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Models of Instruction Involve some arrangement of phases, steps, actions or decision points for teaching and learning
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Page 1: The Learning Cycle

Models of Instruction

Involve some arrangement of phases, steps, actions or decision points for teaching and learning

Page 2: The Learning Cycle

The Learning Cycle

One of the earliest models of inquiry instruction in science. The learning cycle was developed in the 1960’s by Robert Karplus and his colleagues for SCIS program.

Page 3: The Learning Cycle

Invention

Expansion

ExplorationLesson Begins Here

Science Lesson Ends Here Leading to the NEXT Exploration

ConceptApplication

Discovery Concept Invention

Page 4: The Learning Cycle

Discovery: Students interact with materials and each other to

discover new knowledge Concept Invention:

Teachers build on students ideas in formally teaching information, concepts, and principles that help students to make sense of their discovery

Concept Application: Students construct new understandings by

applying their discovered and acquired knowledge to new situations

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To create meaningful learning, instruction has to be adapted to help students: Become aware of their prior knowledge Work cooperatively in a safe, positive learning

environment Compare new ideas to their prior knowledge

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We must also help students to: Connect new ideas to what they already

know Construct their own “new” knowledge Apply the new knowledge in ways that are

different from the situation in which it was learned.

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Traditional Course Lessons

Lesson Begins Lesson Ends

Instructor: tells/lectures content, questions students

Student: answers questions, recites work and problems

Instructor: provides verification and summary

Student: Asks for clarification

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It allows students to: Become aware Recognize shortcomings Apply critical reasoning Search more efficiently Apply what they learn Transfer knowledge

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A Deeper Look….. History of the Learning Cycle

Created by Karplus (late ’50’s-early ’60’s), and fully conceptualized by Atkin and Karplus (1962) as “guided discovery” and used in SCIS (Science Curriculum Improvement Study) elementary science program. At the same time, written about by Chester Lawson in his book, Language, Thought, and the Human Mind (1958). In 1967, Karplus and Their first named the learning cycle and the component phases. Reinterpreted by Barnes in 1976, with alternate versions by Driver (1986), Karplus (1977), Erickson (1979), Nussbaum and Novic (1981), Renner (1982), and Rowell and Dawson (1983). There is no One Right Way to design a learning cycle.

Page 10: The Learning Cycle

The Learning Cycle-First Stage: Exploration

If we accept that each of us must develop understandings that we have about a concept for ourselves, then an alternative instructional method is most appropriate. The learning cycle was created out of concern with pupils gaining experience and this becomes the first stage of the model.

Learners are provided with suitable experiences in order to create for themselves what is to be learned.

This is where experience must be given in order to allow students to assimilate what is to be learned with prior knowledge.

A common weakness in this stage is not allowing sufficient time, and that the time must be spent with the materials and activities that will lead to the concept. A strong exploration provides opportunities for students to assimilate the concept from more than one activity.

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The Learning Cycle – Second Stage – Invention or Term Introduction. The students and/or teacher derive the concept from

the data, usually a classroom discussion. The learner is introduced to some appropriately-specific terminology in relation to the phenomenon being investigated. The teacher uses this to assist the learner to interpret what has been found.

Five factors to be included in a term introduction include:

1. The findings of the exploration need to be reviewed and summarized.

2. All findings used must be the students’.3. The concept must be stated in the students’ own words.4. The proper terminology of the concept should be

introduced.5. One or more reasons for the importance of the concept

need to be given.

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The Learning Cycle – Third Stage: Concept Application or Expansion The purpose is to provide students the opportunity

to organize the concept they have just learned with other ideas that relate to it.

The scientific terminology of the concept must be used during the concept-application phase. The new ideas of the learner are meshed with existing knowledge in order to expand both that knowledge and the newly acquired idea. Additional experiences to help this elaboration process are an essential part of this stage. These experiences would have some of the attributes of experiments because the outcomes would not be known even though the pupils know the concept that is the subject of investigation.

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What to include in each phase: Exploration (initial actions)

Help students try out and confront their prior knowledge Ask probing questions to diagnose students’ prior

knowledge on the science idea. Focus students’ attention on science experiences. Encourage students working cooperatively in groups to

recall and relate prior knowledge to the new science idea. Make public students’ prior knowledge

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What to include in each phase: Invention (next actions)

Ask students to reflect on and explain related experiences, concepts and terminology in their own words (e.g. whole group discussion of the exploration activity)

Ask students to clarify the new idea and justify statements with evidence.

Provide definitions, clear explanations, and terms for the new science idea.

