The Genocide of the iraqi kurds and Trial of saddam hussein

7/23/2019 The Genocide of the iraqi kurds and Trial of saddam hussein

1/13

Mtlabdh|y& Wrdidldh|y& @dldrcfkyb

chl Ycbd"Yd~ Bcrrkcad

\nd Adheikld e` |nd Krcsk Jtrlychl \rkcf e`Ycllcb Ntyydkh

@CFF ?774

\nd @kry| Y|dw kh |nd Hebkhc|keh e` c

Mty|kid ky c Pcichi{ eh |nd Ietr|


2/13

37 v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

\

ndrd ky c ybcff wcfb |rddkh c acrldh ytrrethldlo{ qcffy hdcr |nd ckrwer|

kh Ocanlcl( Ch dfldrf{ odcrldlbch qne ncy |trhdl |e qrk|khawed|r{ chl rdclkha |nd qerly eÀel kh rdidh| qddjy aedy et| |e|nd acrldh èr ch netr chl c ncf`kh |nd berhkha chl ch netr chl cncf` kh |nd c`|drheeh(

O{ Bkincdf M( Jdff{& Cyyeikc|d Wre`dyyer e` Fcq

\nd

AdheikldYCLLCB NTYYDKHchl \rkcf eè` |nd Krcsk Jtrly

Krcsk bdh indij c oel{ fky| cy

yndd|y ieh|ckhkha |nd rdbckhy e`

oelkdy d~icpc|dl `reb c bcyy arcpd

kh Bc{ ?779 fkd kh |nd ldydr| eh |nd

et|yjkr|y e` Cf Btyc{{ko& Krcs(

Nd |dhly |e |nd |rdd wt||kha y|ehdycrethl |nd ocyd chl bcjkha ytrd k|ncy dhetan qc|dr |e ytrpkpd Krcsy

bklytbbdr(Qndh nky netr chl c ncf` ky epdrYcllcb Ntyydkh aedy ocij |e nkyidff( Ehid nd ncl lebkhkeh epdr cffe` Krcs( Heq nd ky y|rkwwdl e` cff |ndrkindy chl ldftykehy: cff nd ncy fd`|ky c fk||fd |kbd dcin lc{ |e itf|kpc|d c

acrldh |nc| kyh| dpdh nky( Inkicae \rkothd Mtf{ ?1 ?77


3/13

Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774 v 33

ZARdheikld bdchy ch{ e` |nd èffeqkha ci|y iebbk||dl qk|n kh|dh|

|e ldy|re{& kh qnefd er kh wcr|& c hc|kehcf& d|nhkicf& rcikcf er rdfkakety

aretw& cy ytin=

ZcR Jkffkha bdbodry e` |nd aretw:

ZoR Ictykha ydrkety oelkf{ er bdh|cf ncrb |e bdbodry e` |nd aretw:

ZiR Ldfkodrc|df{ khki|kha eh |nd aretw iehlk|kehy e` fk`d icfitfc|dl |e

orkha coet| k|y wn{ykicf ldy|rti|keh kh qnefd er kh wcr|:

ZlR Kbweykha bdcytrdy kh|dhldl |e wrdpdh| okr|ny qk|nkh |nd aretw:

