THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT The Roots of the Civil Rights Movement.

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTThe Roots

of the Civil

Rights Movement

13th, 14th, 15th AMENDMENTSRECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

13TH AMENDMENTOUTLAWED SLAVERY

14TH AMENDMENTMADE AFRICAN AMERICANS CITIZENS

GUARANTEED EQUAL PROTECTION UNDER THE LAW15TH AMENDMENT

GUARANTEED AFRICAN AMERICANS THE RIGHT TO VOTE

13, 14, 15 – FREE, CITIZENS,VOTE

The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments were supposed to

protect the rights of African Americans under the U.S.

Constitution…But they did not because of a ruling by the U.S. Supreme

Court…

PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)

Homer Plessy

U.S. Supreme Court case that made

segregation legal in the United States

Established the principle of “separate but equal”

PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)“Separate but equal”

meant that minorities were not allowed in the same places as whites

Southern states passed laws that legalized segregation known as “Jim Crow” laws

For the next 70 years, Jim Crow laws dominated

society in the South for African

Americans

Segregation became the way of life for blacks in

the South until…

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATION (1954)

African American girl sued for the right to go to the school of her choice – and WON!

Ruling overturned the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson case and outlawed segregation in public schools

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONSupreme Court ruled

segregation of public schools was unconstitutional

Ruling gave improved educational opportunities to African Americans

BROWN v. BOARD of EDUCATIONNAACP attorney

Thurgood Marshall (center) argued the

case to end segregation

Marshall later became the first African American on the U.S. Supreme Court

Rosa Parks refuses to move to the back

of the bus

The Movement Begins

Parks is arrested, leading to the…

Montgomery Bus BoycottOutraged over Park’s arrest, African

Americans organize a boycott of Montgomery’s Public Transportation

System in 1956

African Americans carpooled, took taxis, or walked to avoid taking the busAfter a year, the city of Montgomery was ordered to end its segregation policy

African Americans carpooling during the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A leader emergesThe person who led the Montgomery Bus

Boycott was a Baptist minister from Atlanta.

His name was Martin Luther King, Jr.

The boycott of the busing system of Montgomery gained

King national prominence MLK leaving a bus after the boycott ends

Martin Luther King, Jr.• Born in Atlanta, GA

• Southern Baptist Minister• Led Montgomery Bus Boycott• Leader of the Civil Rights

Movement • Often compared to Mohandas Gandhi• Advocated non-violent protests• Urged followers to disobey unjust laws• Was arrested 30 times

. . . there comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.

… I want it to be known that we’re going to work with grim and bold determination to gain justice on the buses in this city. And we are not wrong... -- MLK

King following his first arrest

Martin Luther King: A powerful speaker

Types of Protests

• Marches

• Sit-ins• Freedom Riders

Civil Rights MarchesMarches were the most

common form of protests used during the Civil Rights Movement

Protestors would march peacefully in attempt to draw national attention for their cause

Sit-insBlacks were denied

service at lunch countersThey sat at the counter until they were served or arrested

Sit-ins raised the awareness of the discrimination that

was occurring

Students who participated in the sit-ins refused to

become violent

Freedom RidersBlacks and whites

traveled into the South to draw attention to the

South’s segregation of bus terminals

When Freedom Riders arrived at various cities in the South, white mobs attacked them

Coming up next: Movement

gains national

attention…

…and also becomes violent

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTKey events

of the Civil

Rights Movement

Leaders of Civil Rights Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Medgar EversMalcolm X

Stokley Carmichael Rosa Parks

“WE SHALL OVERCOME”“We Shall

Overcome” became the battle cry of the Civil

Rights Movement

Protestors often sang the song during civil

rights marches

Civil Rights Organization

s

NAACP

SCLC

SNCC CORE

National Association

for the Advancement

of Colored People

Southern Christian

Leadership Council

Student Non-violent

Coordinating CommitteeCongress of Racial

Equality

The movement gains national attention

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTClockwise, from

right, integration of Little Rock Central; bombing of 16th Street Baptist Church ; lynching of Emmitt Till; violence in Birmingham; murder of civil rights workers in Mississippi