Provide clear examples of the new science idea or model the new skill.

Provide for student practice using the new science idea just explained.

Provide a concise, brief closure of the key science idea.

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What to include in each phase: Expansion (concluding actions)

Provide additional practice to help students use terms, definitions and explanations experienced previously in the lesson.

Provide application activities in new, relevant contexts, at the same time helping students to recall their original alternative explanations.

Provide activities to help students transfer the new science knowledge to increasingly real world events.

Provide a summary of the important events in the science lesson.

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An important note:

Each phase of the learning cycle uses one or more teaching methods to accomplish its purpose. The choice of the methods to use depends upon 1) the type of science idea(s) or skill(s) to be taught, 2) prior knowledge and specific learning needs of the student, and 3) part of the learning cycle with which the teacher is involved.

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Preparing Learning Cycles Select the concept students are to learn and write out a concise

statement of it. Select the activities students will use to collect data and to guide

them toward forming the concept in the term introduction. Prepare instructions to use as an outline and/or to give to

students for collecting the data. Be certain that the instructions direct students ONLY in the

collection of data, and DO NOT provide information that allows them to ascertain the concept from the instructions alone.

Prepare teacher guidelines for the term introduction or invention phase. The guidelines will consist of carefully structured questions to lead the students through the interpretation of their data and TO the concept.

Select the activities to be used during the concept application or expansion phase. Be sure these activities freely use the concept AND its terminology.

Prepare evaluation materials that are to be used.

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In Order for ANY Instruction to Work, There MUST be a Match

Needs of the Student

Science Content and Skills to be Learned

Science Instructional Strategy to be Used by the Teacher

Match Required for Meaningful

Science Learning

Page 19: The Learning Cycle

Exploration Phase Summary Encourages learning through student’s own inquiry and focuses their

interest. Involves minimal guidance or expectation on the teacher’s part. Often provides an experience that confronts students’ old way of

thinking. Begins with a preplanned open or divergent question from the teacher. Involves students in working in cooperative groups. Encourages observation of the natural world and raises questions for

the students. Provides for student interaction with ideas and materials as well as the

collection and organization of data. Encourages students’ reflection in selecting resources, discussion,

and debate. Encourages trying out prior ideas, suspending judgment, predicting,

hypothesizing, and testing. Provides students with adequate time to relate prior knowledge to the

new idea or skill. Allows students to know the purpose and objective of the science

lesson. Allows teacher to know students’ present understanding of the idea or

skill.

Page 20: The Learning Cycle

Invention Phase Summary: Follows adequate exploration of the science idea or skill where

some development may have occurred. Encourages discussion of past experiences with the science idea

or skill in the exploration phase and elsewhere. Allows learning from “explanation” through an interesting variety

of teaching methods and student hands-on, minds-on learning activities.

Introduces an idea or skill in a structured manner through additional experiences using a variety of mediums including student senses, teacher explanations, technology interfaces, films, textbook readings, field trips, cooperative group discussions, Internet searches, guests to be interviewed, and others.

Encourages students to develop as much of the new idea or skill as possible through providing one or more complete cycles of explanation, giving clear examples and modeling, and checking for understanding.

Provides a closure on the new idea or skill.

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Expansion Phase Summary:

Provides for learning through repetition. Provides additional time and experiences for the science

idea or skill to become part of the student’s thought processes (conceptual change)

Provides application activities in new, relevant conte3xts while helping students to recall their original alternative explanations.

Encourages retrieval from long-term memory by helping students form an abstraction from concrete examples.

Extends the range of applicability of the new science idea or skill outside of the learning setting by transferring it to other relevant contexts and times.

Provides a summary of the important events in the science lesson.

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Next Steps

You will now be given a rating sheet for a learning cycle lesson.

In pairs, take the two sample lessons and rate them according to the rubric.

Compare the two lessons on strengths and weaknesses.

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The 4-E Learning Cycle

Exploration Student-centered Cooperative Inquiry

Explanation Less student-centered Concept is formed Meaning is constructed

Expansion Students apply what

they have learned and expand understanding of the concept

Evaluation Formal or informal

evaluation occurs throughout the learning cycle

Page 24: The Learning Cycle

The 5-E Model

Was developed by the Biological Science Curriculum Study (1989) group

Five teaching phases: Engage Explore Explain Elaborate Evaluate

Page 25: The Learning Cycle

Engage

Pique curiosity and provide focus for the ensuing activities

Provides and opportunity for teachers to identify the prior conceptions students have about the topic of study