ZdR @erikof{ |rchy`drrkha inkflrdh e` |nd aretw |e che|ndr aretw(

Adheikld

Ycllcb Ntyydkh |nd èrbdr

Krcsk lki|c|er yk|y kh yefk|cr{

ieh`khdbdh| thldr |nd icrd e`

T(Y( bkfk|cr{ wefkid cqck|kha |rkcf o{ |nd

hdqf{ bkh|dl Krcsk Ywdikcf \rkothcf .KY\+

èr c fcthlr{ fky| e` irkbdy iebbk||dl

ltrkha nky 99 {dcry kh weqdr( Nd qcy

|ewwfdl o{ ch Cbdrkich"fdl khpcykeh kh

Bcrin ?779 chl rdbckhdl kh nklkha

th|kf lkyiepdrdl o{ T(Y( èridy kh c

yk~"èe| thldrarethl ywkldr nefd

crbdl ehf{ qk|n c wky|ef |nc| nd lkl he|tyd( Nd acrldhy qnkfd nd qck|y èr nky

|rkcf( \nd incrady cackhy| Ntyydkh khiftld

qcr irkbdy irkbdy cackhy| ntbchk|{

caardyykeh chl adheikld( Qnkfd dcin e`

|ndyd kh|drhc|kehcf irkbdy rdstkrdy pcr{kha

fdpdfy e` wree` chl cyydr|keh thkstd |e

|nd ywdik`ki irkbd er k|y yto"iebwehdh|

adheikld ky wdrncwy |nd |rkijkdy| e` |nd

fe| rdstkrkha he| bdrd kh|dh| ot| ywdik`ki

kh|dh| |e ldy|re{ ch kldh|k`kcofd aretw e`

wdewfd( Cf|netan k| ncy oddh icffdl |ndirkbd e` irkbdy ykhid |nd d~wdrkdhid e`

|nd Nefeicty| adheikld ncy |rclk|kehcff{

oddh |nd bey| lk``kitf| irkbd èr

wreydit|ery |e wrepd(

@erbcff{ et|fcqdl kh 3; adheikld ncy

d~ky|dl kh wrci|kid `reb |kbd kbbdberkcf(

Khlddl k| qcy jheqh kh |nd chikdh|

qerfl cy c fdak|kbc|d wrci|kid tydl

bey| `cbetyf{ o{ |nd _ebchy cackhy|

Icr|ncad( \nretanet| |nd Bkllfd Cady

chl kh|e |nd beldrh drc adheikld qcy

rdatfcrf{ wrci|kidl th|kf |nd yfctan|dr e`

|nd Crbdhkchy o{ |nd E||ebch \trjy

ltrkha Qerfl Qcr K( Kh|drhc|kehcf

et|rcad c| |nd c|reik|{ bepdl qerfl

ewkhkeh |eqcrl iehldbhkha adheikld

itfbkhc|kha kh |nd clew|keh e` |nd

Adheikld Iehpdh|keh kh 3; c`|drQerfl Qcr KK chl |nd Nefeicty|(

\nd dfcy|kik|{ e` |nd ld`khk|keh ky

ldidw|kpd( Qnkfd bch{ `ci| wc||drhy bc{

`k| kh|e |nd |qe rdstkrdl eomdi|kpd yfe|y c

wre|di|dl aretw .d(a( rcikcf+ chl ch ci| e`

ldy|rti|keh .d(a( jkffkha+ |nd ld`khk|keh

ky ykfdh| cy |e mty| neq qkldywrdcl |nd

ci|y bty| od( Ky mty| ehd jkffkha dhetan5

@tr|ndrberd wdrwd|rc|ery ich ae `rdd

eh |nd wreydit|kehy khcokfk|{ |e wrepd|nd ytomdi|kpd dfdbdh| e` kh|dh|( Mtlkikcf

chl fdacf ct|nerk|kdy ncpd kh|drwrd|dl

|nd kh|dh| rdstkrdl èr adheikld |e od

ywdik`ki rc|ndr |nch adhdrcf( Pcr{kha

rc|kehcfdy d~ky| èr |nky iehiftykeh

ot| |nd nkandr |nrdynefl bdchy berd

wree` wree` |nc| ky cfbey| khpcrkcof{

lk``kitf| |e iebd o{ kh |nd èrb e`

kh|dridw|dl iehpdryc|kehy ierrdywehldhid

er leitbdh|y |nc| ldbehy|rc|d |nd

wdrwd|rc|ery y|c|d e` bkhl c| |nd

|kbd |nd adheikld qcy icrrkdl et|(

He| cffadheiklckrdy cy adheikld

wdrwd|rc|ery crd jheqh bd|kitfetyf{

ic|cfeatd khld~ chl leitbdh| |ndkr

ci|kpk|kdy kh d~irtikc|kha ld|ckf cy |nd

Hc}ky lkl qndh icrr{kha et| Nk|fdry @khcf

Yeft|keh( Neqdpdr |nd Kh|drhc|kehcfIrkbkhcf \rkothcf er _qchlc .KI\_+

ld|drbkhdl kh |nd 3;;; Cjc{dyt icyd |nc|

ywdik`ki kh|dh| |e iebbk| adheikld ich

od ytiidyy`tff{ kh`drrdl |nretan ieh|d~|

|ndrdo{ dcykha otrldh èr |nky yneqkha

yebdqnc|= ZKR| ky weyykofd |e ldltid |nd

adheiklcf kh|dh| khndrdh| kh c wcr|kitfcr

ci| incradl `reb |nd adhdrcf ieh|d~| e`

|nd wdrwd|rc|keh e` e|ndr itfwcofd ci|y

y{y|dbc|kicff{ lkrdi|dl cackhy| |nc| ycbd

aretw qnd|ndr |ndyd ci|y qdrd iebbk||dlo{ |nd ycbd e``dhldr er o{ e|ndry(

Hdpdr|ndfdyy |nd adheikld icyd

cackhy| Adhdrcf _clkyfcp Jry|ki c| |nd

Kh|drhc|kehcf Irkbkhcf \rkothcf èr

|nd @erbdr [taeyfcpkc .KI\[+ `ckfdl

wrdikydf{ odictyd e` |nd ywdik`ki kh|dh|


4/13

3? v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

rdstkrdbdh|( Jry|ki qcy iehpki|dl èr |nd

3;;4 adheikld |nc| jkffdl >777 Oeyhkch

Btyfkby kh Yrdordhkic eh c |nder{

e` mekh| irkbkhcf dh|drwrkyd( Neqdpdr

nky iehpki|keh qcy epdr|trhdl o{ |nd

Cwwdffc|d Incbodr qnkin iehiftldl|nc| cf|netan |nd Yrdordhkic adheikld

ncl eiitrrdl chl e|ndry kh |nd mekh|

irkbkhcf dh|drwrkyd yncrdl c ywdik`ki

kh|dh| |e icrr{ k| |nretan |nd dpkldhid

lkl he| ytwwer| |nd kh`drdhid |nc|

Jry|ki ncl |nd rdstkrdl ywdik`ki kh|dh| |e

ldy|re{ rc|ndr |nch bdrd jheqfdlad( K|

ky odictyd e` |nky pdr{ nkan ntrlfd |nc|

Yfeoelch Bkfeydpki ky fkjdf{ |e od èthl

atkf|{ e` ehf{ iebwfkik|{ kh adheikld cy

ewweydl |e adheikld wrewdr( Iebwfkik|{ehf{ rdstkrdy c yneqkha e` jheqfdlad(

\nd Jtrlkyn WreofdbCy èr Ycllcb Ntyydkh& nd qkff

fkjdf{ od èthl c| fdcy| iebwfkik| kh k`

he| atkf|{ e` |nd adheikld e` |nd Jtrly

|nc| eiitrrdl thldr nky rdakbd( Jtrly cy

c wdewfd fkpd kh c lkpkldl qerfl yebd

kh Krcs e|ndry kh Krch Y{rkc chl \trjd{(

\nd `reh|kdr od|qddh Krch chl Krcs |e

c fcrad d~|dh| rd`fdi|y |nd 30|n"idh|tr{

ieffkykeh e` |nd d~wchlkha Wdrykch chl

E||ebch Dbwkrdy( C ytoydstdh| |rdc|{

od|qddh Wdrykchy chl \trjy èrbcfk}dl

c beth|ckhety oerldr rdakeh |nc|

khlkyirkbkhc|df{ ywfk| Jtrlkyn wewtfc|kehy

eh dk|ndr ykld( O{ |nd |kbd e` |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr Jtrly èthl |ndbydfpdy

ictan| kh |nd bkllfd( Kh Ydw|dbodr

3;>7 Ntyydkhy crb{ ireyydl kh|e Krch

clpchikha |e |nd et|yjkr|y e` Coclch(

C{c|effcn Jnebdhk tydl |nd khpcykeh

|e iehyefklc|d nky eqh weqdr chl rcff{

Krchkchy |e ld`dhl |ndkr nebdfchl( O{

3;>? Krch ncl rdpdrydl |nd Krcsk khpcykeh

rdy|erkha |nd oerldr rdakeh( O{ 3;>1 Krch qcy

cackh bcjkha ykahk`kich| clpchidy kh |nd

her|n qnkin Ntyydkh ierrdi|f{ cyirkodl

|e cyyky|chid `reb Krcsk Jtrly(

\e ldcf qk|n qnc| qcy rd`drrdl |e kh

icw|trdl Krcsk leitbdh|y cy |nd Jtrlkyn

\nd adheikld icyd cackhy| Adhdrcf_clkyfcp Jry|ki `ckfdl wrdikydf{ odictyde` |nd ywdik`ki kh|dh| rdstkrdbdh|(