Odyssey of Emmitt Till

Emmitt Till

Open casket at Emmitt Till funeral

Emmitt Till was a 14-year-old from Chicago whose murder in 1955 made national newsTill was lynched and murdered after he said

“bye baby” to a white woman who was the cashier at a store while visiting his

cousin in Money, Mississippi

Ending school segregationIn 1957, a federal court

ordered the integration of Little Rock Central High

Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sent in the National Guard to “keep the peace”

The local NAACP picked out nine African Americans

to attend the school

On their first attempt to enter the school, the black students

were denied entrance

Ending school segregationThe Little Rock

NineU.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower called in

federal troops to enforce the Supreme

Court ruling

Only one of the “Little Rock Nine” graduated that year, but the

incident raised national awareness about the discrimination in the

South

James Meredith enters Ole Miss

Ending school segregation

James Meredith is denied admission into Ole Miss

President Kennedy sends 500 federal marshals to

escort Meredith and make sure he was allowed to

attended classes

Wallace fights segregation

Ending school segregation

"The President wants us to surrender this state to Martin Luther King and his group of pro-Communists who have instituted these demonstrations."

Alabama governor George Wallace blocks the

entrance to keep two black students from enrolling at the University of Alabama

President Kennedy

sends federal marshals to enforce the federal law

George Wallace

Violence in Birmingham

At marches in Alabama, Birmingham police chief

Bull Connor used fire hoses and attack dogs to prevent

people from marching

The incident raised national

awareness about the

discrimination in the South

Violence in Birmingham

Birmingham, Alabama, was regarded as the most segregated

city in the South

Because of all the bombings in the city, Birmingham was

nicknamed “Bombingham”

The bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church

killed four innocent girls

Mississippi Burning murders

Michael Schwerner James Chaney Andrew Goodman

In the summer of 1964, dubbed -Freedom Summer - three civil rights

workers came up missing in, Mississippi

Weeks later, they were found dead after having been killed by members

of the Ku Klux Klan

March on Washington

To support to President Kennedy’s Civil Rights bill, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a massive march on

Washington, D.C., as a show of support for the bill

On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000 demonstrators gathered peacefully at the nation’s capital

MLK: “I have a dream”It was during the March on

Washington in 1963 that Martin Luther King, Jr., gave his “I Have a Dream” speech

Dr. King presented his dream of freedom and

equality for all Americans

The March on Washington and Martin Luther King’s

speech helped to lead to the…

Civil Rights Act of 1964Despite strong opposition

from Southern senators, President Lyndon B.

Johnson got Congress to pass the bill

Law gave Congress power to outlaw segregation in most

public places; gave minorities equal access to facilities such as restaurants and theaters

24th AmendmentThe 24th Amendment, ratified in

1964, helped to guarantee the right to vote for African Americans

It abolished poll taxes,

which were fees that had to be paid in order to vote in

national elections

SNCC and SCLC increased their

voter registration drives in the South

Selma March/Bloody Sunday

Voting Rights Act of 1965

"By the way, what's the big word?"

The violence in Selma infuriated President Johnson

and led to the federal government to step in again

Johnson to propose a new voting rights law and, in early August, the Voting Rights Act

of 1965 was signed into law

It authorized the Attorney General to send federal examiners to register qualified voters by bypassing local

officials who tried to keep blacks from voting

THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTKey events

of the Civil

Rights Movement

Movement takes a different direction

Malcolm XMalcolm X was the Civil Rights Movement leader who advocated the use of violence to

gain African American rightsHe was assassinated in 1965 after

abandoning the beliefs of Black Panthers

The Black PanthersThe Black Panthers were the group during the Civil Rights Movement that urged African Americans to fight for their rights

The Black Panthers were led by former SNCC leader Stokley Carmichael

Martin Luther King assassinatedTragedy struck on April

4, 1968, when Martin Luther King was

assassinated

King was in Memphis, Tenn., for a march for

Sanitation Workers

The assassination of Martin Luther King marked the end of the civil rights movement

Coming up next: Other

groups fight for their rights

Latinos, Native Americans,

women