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THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Introduction) U3A Presentation J. Martin 2017 1 Hillingdon U3A Computer Group
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THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Introduction) · An ancient analog computer designed to ... Honeywell 200. ... under regular time controls. 65. 2000 Computers 2000. The flash drive.

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Page 1: THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Introduction) · An ancient analog computer designed to ... Honeywell 200. ... under regular time controls. 65. 2000 Computers 2000. The flash drive.

THE HISTORY OF

COMPUTERS

(Introduction)

U3A Presentation J. Martin 2017 1

Hillingdon U3A Computer Group

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500BC. Counting Boards & Abacus.

Tools for simple arithmetic processes.

About 50BC. TheAntikythera mechanism.

An ancient analog computer designed to

calculate astronomical positions.

1642. Pascal’s Wheel could add and subtract two

numbers directly and multiply and divide by

repetition.

1650s. The Slide Rule. A mechanical

analog computer used primarily for

multiplication and division, and also for

functions such as roots, logarithms and

trigonometry.

Early Calculating Tools

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1800’s Programming

1801. Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom.

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1820’s Computers (Mechanical)

1820. Charles Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of

values automatically.

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1890’s Computers

1891. Herman Hollerith invented a punch card device which was used to tabulate the

US 1890 census data in only one year. The 1880 census had taken eight years.

1896. Hollerith started his own business selling his invention, founding the

Tabulating Machine Company. 6

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1910’s Computers

1911. Hollerith's, Tabulating Machine Company, merged with the International Time

Recording Company and the Computing Scale Company to form the Computing

Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR).

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1920’s Computers

1924. Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation

(CTR) renamed International Business Machines

Corporation, later to be abbreviated IBM.

1928. IBM introduced an 80-column punched card

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1930’s Computers

1938. William Hewlett and David Packard founded Hewlett-Packard (HP) and

produced their first product.

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1939. Bell Telephone Laboratories develop The Complex Number Calculator

(CNC) designed by George Stibitz. The machine had the capacity to add, subtract,

multiply, and divide complex numbers.

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1940’s Computers

First Generation Computers (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

1943. The first Colossus is operational at Bletchley Park.

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1945. ENIAC built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945.

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1947. The Tran resister or transistor is invented .

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1949. The Manchester Mark 1 built at Manchester University.

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1949. EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was constructed at

Cambridge University.

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1950’s Computers

1951. The Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) was the first computer used for commercial

business applications in the world.

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1951. Magnetic tape was first used to record computer data on the Remington Rand

UNIVAC I, the first US-produced commercial computer.

1953. IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701. During three years of

production, IBM sold 19 machines to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and

the U.S. federal government. 21

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1954. The IBM 650 was the world’s first mass-produced computer, with the

company selling 450 in one year. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650´s magnetic data-

storage drum allowed much faster access to stored material than drum memory

machines.

1954. The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a one-of-a-

kind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United

States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. It was likely the most powerful computer at the

time22

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1956. The IBM 305 RAMAC is launched.

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Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) Transistors

1958. The RCA 501 was the first computer designed as a high-end

general purpose system using Transistors. It was sold in the UK by

English Electric as the KDP10

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1959. The EMIDEC 1100 computer (first british transistorised computer) was

produced by the Computing Services Division of EMI Laboratories in the UK. After

merger with ICT, sold as ICT 1101.

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1959. The IBM 7000 series mainframes were IBM’s first transistorised computers.

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1950’s. British Computer Companies:

• British Tabulating Machine Company Limited (1909)

• Powers-Samas (1932)

• Elliot Computers (1950)

• Marconi Computers (1951)

• Ferranti Computers (1951)

• LEO Computers (1954)

• English Electric Computers (1955)

• EMI Computing services Division (1958)

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1960’s Computers

1960. A second generation computer, the IBM 1401, captured about one third of the

world market.

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1960. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)

PDP-1 minicomputer. The average PDP-1

included a cathode ray tube graphic display,

needed no air conditioning and required only

one operator.

1960. The Control Data Corporation CDC 160

computer was the first truly small (mini)

computer to hit the market.

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1961. The first LEO III was completed.

LEO III/5 installed at CAV Acton in 196332

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LEO III/5 installed at CAV Acton in 1963

LEO III Circuit Board

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1962. National Cash Register’s NCR-315 computer was the first computer to use

NCR’s Card Random Access Memory (CRAM).