Jheqh cy Indbkicf Cfk& Cfk Ncyych cf"Bcmkl ncy

oddh fkhjdl |e yebd e` |nd bey| ort|cf ci|y thldrYcllcb Ntyydkhy rdakbd( Nd qcy |nd crink|di| e` |nd

3;>> adheiklcf Ch`cf icbwckahy cackhy| |nd Krcsk Jtrly(

Cy |nd 3;>7"3;>> Krch"Krcs Qcr qcy qkhlkha leqh&

cf"Bcmkl fdl |nd Ch`cf icbwckahy |nc| rdytf|dl kh |nd

btrldr chl lkycwwdcrchid e` yebd 47&777 |e 377&777

Jtrly( \nd Jtrly qdrd ciitydl e` cklkha Krchkch èridy

ltrkha |nd fcy| {dcry e` |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr(

C ietykh e` Ntyydkh& cf"Bcmkl qcy qkldf{ jheqh kh Krcs

èr nky rdwdc|dl tyd e` et|fcqdl indbkicf qcr`crd( K| ky

rdwer|dl |nc| 4&777 Jtrly lkdl kh c ykhafd i{chkld c||cij

eh |nd oerldr |eqh e` Ncfcomc kh Bcrin 3;>>( Leitbdh|y

icw|trdl reb Krcsk kh|dffkadhid ydrpkidy ldbehy|rc|d |nc|

|nd bcyy jkffkhay& lkycwwdcrchidy& èridl lkywfcidbdh|

chl e|ndr irkbdy qdrd icrrkdl et| kh c iendrdh| chl

nkanf{ idh|rcfk}dl bchhdr thldr cf"Bcmkly lkrdi|

ytwdrpkykeh( Cf"Bcmkl qcy icw|trdl kh Ctaty| ?779 o{

iecfk|keh eridy(

Yetrid= Ntbch _kan|y Qc|in

Indbkicf Cfk

Cfk Ncyych cf"Bcmkl ky yddh kh |nky Mchtcr{ ?779 wne|e kh Odkrt|&Fdocheh(

Adheikld chl |nd \rkcf e` Ycllcb Ntyydkh


5/13


wreofdb Ntyydkh |cyjdl nky ietykh Cfk

Ncyych cf"Bcmkl .c(j(c( Indbkicf Cfk+

qk|n |nd meo e` drclkic|kha cff rdyky|chid

chl arch|dl nkb dbdradhi{ weqdry |e

le ye(

Cf"Bcmkl |ndh thldr|eej c ydrkdy e`

bkfk|cr{ icbwckahy cackhy| Jtrlkyn

ycoe|dtry `reb 3;>1 |e 3;>;

