THE CELL (not 6-1, 6-6, 6-7). YOU MUST KNOW… THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES COMMON.

THE CELL (not 6-1, 6-6, 6-7)

YOU MUST KNOW…• THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES COMMON TO PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

• THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS OR ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

CONCEPT 6.2• EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE

INTERNAL MEMBRANES THAT COMPARTMENTALIZE THEIR FUNCTIONS

CHARACTERISTICS PROKARYOTICCELLS

EUKARYOTICCELLS

PLASMA MEMBRANE YES YES

CYTOSOL WITHORGANELLES

YES YES

RIBOSOMES YES YES

NUCLEUS NO YES

SIZE 1 UM-10UM 10 UM-100UM

INTERNAL MEMBRANE NO YES

CELLS• PROKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN

DOMAINS BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

• EUKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN DOMAINS PROTISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS, ANIMALS

PROKARYOTES• CHROMOSOMES ARE GROUPS

TOGETHER IN A REGION CALLED THE NUCLEOID

• NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES ARE FOUND IN THE CYTOSOL

EUKARYOTES• A MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED

NUCLEUS CONTAINS THE CHROMOSOMES

• MANY MEMBRANE-BOUNDED ORGANELLES

IN THE

CYTOPLASM

PLASMA MEMBRANE• FORMS THE BOUNDARY FOR A CELL• SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE AND

PERMITS THE PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL

• MADE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND ASSOCIATED CARBOHYDRATES

NUCLEUS• CONTAINS MOST OF THE CELL’S DNA• DNA SERVES AS A TEMPLATE TO

MAKE mRNA• CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL• SURROUNDED BY THE NUCLEAR

MEMBRANE, A DOUBLE MEMBRANE• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IS

COUNTINUOUS WITH THE ROUGH E.R.

NUCLEUS• CONTAINS NUCLEAR PORES THAT

CONTROL WHAT ENTERS OR LEAVES THE NUCLEUS

• CHROMATIN IS THE COMPLEX OF DNA• NUCLEOLUS IS THE REGION WHERE rRNA

COMPLEXES WITH PROTEINS TO FORM RIBOSOMAL SUBUNITS

RIBOSOMES• SITES OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • CONSIST OF A LARGE AND SMALL

SUBUNIT AND MAY BE FREE FLOATING IN THE CYTOSOL (FOR MAKING PROTEINS FOR USE WITHIN THE CELL) OR ATTACHED TO ROUGH E.R. (WHEN MAKING PROTEINS FOR EXPORT OR USE IN THE CELL MEMBRANES)

E.R.• NETWORK OF MEMBRANES AND

SACS WHOSE INTERNAL AREA IS CALLED THE CISTERNAL SPACE

• 2 TYPES – SMOOTH AND ROUGH E.R.

SMOOTH E.R.• 3 FUNCTIONS• SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS• METABOLISM OF

CARBOHYDRATES• DETOXIFICATION OF

DRUGS AND POISONS

ROUGH E.R.• THE PROTEINS MADE IN THE

RIBOSOMES ON THE ROUGH E.R. TRAVEL ACROSS THE E.R. MEMBRANE AND IN TO THE CISTERNAL SPACE

• PROTEINS ARE CONCENTRATED MORE BEFORE THEY ARE MOVED BY TRANSPORT VESICLE TO THE GOLGI APPARATUS FOR ADDITIONAL MODIFICATION

GOLGI APPARATUS• PROTEINS ARE MODIFIED,

STORED, AND SHIPPED• HAVE POLARITY – THE CIS FACE

RECEIVES VESICLES, THE TRANS FACE SHIPS VESICLES

MITOCHONDRIA• SITE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION • ATP IS CREATED • ENCLOSED BY A DOUBLE

MEMBRANE, THE

INNER MEMBRANE

HAS INFOLDS

CALLED CRISTAE

PEROXISOMES• SINGLE MEMBRANE BOUND

COMPARTMENTS • RESPONSIBLE FOR VARIOUS

METABOLIC FUNCTIONS THAT INVOLVE THE TRANSFER OF HYDROGEN FROM COMPOUNDS TO OXYGEN, PRODUCING H2O2

• BREAK DOWN F.A. TO BE SENT TO THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR FUEL AND DETOXIFY ALCOHOL BY TRANSFERRING HYDROGEN FROM THE POISON TO OXYGEN

