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The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth . The lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust , then the oceanic crust and finally, the rigid mantle. Oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in the crust. What are the two most abundant elements in the crust by mass? (see ESRT chart page 1) All of this information can be found on page 10 of your Earth Science Reference Tables
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The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Jan 21, 2016

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Page 1: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

The Lithosphere:A thin layer of solid rock that

surrounds the earth. The lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then the oceanic crust and finally, the rigid mantle.

Oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in the crust.

What are the two most abundant elements in the crust by mass? (see ESRT chart page 1)

All of this information can be found on page 10 of your Earth Science Reference Tables

Page 2: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

What is a Mineral?

To be considered a mineral, the object MUST possess

of the following characteristics…There’s a list after the

next few slides

ALL 5

Page 3: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Minerals must -

Occur naturally

Page 4: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Minerals must be -Minerals must be -

Inorganic - not living and not formed from anything that was once living

Page 5: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Be a solid at room temperature

Minerals must -

Page 6: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Have a Definite chemical composition (elements are combined in a definite proportion)

Minerals must -

Page 7: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Crystal structure due to the internal arrangement of atoms (atoms inside are arranged in an orderly pattern)

Minerals must have a -

Page 8: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Minerals are:

1. Naturally occurring (not man made)

2. Inorganic (not made from living things)

3. Solid at room temperature

4. Have a specific chemical composition

5. Have a distinct crystal structure

Page 9: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

A mineral’s properties are determined by the internal arrangement of its atoms.

Both graphite and diamond are made entirely of carbon atoms, but their atoms are arranged quite differently.

Page 10: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

The _________________ ______________________ (1 silicon, 4 oxygen) is the building block of ALL silicate minerals!

Silica Tetrahedra

Page 11: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Mineral Properties

1- Color 8- Density2- Luster 9- Specific Gravity3- Streak 10- Magnetism4- Hardness 11- Reaction to acid5- Cleavage 12- Taste6- Fracture 13- Fluorescence7- Crystal Form/Shape 14- Double Refraction

Page 12: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical properties:

• Color• Hardness• Streak• Luster• Cleavage/ Fracture• Specific Gravity• Special Properties

On the next set of slides, try defining each property of mineral identification.

Page 13: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Color:The actual color of the mineral.

Page 14: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Color is not good for identifying because some minerals come in many colors.

All these minerals are quartz!

Page 15: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 16: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Hardness:Tests how a mineral can be scratched by another object.

This is done by using the MOH’S Hardness Scale

HARDNESS- minerals resistance to being scratched.

Page 17: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Hardness tests:

Fingernail: …………... hardness 2.5Copper penny: ………. hardness 3.5Iron nail: ……………. hardness 4.5Glass plate: …………. hardness 5.5

Page 19: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Streak:The color left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it..

Streak is the powdered form of the mineral

Page 20: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Luster:Shows how shiny a mineral is. It is considered metallic if it shines like metal.

Metallic Non-MetallicIt looks like metal - If not, then it’s -

Page 21: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Fracture:If a mineral breaks unevenly or splinters it shows fracture.

Hematite breaks unevenly.

Page 22: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 23: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Cleavage:If a mineral breaks along a specific plane it has cleavage. Biotite splits in

sheets along flat planes and shows cleavage..

Page 24: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 25: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 26: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 27: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 28: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 29: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 30: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.
Page 31: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Specific Gravity:This is the density of a mineral.

Iron has a higher density than Talc.

Page 32: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Special Properties:Some minerals have unique properties that help in identification.

Page 33: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Double Refraction:Splits light to show a double image.

Page 34: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Acid Soluble:

Dissolves in acid.

Page 35: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Magnetic:

Shows magnetic properties.

Page 36: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

Native Minerals – minerals that are made of only one element.

Examples:

Graphite

Sulfur

Gold

Diamond

Page 37: The Lithosphere: A thin layer of solid rock that surrounds the earth. T he lithosphere is divided into 3 parts: the least dense continental crust, then.

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