jheqh cy |nd Ch`cfy( Qnc| odach cy

c ieth|drkhytradhi{ ltrkha qcr|kbd

dhldl kh adheikld( Cf"Bcmkl dbwfe{dl

c pcrkd|{ e` indbkicf qdcwehy ltrkha

|nd Ch`cf icbwckahy khiftlkha bty|crl

acy .c ofky|drkha cadh|+ chl Ycrkh .c

hdrpd cadh|+( Ehd ytrpkper e` cf"Bcmkly

Cwrkf 3;>1 indbkicf c||cijy eh Jtrlkyn

pkffcady kh |nd Ocfkych pcffd{ ldyirkodl

|nd d``di| e` |nd wkhj arc{ chl {dffeq

acyydy lrk`|kha |nretan |nd |eqhy=

ZKR| qcy fkjd c èa( Chl |ndh dpdr{ehd

odicbd ofkhl( Yebd pebk|dl( @cidy

|trhdl ofcij: wdewfd d~wdrkdhidl

wckh`tf yqdffkhay thldr |nd crb&

chl qebdh thldr |ndkr ordcy|y(

Fc|dr& c {dffeq qc|dr{ lkyincrad

qetfl ee}d `reb |nd d{dy chl heyd(Bch{ e` |neyd qne ytrpkpdl yt``drdl

ydpdrd pkykeh lky|trochidy& er |e|cf

ofkhlhdyy èr tw |e c beh|n( Yebd

pkffcadry rch kh|e |nd beth|ckhy

chl lkdl |ndrd( E|ndry& qne ncl

oddh ifeydr |e |nd wfcid e` kbwci| e`

|nd oeboy& lkdl qndrd |nd{ y|eel(

Cff |efl |nd Ch`cf icbwckahy cackhy|

|nd Jtrly ifckbdl od|qddh 47777

chl 377777 fkpdy( Neqdpdr he ykhafdci|keh ciieth|y èr cff |nd icytcf|kdy(

\ndrd qdrd btf|kwfd bcyy btrldry

btf|kwfd bcyy lkycwwdcrchidy èridl

lkywfcidbdh| e` nthlrdly e` |netychly

e` hehieboc|ch|y ldy|rti|keh e` ?777

pkffcady |nc| qdrd ifcyyk`kdl kh Krcsk

aepdrhbdh| leitbdh|y cy otrhdl

_clkyfcp Jry|ki& èrbdr Oeyhkch Ydro

adhdrcf& qcy èthl atkf|{ e` adheikld

kh Ctaty| ?773 o{ |nd Ncatdy

kh|drhc|kehcf qcr irkbdy |rkothcf chl

ydh|dhidl |e &777 thcrbdl

Btyfkb bdh chl oe{y chl ky |nd ry|

Dtrewdch dpdr iehpki|dl e` adheikld(

Neqdpdr& |nd Cwwdffc|d Incbodr epdr|trhdl |nd adheikld icyd cackhy|

Jry|ki odictyd e` |nd ywdiki kh|dh| rdstkrdbdh|( Nky cwwdcfy mtlabdh|

qcy nchldl leqh eh Cwrkf 3;& ?77


6/13

3< v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

ldy|re{dl ldbefkyndler wtrk`kdl

chl |nd rc}kha e` c le}dh fcradr Jtrlkyn

|eqhy chl clbkhky|rc|kpd idh|dry(

K| ky |nd ldclf{ iebokhc|keh e` bd|nely

dbwfe{dl cackhy| |nd Jtrly ltrkha |nd

dkan| Ch`cfy |nc| kh|dr|qkhd |e èrb

|nd bey| iebwfd|d wki|trd e` adheikld(

Cf|netan |nd ytiidyykpd acyykhay

qdrd wdrncwy |nd y|crjdy| d~cbwfdyiehpdh|kehcf jkffkha o{ ynee|kha

ciieth|dl èr dstcf htbodry e` ldc|ny(

@er khy|chid |nd pcy| bcmerk|{ e` Jtrlkyn

ld|ckhddy qdrd ydh| |e |nd Krcsk crb{

ocyd c| Jkrjtj jheqh cy \ew}cqc( Ndrd

|nd{ qdrd rdaky|drdl chl ydardac|dl( Cltf|

chl |ddhcad bcfdy qdrd |ndh fecldl eh|e

ifeydl |rtijy chl |cjdh |e |nd d~dit|keh

arethly qndrd |nd{ qdrd fkhdl tw hd~|

|e fcrad wk|y chl yne|( Ehid |nd |rdhindy

qdrd `tff |nd{ qdrd iepdrdl epdr(

\nd dfldrf{ qdrd bey|f{ otydl |e c

iehidh|rc|keh icbw c| Htarc Ycfbch

kh |nd Krcsk ldydr| qndrd ldc|n rc|dy

cpdrcadl ètr |e `kpd wdr lc{ `reb

d~weytrd chl kh`di|keh( \nd qebdhchl inkflrdh qdh| dfydqndrd( \nd{

qdrd tytcff{ |cjdh |e Lkoy c icbw

ifeyd |e |nd Jkrjtj"Beytf nkanqc{

qndrd bch{ e` |nd inkflrdh ytiitbodl

|e l{ydh|dr{ chl bcfht|rk|keh( Coet|

ncf` e` |nd qebdh qdrd |cjdh |e

ldc|n wk|y fkjd |nd ehd c| Ycbcqc(

@eridl ldwer|c|keh |{wkicff{

ciiebwchkdl o{ |nd rc}kha e` pkffcady

qcy cfye c iebbeh `dc|trd e` |nd

Ch`cfy( O{ |nd dhl e` |nd icbwckahy

3(4 bkffkeh Jtrly ncl oddh èrikof{

rdyd||fdl( \nky qcy wcr| e` ch epdrcff

yindbd o{ Ntyydkh |e rdcrrchad

Jtrlky|ch kh her|ndrh Krcs wfcikha

berd jd{ crdcy thldr Crco ieh|ref(

Neqdpdr |nd acyykha e` Ncfcomc qcy

|nd ykhafd bey| nerrk`ki khikldh| ltrkha

|nky he|erkety icbwckah ciieth|kha

èr coet| 4777 e` |nd Ch`cf ldc|ny(

Iehydstdh|f{ Ncfcomc ncy odiebd

dbofdbc|ki e` |nd Jtrlkyn adheikld

btin cy Yrdordhkic ncy odiebd ye èr

C

C

C

C

C

CC

C

CC

W

W

W

W

W

C W

Ch`cf icbwckah

Cwwre~kbc|d Ch`cf

icbwckah oethlcr{

Bckh Ch`cf icbw

chl `cikfk|{

Jheqh indbkicf

c||cij

Jheqh bcyy

d~dit|keh yk|d

Wdynbdrac iebbchl

_dyd||fdbdh| iebwfd~

Beytf

Ycfcbk{cn

cf Nclcr

.Nc|rc+

Yncsfcqc

Drokf

Lkoy

Jkrjtj

\ew}cqc

\t} Jntrbc|t

\cs|cs

Scldr

Jcrcb

JcfcrSerc|t

Ytfdkbchk{dn

Croc|

Ncfcomc

\kjrk|

_chk{c

Ncm

Ebrch

Lentj

Hk}crjdn

]cjne

Ltjch

Fcjd

K _ C S

K _ C S

K _ C H

K _ C H

\ T _ J D [

\ T _ J D [

Y [ _ K C

Y C T L KC _ C O K C

Ocanlcl_cbclk

Ycbcqc Hcykrk{cn

Htarc Ycfbch Ocyrcn

JTQCK\

Cf Btyc{{ko

Cr cr

Crdc e` ld|ckf

c| rkan|

7

7

?77

?77

jkfebd|dry

bkfdy

7

7

?77

?77

jkfebd|dry

bkfdy

\nd Ch`cf icbwckahy cackhy| |nd Jtrlkyn bkherk|{ kh her|ndcy|drh Krcs qdrd thldr|cjdh o{ Ycllcb Ntyydkhy ietykh& Cfk Ncyych cf"Bcmkl& c|

Ntyydkhy lkrdi|keh kh 3;>>( Qnc| odach cy ch d`èr| |e ldikbc|d Jtrlkyn bkfk|cr{ ytwwer| e` Krchkch èridy ltrkha |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr& dhldl kh c

ort|cf icbwckah e` bcyy d~|drbkhc|keh& pkffcad drclkic|keh chl btf|kwfd acyykhay& rdytf|kha kh |nd ldc|ny e` |dhy e` |netychly e` Jtrlkyn bdh&

qebdh chl inkflrdh( Ntyydkh chl nky ndhinbdh qkff `cid incrady èr |nd adheikld e` |nd Jtrly ltrkha nky |rkcf odèrd |nd Krcsk Ywdikcf \rkothcf(



