, who at that time was in the middle of a military career and did not work asan archaeologist, was very pleased and made a very detailed answer. Thus from this correspondence we gel a veryinteresting insight into his own opinion on his files and his additional knowledge. That is why we bring the fullcorrespondence below. Both the first and the second letter arc typed while the third one is hand written. The letters arem Danish and Swedish respectively and have been translated into English by Vibcke Vandrup-Martens.

Certain deviations can be detected between the description of the graves listed in his letter and the filesthemselves. This permits us to suspect that he kept a diary with additional notices. Unfortunately this diary, if everexisted, has not turned up so far. The grave list in the letter also shows that Moberg did not note stray finds from thecemetery and mostly avoided registering graves without grave goods. Thai is why his list is not full, but this he did notremember himself, when he 9 years later wrote the letter to Klindt-Jenscn. A final twist in this correspondence is thatnone of the writers at this time appeared to know that the material had vanished during the war.

The deviations between the list and the files are as follows:Grave 2: in the letter the metal of the brooch is stated.Grave 9: in the letter the metal of the bracelet is stated.Graves 12, 22b, and 23 which contained grave goods, including brooches, were included in the files but not

in the list.

28J. Martens got an access to those letters in 1994 only, so we cannot use them white working on the Laase files-

290. K 1 i n d t - J e n s e n. Foreign . . . .

54

Grave 15, containing grave goods, is mentioned in the list hut not in the files.Furthermore comparing Mobcrg's notices to the files kept in the Archaeological Museum in Gdansk the

following should be noted:Graves 10, 18, 19, 24, 28b, 29b, 33 and 34 which were without grave goods are neither present at the list nor

included in the files as well as stray finds N° 17, 32, 35b, 37, and 39.

AcknowledgementsWe wish to thank Cajsa Lund for giving us access to the personal library or"Carl-Axel Mobcrg and for allowing

us to publish these letters.

Letter 1

The National Museum, Copenhagen March the 27th 1946.

Dear dr. MobergA month ago, during my stay in Sweden, I tried to get in touch with you in order lo discuss certain problems

which among other things are treated in your book "Zonenglicderungen...". Unfortunately, I never got the opportunityto do so and that is why I am now trying to catch you up with it. I am about to finish a dissertation, amongst other thingson the southern and eastern connections of Kraghede, and have in this connection touched the problem of thedistribution of the inhumation burial rite. In your dissertation you mention from Laase, West Prussia, a late La Teneinhumation grave which is unknown to me (grave 25, p. 133, note 463). As 1 assume that your information is first handI would like to !<now what the contents of this grave were, if you are able to tell me that now.

I would have enjoyed to discuss the problems with you, but I shall probably not get the chance to go to Swedenagain before my book is finished, and you are - so I am told - very busy yourself.

Best regards! Bfijrnjust visited the museum yesterday. I promised him to bring his regards.Yours sincerely,

Ole Klindt-Jensen

Letter 2

Nockeby, March the 30th J946.

30Dear inspektfir Klindt-Jensen(Firstly I hope that I am not using wrong title and secondly that I do not remember your name incorrectly.

Should that be the case, then I do apologize. Concerning the title, I have a lively memory from the first time I was towork for a period at the National Museum. For Forssander's last, advice before I left was following; say "inspcklfir" toeverybody whose title you do not know - the risk of meeting any of the few "not-inspekt0rs" is next to nothing.")

The inhumation grave which I mentioned on page 133 in "Zonengliederungen...", nole 463 comes from acemetery by Laase, Kreis Sluhm, former West Prussia. What I know about the finds from this gravefteld stems from avisit for a couple of hours in the Museum in. Marienwerder (today probably called Kwidzyn), in the summer of 1937.Studienra! Heym who, as far as I remember, conducted the excavations himself, showed me the finds. I made some hastynotices and sketches. Due to these circumstances I suppose that you cannot base much credit neither on those nor onmy now vague memories of the finds.

Concerning the excavations itself, it was carried out the year or the years just before 1937. From what 1 wastold, from the conditions of the finds, and from photos and the plans from the investigations I was convinced, that it wascarried out with expertise and skill. Thus the results should be reliable. Personally, Hcym certainly gave the impressionof being a bit of an odd fellow, but on She other hand he did not seem to suffer from, any preconceived opinions. Of thelocal scholars f met in that area he gave the impression of being the most openminded and independent one.

30 We decided lo leave such titles as "inspekfor" or "Sliidicimil" in an original version as (he translation needs further interpretation.

55

My notices mention 25 graves in all, one oj these an urn grave, the res! being inhumation burials. The graveswere numbered. In my files the lowest, number is one and the highest 38; thus my notices do not seem to be complete.From what / remember I am quite convinced that it was a rather small cemetery which possibly could have been fullyexcavated. At least I am sure thai it was not a. trail excavation on a larger burial ground.