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1963. Honeywell 200. A small business computer introduced to compete with

IBM's 1401.

1963. The invention of the mouse by

Douglas Englebart.

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1964. IBM announced the System/360. Orders for the system

climbed to 1,000 per month within two years.

Third Generation Computers (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

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1965. DEC introduced the PDP-8,

the first commercially successful

minicomputer.

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1965. RCA Spectra series

computers were the Radio

Corporation of America's

first transitorised computer.

The RCA Spectra 70/45

was sold in the UK by

English Electric as the

System 4-50.

1966. Hewlett Packard entered the

computer market with the HP 2100 / HP

1000 series of minicomputers.

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1968. EELM merge with ICT to form International Computers Limited

(ICL). ICL the last major British computer manufacturer.

1960’s – Saw the demise of British Computer Companies

1959. British Tabulating Machine Company merge with Powers-Samas

to form International Computers and Tabulators (ICT).

1962. EMI Computing Services Division merges with ICT.

1963. Ferranti Computing merges with ICT.

1963. LEO Computers and English Electric merge to form English Electric

Leo (EELEO)

1964. Marconi Computers merge with EELEO to form English Electric Leo

Marconi (EELM)

1967. Elliot Computers merge with ICT.

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1970’s ComputersFourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Microprocessors

1971. IBM invented the 8-inch floppy

diskette, which could hold 80 Kilobytes

of data.

1972. Hewlett-Packard announced the HP-

35 as "a fast, extremely accurate electronic

slide rule" with a solid-state memory

similar to that of a computer. The first

pocket calculator.

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1975. IBM 5100 Portable Computer.

.

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1975. Honeywell Level 6 Mini Computer.

.

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1975. MITS Altair 8800.

.

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1976. Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I.

1977. Apple II computer released.

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1977. The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor (PET) was a home/personal

computer produced by Commodore from 1977. It was a top seller in the Canadian,

USA, and UK educational markets

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1977. Tandy TRS-80. Tandy Corporation teamed up with Radio Shack to release

the TRS-80, one of the first personal computers available. Tandy wasn't expecting

many sales, but this, their first computer, sold 10,000 units in the first month

alone.

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1977. DEC’s first VAX model (A 32-bit complex instruction set computer) was

the VAX-11/780, which was introduced on October 25, 1977

1978. The 5 1/4-inch floppy disk became the standard medium for personal computer

software after Apple Computer and Tandy Radio Shack introduced disk drives for this

format. Capacities ranged from 110 Kilobytes to 1.2 Megabytes of data.

50

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1980’s Computers

1980. Science of Cambridge Ltd introduced the Sinclair ZX80 home computer.

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1980. IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates (Microsoft) to create an operating system

for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by

Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows Microsoft to keep

the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS..

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1981. IBM introduced its PC (Personal

Computer - IBM 5150.

1981. Sinclair released the ZX81.

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1981. The BBC Micro was first sold.

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1982. Commodore introduces the Commodore 64.

1982. The first 3½-inch diskette introduced.56

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1982. The ZX Spectrum released in the United Kingdom by Sinclair Research Ltd.

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1984. The Dulmont Magnum was an early laptop computer.

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1984. The Amstrad CPC 464 was one of the most successful computers in Europe with

more than two million computers being sold.

It was an 8 bit computer with a Zilog Z80A CPU and either 64 or 128 KB RAM. It ran

an AMSDOS operating system.

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1984. Apple release the Macintosh.

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1987. The 3½-inch HD diskette introduced. 1.44 MB (2.0 MB unformatted).

1985. The CD-ROM (read-only memory) is introduced.

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1992. IBM announced the 2521 ThinkPad computer (Later renamed 700T).

1990’s Computers

1990. Fujitsu bought 80% of International Computers Limited (ICL) .

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1996. Deep Blue was a chess playing

computer developed by IBM. Deep Blue

became the first machine to win a chess game

against a reigning world champion (Garry

Kasparov) under regular time controls.

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2000 Computers

2000. The flash drive.

2001. Microsoft release the Xbox. The

Xbox was the first video game console to

feature a built-in hard disk drive.

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2010. Apple iPad.

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2012. Raspberry Pi.

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A series of small single-board computers developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to

promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries.

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