7/13


|nd Oeyhkch adheikld( Ncfcomc ncl oddh

icw|trdl kh 3;>> o{ rdodf Krcsk Jtrly

qk|n ytwwer| `reb Krchkch èridy chl

irtynkha |nd rdyky|chid |ndrd odicbd

ch tf|kbc|d wrkerk|{ èr Ntyydkh(

Cf"Bcmkly ieflf{ lkcoefkicf cwwrecin

ich od lkyidrhdl `reb nky bd|nelefea{

e` d~|drbkhc|keh( Jheqkha |nc| |nd

acyydy nd kh|dhldl |e tyd qdrd ndcpkdr

|nch ckr chl qetfl |nty ykhj nd

ewdhdl |nd Bcrin 30 3;>> c||cij eh

Ncfcomc qk|n c iehpdh|kehcf cr|kffdr{

oebocrlbdh| èr ydpdrcf netry yd||kha

e`` |nd ckr rckl ykrdhy( \nky lrepd |nd

feicf Jtrlkyn wewtfc|keh leqh kh|e

|thhdfy idffcry chl ocydbdh|y(

\neyd thldrarethl yndf|dry odicbd

acy incbodry cy cf"Bcmkl thfdcyndl nky

oebocrlbdh| e` wekyeh( Coepdarethl

chkbcfy lkdl chl okrly lrewwdl et| e`

|rddy( Odfeq arethl ntbchy bd| |ndkr

dhl |rcwwdl( \neyd qne bchcadl |e

yircbofd |e |nd ytr`cid dbdradl kh|e

|nkij ifetly e` indbkicf acy( Cy wne|ey

e` ldcl inkflrdh irtbwfdl eh y|dwy er

f{kha ieh|er|dl chl ofdcindl kh |ndy|rdd|y rdcindl |nd qerfl ch et|ir{ creyd

`reb |nd ntbch rkan|y iebbthk|{(

Ot| |nd rdywehyd `reb |nd kh|drhc|kehcf

iebbthk|{ e` y|c|dy qcy bt|dl

ykfdhid( Hehd ietfl e``dr btin od{ehl

wfc|k|tldy cy |nd{ cff ncl ocijdl Ntyydkh

ltrkha |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr qk|n crby chl

`khchikha( Khlddl Adrbch{ ky

qkldf{ iehykldrdl |e ncpd oddh |nd

khlty|rkcf erkakh e` |nd acy tydl o{cf"Bcmkl ltrkha |nd Ch`cf icbwckahy chl

Jtrlkyn fdcldry ncpd feha ciitydl @rchid

K|cf{ chl |nd Hd|ndrfchly e` wrepklkha

cyyky|chid |e Ntyydkhy indbkicf qdcwehy

wrearcb( \nd Thk|dl Y|c|dy qcy cfye

kbwfkic|dl cy he|dl kh c 3;;? Ydhc|d

Ochjkha Netykha chl Troch C``ckry

Iebbk||dd y|c`` rdwer| cyydyykha |nd tyd

e` indbkicf qdcwehy o{ Ntyydkh cackhy|

Cbdrkich |reewy kh |nd `kry| Atf` Qcr=

ZCRh khstkr{ qcy khk|kc|dl o{ |nd

Iebbk||dd kh|e |nd ieh|rkot|kehy|nc| d~wer|y `reb |nd Thk|dl Y|c|dy

wfc{dl kh |nd qdcwehy e` bcyy

ldy|rti|keh wrearcby |nc| ncpd

`fetrkyndl thldr |nd lkrdi|keh e`

Krcsk Wrdykldh| Ycllcb Ntyydkh(

Z\Rnd Iebbk||dd ( ( ( ndfl ndcrkhay

|nc| rdpdcfdl |nc| |nd Thk|dl Y|c|dy

ncl d~wer|dl indbkicf& okefeakicf&

htifdcr chl bkyykfd"y{y|db dstkwbdh|

|e Krcs |nc| qcy iehpdr|dl |e bkfk|cr{

tyd kh Krcsy indbkicf& okefeakicfchl htifdcr qdcwehy wrearcb(

\nd Dpkldhid\nd wn{ykicf dpkldhid e` adheikld

cackhy| |nd Jtrly ky cbwfd( Ltrkha ?77


8/13

30 v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

Krcsk khpdy|kac|ery thiepdrdl |nd bcyy

arcpd kh Nc|rc coet| ?77 bkfdy her|n e`

Ocanlcl( K| ky ehd e` bch{ bcyy arcpdy

kh Krcs `reb |nd Ntyydkh drc ot| |nd`kry| |e od yditrdl chl y{y|dbc|kicff{

d~icpc|dl èr irkbkhcf dpkldhid ieffdi|keh(

K| ky cfye c jd{ |e wrepkha |nd icyd

èr adheikld o{ Ntyydkh cackhy| |nd

Jtrly( \nd pki|kby crd cff Jtrlkyn(

\nd Nc|rc yk|d ky bcld tw e` c ydrkdy e`

|rdhindy c| fdcy| dkan| `dd| lddw( Ehd

ieh|ckhdl |nd oelkdy e` 347 bdh ywrc{dl

qk|n ct|ebc|ki qdcwehy `krd( C le}dh

e|ndr |rdhindy ieh|ckh |nd rdbckhye` cwwre~kbc|df{ ?777 wdewfd( Ot|

wdrncwy |nd bey| wekahch| d~icpc|keh

thiepdrdl |nd oelkdy e` 977 qebdh chl

inkflrdh( Ch thd~wdi|dl `khlkha qcy

|nd lkyiepdr{ e` btf|kwfd ife|nkha yd|y

netydnefl k|dby chl |e{y khlkic|kha

|nc| |nd pki|kby qdrd |efl |e ieffdi|

|ndkr odfehakhay èr rdyd||fdbdh| ehf{

|e od yne| leqh c| |nky otrkcf wk|(

Cfbey| cff e` |nd 977 yjtffy ncl c

(?? icfkodr wky|ef yne| odnkhl |nd dcrchl qdrd thdpdhf{ y|cijdl kh btf|kwfd

fc{dry khlkic|kha |nc| |nd `kry| |e od

d~dit|dl qdrd yne| kh |nd |rdhin qnkfd

|nd e|ndry qdrd btrldrdl c| |nd fkw e` |nd

wk| chl |ndh wtyndl kh qk|n c otffle}dr(

Cy Arda Jdned |nd T(Y( ieerlkhc|er

he|dl kh cHdq [erj \kbdykh|drpkdq=

ZQRnc| qcy èthl c| Nc|rc yneqy

neq |nd Ntyydkh fdcldrynkw bcld c

otykhdyy e` jkffkha wdewfd |nd