Abou/ She different graves / made the following notices:/. t\vo infant skeleton2. disturbed, two bronze cyebrooch.es3. urn grave, urn, brooch, needle, two beads5. skeleton resting on the belly, armspressing against the soil, the legs close together, the head turned ha/firay

upwards, no grave goods7. the legs slightly bent, two brooches, round bead, tooth bead, potsherd8. one leg slightly ben!. She head resting on its side, jour brooches, two beads, potsherds9. resting on the back, NW-SE, three brooches, two bronze braceletsI I . infant, badly preserved, E-W, brooch, needle of iron13. crouched on the right side, three brooches, traces of iron14. skeleton res/ing on the back, three brooches15. brooch, spindle whorl16. two brooches20. resting on the back, ihe head turned, two brooches, bracelet, belt buckle21. cut by 22, 1.15 m, resting on the right side, NW-SE, brooch22a. on top of 2], resting on Ihe right side in cremation pit, day vessel, three brooches, bracelet, beads25. crouched on the right side, two brooches26. infant, resting on the back, NW-SE, brooch27. infant, resting on the back, two brooches, two beads28. small clay vessel29. crouched on ihe right side, brooch30. crouched, on the right side, two brooches, spindle whorl31. resting on. Ihe back, E-W, clay vessel, two brooches35. crouched on the left side, two brooches, bead or beads36. crouched on the right side, brooch38. resting on Ihe right side, clay vessel, I wo brooches, fragments of a braceletYou will probably be able to get an impression of the finds front the enclosed copies of the majority ofniy

simple sketches. The measurements of the metal artifacts (scale 1:1) are rather reliable. The sketches must of coursebe considered in relation to the fact that their sole purpose was to serve as a base for a rough estimation of type anddating of the graves. They were on the other hand not designed to form a sufficient base for more detailed typologicalstudies.

The chronology of the majority of the graves is quite obvious, as far as I can see. The major part of the cemeterymust belong to a very early stage of the Roman Iron Age. What concerns grave no. 251 have no longer a clear visionof She brooches. Judging from ihc sketch ! would now hesitate calling the grave " spatial cnezeitlich" like I did in 1941,without pointing at the probability thai it belongs to a very late stage of that period. Fu.nherm.orc one ought to comparethe brooches with ihe ones from graves nos. 16,29 and 21; concerning the latter the stratigraphical relation to graveno. 22a may be of some help. Anyhow, I probably ought to add that after five years of not dealing with, such matters Imay naturally have become rather incompetent in these matters. I remember thai 1 paid special attention to ihis verygrave and discussed the dating of it with Heym; and then, having the artifacts in front of me and afresh impressionfrom an extensive registration of Iron Age material in the Lower Vistula region, I had no doubts about the dating.

It would be of great interest to me to get to know your opinion on the matter. I arn sincerely sorry that you didnot manage to reach me during your visit to Sweden. If would have pi eased me much to discuss Iron Age problems andto sec if I had more material inmy files that could be of your interest. If you ever get to Sweden again, you will be mostwelcome.

As a curiosity I enclose a sketch of the contents of the inhumation grave no. 20/9 front the extremely largecemeterv at Willenberg, Kreis Marienburg. I did not have the opportunity to check the excavation report on the way itwas found; I simply made the sketch of the relics as they were exposed in their show-case.

56

Thank you for the greetings from Bjflrn. 1 apologize for this hasty and superficial answer. It has been a greatpleasure to me after all these years to get an opportunity to look thro ugh my old archaeological papers. Kindest greetingsfront yours sincerely,

Carl-Axel MobergPS greetings to Becker and the others.

Letter 3

Aalborg April the 5th, 1946

Dear dr. MobergThankyou so muchfor the very informative letter. While also dealing with the spreadofthe inhumation burial

rite in the Early Roman Iron Age and the distribution Almgren 67-68 and 236 in the Germanic area I got quite a lotinto the bargain. I agree with you in dating the brooch of grave 25 to the transition between Late La Tene and EarlyRoman Iron Age. There is - as far as I can see - a similar specimen in grave 14 found in association with two earlyeyebrooches. Besides, the graves are very important due to the many combinations of brooches. (Heym is surely quitereliable!). I would have liked to study the important West Prussian material in the museums {not at least Willenberg),but I have no time for it now. Anyhow, I quite agree with you that there is a continuity between the Cloche-Grave andStonecist-Grave Cultures etc. and the Late La Tene. At a West Prussian cemetery (Weisshof) they have recently evenfound bell-graves containing Late La Tene vessels. It clearly disturbed the excavator! (Nachrichtenblatt 19421 believe,but unfortunately I have no available literature at present).

What concerns "inspektyr" you did not quite miss the point; I am appointed inspektfir and besides Mag.Art.in Prehistoric Archaeology. For the moment I travel around by car to check the barrows, damaged by the Germans,accompanied by an engineer who has got the contract for restoring them. The sun is blazing and it is really very beautifulhere. Once more I would like to thank you for your valuable information.

Yours sincerely,Ole Klindt-Jensen

PS On Monday 1 shall be back in Copenhagen

31This name conforms with the German term Glockengraberkultur and Polish kultura grobow khszowych.

57

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Figure la and Ib. Both sides of file of the grave N° 8. Photo by Jes Martens

58

Figure Ila and lib. Both sides of file of the grave N° 22a. Photo by Jes Martens

59

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