CYTOSKELETON• NETWORK OF PROTEIN FIBERS• RESPONSIBLE FOR SUPPORT,

MOTILITY, AND REGULATING SOME BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES

• 3 TYPES – MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

MICROTUBULES• LARGEST OF THE FIBERS• SHAPE AND SUPPORT THE CELL • TRACKS FOR ORGANELLES TO

MOVE• SEPARATE CHROMOSOMES

DURING MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS• STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

MICROFILAMENTS• MADE OF THE PROTEIN ACTIN• WHEN COUPLED WITH MYOSIN, IT

CAUSES MOVEMENT• EX. AMEBOID MOVEMENT,

MUSCLE

CONTRACTION

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

• MORE PERMANENT FIXTURES IN THE CELL

• HELP MAINTAIN SHAPE OF THE CELL

• VARY DEPENDING

ON LOCATION

AND FUNCTION

CENTROSOMES• REGION NEAR THE NUCLEUS

WHERE MICROTUBULES GROW• CONTAIN CENTRIOLES IN ANIMAL

CELLS

CELL STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH

ANIMAL CELLS ONLY

LYSOSOMES• SACS OF HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES

THAT CAN DIGEST LARGE MOLECULES INCLUDING PROTEIN, POLYSACCHARIDES, FATS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

• BREAK DOWN MACROMOLECULES TO ORGANIC MONOMERS THAT ARE RELEASED IN THE CYTOSOL AND RECYCLED BY THE CELL

• WORK BEST IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT

CENTRIOLES• LOCATED WITHIN THE

CENTROSOME WHERE THEY REPLICATE BEFORE CELL DIVISION

SPECIALIZED MICROTUBULES

• FLAGELLA - COMMON IN UNICELLULAR EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS

• CILIA – SHORTER AND MORE NUMBEROUS, CAN BE USED IN LOCOMOTION OR MOVE OVER THE SURFACE OF THE TISSUE

COMMON ULTRASTRUCTURE

• CONTAIN 9 PAIRS OF MICROTUBULES SURROUNDING A CENTRAL CORE OF 2 MICROTUBULES

• ARRANGEMENT IS REFERRED TO AS THE

“9+2 PATTERN”

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

• SITUATED JUST EXTERNAL TO PLASMA MEMBRANE

• COMPOSED OF GLYCOPROTEINS SECRETED BY THE CELL (COLLAGEN)

• STRENGTHENS TISSUES • SERVES AS A CONDUIT FOR

TRANSMITTING EXTERNAL STIMULI INTO THE CELL, TURNING ON GENES, MODIFYING BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY

INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS• TIGHT JUNCTIONS – SECTIONS OF

ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE WHERE 2 NEIGHBORING CELLS ARE FUSED SO MEMBRANES BECOME WATER-TIGHT

• DESMOSOMES – FASTEN CELLS TOGETHER STRENGTHENING THEM

• GAP JUNCTIONS – PROVIDE CHANNELS BETWEEN ADJACENT ANIMAL CELLS WHERE IONS, SUGARS, AND OTHER SMALL MOLECULES CAN PASS

STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH PLANT CELLS ONLY

CENTRAL VACUOLE• STORES AND BREAKS DOWN

SOME WASTE PRODUCTS• IT CAN TAKE UP AS MUCH AS 80%

OF

THE CELL

CHLOROPLASTS• FOUND IN PLANT AND ALGAE

CELLS• SITES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CELL WALL• PROTECTS THE PLANT AND HELPS

MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE• PRIMARY COMPONENT

IS THE CARBOHYDRATE

CELLULOSE

PLASMODESMATA• CHANNELS THAT PERFORATE

ADJACENT PLANT CELL WALLS AND ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF SOME MOLECULES FROM CELL TO CELL