yircwd bcrjy `reb |nd ofcld e` |nd

otffle}dr |nc| ynepdl pki|kby kh|e |nd

|rdhin& |nd wekh|"ofchj yne|y |e |nd

ocijy e` dpdh |nd ocokdy ndcly& |nd

qk|ndrdl oel{ e` c 9" er


9/13


Krcs chl qdrd cofd |e ierreoerc|d |nd

acyykhay chl bcyy dpcitc|kehy(

Ot| wrepkha |nc| Ntyydkh ncl ywdik`ki

kh|dh| |e iebbk| adheikld cackhy| |ndJtrly rdbckhy c lk``kitf| |cyj( K| ldwdhly

eh |nd wreydit|kehy cokfk|{ |e bcryncf k|y

leitbdh|cr{ chl |dy|kbehkcf dpkldhid(

Wdrncwy ytin kh|dh| ich od dy|cofkyndl k`

d{dqk|hdyy |dy|kbeh{ fkjd |nd `effeqkha

ich y|chl tw |e ireyy"d~cbkhc|keh=

ZQRd behk|erdl rclke

iebbthkic|kehy od|qddh |nd wefk|kicf

chl bkfk|cr{ fdcldrynkw Ycllcb

Ntyydkh orkd`dl |nd cyydbofdl

iebbchldry |nc| |ndrd qetfl od c

indbkicf c||cij eh Ncfcomc chl |nc|

yeflkdry ynetfl qdcr wre|di|kpd ife|nkha

K ndcrl c |dfdwnehd iehpdryc|keh

od|qddh Ycllcb Ntyydkh chl Cfk

Ncyych cf"Bcmkl( Ycllcb erldrdl nkb

|e `erb c qerjkha aretw C`|dr |nd

bdd|kha Cfk Ncyych cf"Bcmkl rd|trhdl

|e |nd crdc NS Cdrkcf wki|trdy e`

Ncfcomc c`|dr |nd c||cij qdrd yneqh |e

Ycllcb Ntyydkh chl e|ndr bdbodry e`

|nd _dpeft|kehcr{ Iebbchl Iethikf(

Ehd e` Ntyydkhy oel{atcrly oretan|

97 wrkyehdry et|( \nd{ qdrd Jtrly(

\nd Wrdykldh| nkbydf` yne| |ndb ehd

c`|dr che|ndr qk|n c Oreqhkha wky|ef(

Che|ndr 97 wrkyehdry qdrd oretan|

chl |nd wreidyy qcy rdwdc|dl( Ycllcb

qcy fctankha chl eopketyf{ dhme{kha

nkbydf`( \ndrd qcy ofeel dpdr{qndrd

k| qcy fkjd ch coc||ekr \neyd

qne qdrd y|kff cfkpd qdrd dpdh|tcff{`khkyndl e`` o{ |nd yditrk|{ e``kidry(

Ycllcby Ld`dhydC| |nd dhl e` Mthd ?77


10/13

3> v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

ld|ckhdd( Cy ytin nd qcy cofd |e nkrd

iethydf odèrd nd thldrqdh| c èrbcf

crrckahbdh| ndcrkha cf|netan nky iethydf

qcy he| wrdydh| èr |nd khk|kcf incrakhawreiddlkhay(

Mcistdy Pdrady c 1>"{dcr"efl @rdhin

irkbkhcf ld`dhyd fcq{dr qne `cbetyf{

rdwrdydh|dl Icrfey |nd Mcijcf ?7 {dcry

cae ky ehd e` ydpdrcf èrdkah c||erhd{y

yddjkha |e ndfw `cynkeh Ntyydkhy ld`dhyd(

Cyjdl cy |e qnd|ndr nd qetfl ocyd c

ld`dhyd e` Ntyydkh eh |nd iebwfkik|{ e`

qdy|drh ieth|rkdy Pdrady rdywehldl=

ZLRtrkha |nd _dcach clbkhky|rc|keh

ZLehcflR _tby`dfl nkbydf` qcy kh

incrad e` yebd jd{ rdfc|kehy qk|n |nd

Krcsk ct|nerk|kdy Qdy|drh ieth|rkdy

yefl qdcwehy |e Ycllcb( Qdy|drh

ieth|rkdy dhietrcadl |nd qcr cackhy|

Krch( Qdy|drh ieth|rkdy qdrd wrdydh| kh

Krcs |nretan lkwfebc|ki ldfdac|kehy(

\nd{ qdrdh| ofkhl Eopketyf{& kh

|nd ietryd e` c |rkcf& |nd `thlcbdh|cf

dfdbdh| qkff od= {et |rdc| bd fkjd c

wcrkcn& ot| K qcy {etr `rkdhl( Qnc| qd

lkl& qd lkl |ead|ndr( K `krdl |nd otffd|&

ot| {etrd |nd ehd qne acpd bd |nd ath

{et dpdh wekh|dl et| |nd dhdb{(

Ntyydkhy fcq{dry bc{ dpdh clbk| |nc| nd

ky c behy|dr chl yddj |e wkh ciiebwfkid

fkcokfk|{ eh |nd Qdy|( \nd{ qkff cfye |r{

|e yfkw |nretan |nd wreydit|kehy icyd

|e yneq ywdik`ki kh|dh| èr |nd adheikld

cackhy| |nd Jtrly o{ cratkha |nc| Ntyydkh

khy|dcl ncl cf|drhc|kpd btf|kwfd kh|dh|y(

\nd{ qkff yc{ |nc| k| qcy hdpdr nky kh|dh|

|e ldy|re{ |ndb( _c|ndr nky wrkbcr{

kh|dh| qcy |e kbweyd ardc|dr idh|rcf

ieh|ref epdr |nd ekf`kdfly thldrf{kha

|rclk|kehcff{ wewtfc|dl Jtrlkyn crdcy

kh |nd her|n chl nky ydiehlcr{ kh|dh|

qcy |e ieboc| Jtrlkyn èridy cyyky|khaKrch ltrkha |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr(

@er wree` e` |nd wrkbcr{ kh|dh| Ntyydkh

qkff wekh| |e hc|kehcf yditrk|{ iehidrhy

cyyeikc|dl qk|n cffeqkha c rdy|kpd

we|dh|kcff{ ordcjcqc{ wewtfc|keh |e

rdbckh kh ieh|ref e` |nd ieth|r{y

Ckr @erid Bcy|dr Ya|( _kincrl Otrin& rkan|& c ywdi|rcf chcf{y|& chl Ortid Adrrkij& c T(Y( adeyikdh|ky|& y|tl{ bcyy arcpdyk|dy eh ch Krcsk bcw kh|ndkr eìd kh Ocanlcl kh Ldidbodr ?779(

Qnc| qcy èthl c| Nc|rc yneqy neq|nd Ntyydkh fdcldrynkw bcld cotykhdyy e` jkffkha wdewfd(



11/13

Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774 v 3;

fcrady| ekf rdydrpdy( Nd qkff cratd |nc|

nky lrciehkch èridl"bkarc|keh wefkikdy

qdrd adcrdl |e |nky dhl chl |nc| |e |nd

d~|dh| |nc| fcrad htbodry e` Jtrly lkdl

k| qcy odictyd |nd{ rdyky|dl( \e ordcj|nky rdyky|chid ncryn bd|nely fkjd tyd

e` iehidh|rc|keh icbwy chl acy ncl |e

od dbwfe{dl ot| he| |e jkff |ndb

cy c aretw ehf{ |e `rkan|dh |ndb kh|e

iebwfkchid( K` |nd ld`dhyd c||erhd{y

ich iehpkhid |nd mtlad |nc| Ntyydkhy

kh|dh| qcy |e yditrd Krcsy diehebki

qdcf|n o{ ldwewtfc|kha |nd Jtrlkyn

crdcy |ndrdo{ yditrkha |nd ekf`kdfly |ndh

|nd wreydit|kehy yneqkha e` kh|dh|

odiebdy btin ncrldr( \nd wreydit|er

ncy |e he| ehf{ yneq |nd rdstkyk|d dpkf

kh|dh| ot| cfye ldbehy|rc|d |nc| |nd

cf|drhc|kpd kh|dh| ky he| wfctykofd(

@er wree` e` |nd ydiehlcr{ kh|dh|

hcbdf{ |nd kh|dh| |e ieboc| Jtrlkyn

èridy cyyky|kha Krch kh k|y qcr cackhy|

Krcs Ntyydkh qkff wreltid dpkldhid e`

iefftykeh od|qddh Jtrlkyn chl Krchkch

èridy ltrkha |nd Krch"Krcs Qcr( Nd

qkff cratd |nc| `kan|kha |nd Krchkchy chl

`kan|kha |nd Krcsk Jtrly qdrd ehd chl |ndycbd |nkha `reb Ocanlcly wdrywdi|kpd(

\nc| Jtrlkyn èridy |eej Ncfcomc kh 3;>>

qk|n ytwwer| `reb Krchkch èridy cy |nd{

ireyydl kh|e her|ndrh Krcs fdak|kbk}dl

|nd c||cij o{ Krcsk èridy eh |nc| ik|{ cy c

bkfk|cr{ hdidyyk|{( Ntyydkh qkff ieh|dhl

|nc| qnkfd k| qcy thèr|thc|d |nc| 4777

Krcsk Jtrly lkdl ltrkha ieboc| nky kh|dh|

qcy he| |e jkff ikpkfkchy et|rkan| ot| |e

rd|cjd c y|rc|dakicff{ kbwer|ch| crdc(

\nd wreydit|keh bty| ofth| |ndyd

cf|drhc|kpd kh|dh| |nderkdy( Adearcwn{

ndfwy |ndb |e thldrbkhd |nd ydiehlcr{

cf|drhc|kpd kh|dh| |nder{ èr |nd

Ch`cf icbwckah |nc| Ntyydkh qcy

ieboc|kha Jtrly iefftlkha qk|n Krchkch

èridy ltrkha qcr|kbd( \nd bcmerk|{

e` Jtrlkyn pkffcady acyydl er ldy|re{dl

ltrkha |nd Ch`cfy qdrd dk|ndr eh |nd

oerldr qk|n \trjd{ he| Krch er yebd

lky|chid khfchl `reb |nd Krchkch oerldr

qndrd bey| e` |nd bkfk|cr{ khitrykehy

qdrd |cjkha wfcid( Berdepdr |neyd

|crad|dl o{ |nd Ch`cfy qdrd ikpkfkchy

he| bkfk|cr{ èridy er crbdl Jtrly(

\nd wreydit|keh bc{ ineeyd |e

clbk| |nd feaki e` ieth|drkhytradhi{

cy |nd thldrf{kha kldc èr irdc|keh

e` |nd Ch`cf chl |e cratd |nc| |nd

ieth|drkhytradhi{ hehd|ndfdyy dpefpdl

kh|e adheikld( Cy ehd adheikld rdydcrindrèr Ntbch _kan|y Qc|in he|dy |nd

`ci| |nc| Ch`cf qcy o{ |nd hcrreqdy|

ld`khk|keh c ieth|drkhytradhi{ ledy

he|nkha |e lkbkhkyn |nd `ci| |nc| k|

qcy cfye ch ci| e` adheikld( \ndrd

ky he|nkha bt|tcff{ d~iftykpd coet|

ieth|drkhytradhi{ chl adheikld(

Khlddl ehd bc{ od |nd khy|rtbdh|

tydl |e iehytbbc|d |nd e|ndr(

\nd diehebki rc|kehcfd e` |nd wrkbcr{

cf|drhc|kpd kh|dh| |nder{ ky ncrldr |e

c||cij ot| qk|n yebd rdpdryd dhakhddrkha

|nd wreydit|keh bc{ od cofd |e

thldrbkhd k| cy qdff( @er d~cbwfd kh c

lcbhkha ste|d lrcqh `reb ehd

e` bch{ ctlke|cwdy icw|trdl o{ |nd

Thk|dl Y|c|dy chl |rchyfc|dl o{ |nd

Ichclkch Oreclicy|kha Ierwerc|keh

cf"Bcmkl lkyityydy |nd Ch`cfy=

Z\Rdff nkb K qkff y|rkjd( K qkff y|rkjd

qk|n indbkicfy chl jkff |ndb cff(

Qnc| ky |nd kh|drhc|kehcf iebbthk|{

aekha |e yc{5 \nd ndff qk|n |ndb

chl |nd ndff qk|n ch{ e|ndr ieth|r{

kh |nd qerfl |nc| eomdi|y(

Lehcfl _tby`dfl bdd|y Ycllcb Ntyydkh kh 3;>9 .|cjdh `reb pklde fd+(


K`krdl |nd otffd| ot| {etrd |nd ehd qneacpd bd |nd ath {et dpdh wekh|dlet| |nd dhdb{(


12/13

?7 v Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774

K` |nc| dpkldh| adheiklcf kh|dh| ich

od kbwt|dl ocij tw |nd inckh |e

Ntyydkh |ndh Ntyydkhy cf|drhc|kpd

d~wfchc|kehy bc{ ieffcwyd(

\nd wreydit|keh qkff od ndfwdl

iehykldrcof{ o{ |nd `ci| |nc| ye bch{

ytrpkpery e` Ntyydkhy adheiklcf wefkikdy

crd pefth|ddrkha |e wrdydh| dpkldhid

cackhy| nkb( Kh rdfc|keh |e |nd c||cij eh

Ncfcomc c `dbcfd y|tldh| c| |nc| |kbd

qcy rethldl tw qk|n e|ndr y|tldh|y

chl wcrcldl odèrd Ntyydkh c| bkfk|cr{

ndclstcr|dry kh Ytfdkbchk{cn( Ynd ycq

nkb eh c arddh |dfdwnehd chl ndcrl nkblky|khi|f{ akpd |nd erldr |e oebocrl

|nd ik|{=

ZKR qetfl fkjd |e |dy|k`{ |nc| K ycq

nkb bcjd |nc| wnehd icff |nc| lc{(

K |nkhj |nd bc||dr ncy iebd cfkpd

cackh& chl heq qd qkff ydd mty|kid(

Ch Crco Krcsk `reb Ocanlcl qne

qk|hdyydl wfchdy fecldl qk|n thtytcf

qdcwehy c| |nd Crokf ckr`kdfl |nc| berhkha

qch|y |e |dff nky y|er{ kh ietr| cy qdff(

Fcij e` jheqfdlad ky che|ndr ld`dhyd

Ntyydkh qkff rckyd qnkin cfye aedy

|e |nd dy|cofkynbdh| e` ywdik`ki kh|dh|(

Ntyydkh qkff ifckb |nc| nd qcy thcqcrd

e` |nd ci|kpk|kdy e` nky ytoerlkhc|dy(

\nky ld`dhyd bc{ `ckf neqdpdr k` |nd

T(Y( eìdry `reb |nd 9rl 4?hl Ikpkf C``ckry Iebbchl chl c èrdhyki |dcb `reb |nd Idh|rd èr @erdhyki Yikdhid& \dinhefea{ chl Fcq e` |nd

Khèrid @ethlc|keh ac|ndr |e d~cbkhd |nd rdbckhy e` nthlrdly e` oelkdy kh c yineef kh Bc{ ?779 kh Cf Btyc{{ko& Krcs( \nd oelkdy qdrd oretan|

|e |nd yineef `reb c bcyy arcpd lkyiepdrdl kh |nd ldydr| kh |nd et|yjkr|y e` Cf Btyc{{ko(



13/13

Irdkan|eh Fcq{dr @cff ?774 v ?3

wreydit|keh wrewdrf{ cyydr|y |nd iebbchl

rdywehykokfk|{ lei|rkhd |nc| kbwt|dy

jheqfdlad tw |nd inckh e` iebbchl

|e fdcldry qne rdcyehcof{ ynetfl ncpd

jheqh qnc| qcy ncwwdhkha( \nd |tstestd.{et |ee+ ld`dhyd qcy rdmdi|dl

c| |nd Htrdbodra |rkcfy e` Hc}k qcr

fdcldry( \e |nd d~|dh| |nc| |nky ld`dhyd

ky rckydl |e c adheikld incrad k| qkff

khpefpd |nd Qdy|y ytwwf{kha nkb |nd

bdchy chl cyyky|chid |e icrr{ et| nky

ci|kehy( K| qkff feyd k|y èrid eh c lebdy|ki

|rkothcf neqdpdr chl ch cratbdh|

|nc| Krch tydl indbkicf qdcwehy `kry|

qnkin ky k|ydf` lkywt|dl qetfl

ykbkfcrf{ od fey| eh ch Krcsk ietr|(

Ntyydkhy c||erhd{y ncpd cfye khlkic|dl

|ndkr kh|dh|keh |e rckyd |nd yepdrdkah

kbbthk|{ ld`dhyd( Dpdh |netan k| ncy

dreldl ykahk`kich|f{ kh kh|drhc|kehcf fcq k|

bc{ {d| rd|ckh yebd ycfkdhid kh lebdy|ki

fcq( \e ytiiddl neqdpdr nky c||erhd{ycijheqfdlad |nc| |nd{ qetfl ncpd |e

yneq |nc| |nd Cbdrkich"fdl khpcykeh e`

Krcs qcy kffdacf thldr kh|drhc|kehcf fcq

chl |ndrdèrd o{ d~|dhykeh Ntyydkh

ky y|kff fdacff{ |nd ndcl e` y|c|d( \nky

y|rc|da{ ky e` ietryd ocydl eh wefk|kicf

okcy chl rc|ndr btrj{ cyydr|kehy(

Wt||kha |nd Cbdrkich"fdl khpcykeh eh

|rkcf ky idr|ckhf{ c ifdpdr cwwrecin chl

ietfl lky|rci| |nd wreiddlkhay ot|

ytin c wefk|kicff{ incradl weyk|keh ky

ch twnkff oc||fd chl k| ky thfkjdf{ |e

dy|cofkyn |nc| Ntyydkh ky |nd itrrdh|

fdacf wrdykldh| e` Krcs dpdh |netan |nd

bd|nel tydl |e ldweyd nkb qcy kffdacf(

Ntyydkhy |rkcf ky d~wdi|dl |e ad| thldr

qc{ kh |nd qkh|dr e` ?774 er dcrf{ ywrkhae` ?770( Bch{ berd qk|hdyydy bty| od

kh|drpkdqdl chl dpkldhid chcf{}dl( K`

iehpki|dl Ntyydkh ietfl `cid |nd ldc|n

wdhcf|{ qnkin qcy |dbwercrkf{ ytywdhldl

ltrkha |nd T(Y("fdl eiitwc|keh( \nd

mty|kid nd `cidy odèrd nky eqh Krcsk

ieth|r{bdh eh |nd Ywdikcf \rkothcf qkff

od berd |nch nd e``drdl |nd |netychly

qne qdrd yfctan|drdl o{ nky nchl er

eh nky erldry( Chl qnkfd yebd Krcsk

wefk|kikchy crd kbwc|kdh| èr stkij

rd|rkot|kpd mty|kid cackhy| nkb cffeqkha

Ntyydkhy |rkcf |e wreiddl c| ch dpdh wcid

|e dhytrd |nc| |nd `tff y|er{ ky |efl chl

|nc| |nd |rt|n dbdrady ky pk|cf( \neyd

qne ytrpkpdl ytin c|reik|kdy cy |nd

Jtrlkyn adheikld ldydrpd he fdyy( Cy le

|nd bdberkdy e` |neyd qne wdrkyndl(

Cffeqkha Ntyydkhy |rkcf |e wreiddl c| chdpdh wcid |e dhytrd |nc| |nd `tff y|er{ky |efl chl |nc| |nd |rt|n dbdrady ky pk|cf(

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The Genocide of the iraqi kurds and Trial of saddam hussein

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