The Bonobo and the Chimpanzee

8/13/2019 The Bonobo and the Chimpanzee

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THE BONOBO AND THE CHIMPANZEE


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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

Studies show that humans, bonobos and

chimpanzees have the common ancestor

six million years ago. Humans also started

to divert from the common ancestor.

The bonobos and the chimpanzees have

the common ancestor last three million

years ago, which also begun to divert up to

day, making them different.


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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY


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TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY

Eastern Chimpanzee

(P. t. schweinfurthii)Central Chimpanzee (P.

t. troglodytes)

Nigeria-Cameroon

Chimpanzee (P. t.

vellerosus)

Masked

Chimpanzee (P. t.

verus)


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TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY

Initial genetic studies characterised

the DNA of chimpanzees (common

chimpanzee and bonobo, collectively) as

being as much as 98% (99.4% in one

study) identical to that of Homo sapiens.

DNA evidence suggests that the bonobo

and common chimpanzee species

effectively separated from each other

fewer than one million years ago.


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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

BONOBO CHIMPANZEE

More slender than the chimpanzee, slim body,

narrow shoulders, thin neck and long legs.

Females are smaller than males. Little shorterand slimmer than the chimpanzee.

The common chimp has long arms which have a

span one and a half times as long as the bodys

height and a chimpanzeesarms are longer thanits legs.

The weight of males range from 34 to 45 kg whilethe female bonobo weighs 30 kg.

The male chimpanzee weighs as much as 70 kg.The female is somewhat smaller.

Total length from nose to foot is 70 to 83 cm. The male common chimp is up to 1.7 meters (5.6

ft) high when standing.

Head is smaller than the chimpanzee with less

prominent brow ridges above the eyes.

A bony shelf over the eyes gives the forehead a

receding appearance, and the nose is flat.

It has a black face with pink lips, small ears, widenostrils, and long hair on its head that forms a

part.

robust build, face color changes with age, darklips

Higher pitched voice Hoot, scream, grunt, Drum on hollow trees


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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY


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SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

BONOBO CHIMPANZEECapable of altruism, compassion, empathy,

kindness, patience and sensitivity

They tend to display higher levels of aggression than

the bonobo.

Females have social status in bonobo society.

Aggressive encounters between males and females

are rare, and males are tolerant of infants and

juveniles. A male gets his status of his mother.

Adult males can be very aggressive. They are highly

territorial and are known how to kill other chimps.

Social hierarchies exist in bonobos. However, rank

plays a less prominent role in other primate

societies. Females form strong bonds and exert

social dominance over the males

Chimpanzees live in a leaner hierarchy in which

more than one individual may be dominant enough

to dominate other members of lower rank. Linear set

of relationships among all males, includes a clear

alpha-male

Tool use has been seen frequently only in captivity Chimpanzees are capable of using tools to cut

cracking, ant dipping/ fishing and leaf clipping


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Peaceful Bonobos Lack Violence Gene Humans share 98.7 percent of our DNA with chimpanzees, but we share one

important similarity with one species of chimp, the common chimpanzee, that we

don't share with the other, the bonobo. That similarity is violence. While humans and

the common chimpanzee wage war and kill each other, bonobos do not. "There hasnever been a recorded case in captivity or in the wild of a bonobo killing another

bonobo," notes anthropologist Brian Hare. Source: NSF


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Chimpanzees team up to attack a monkey in the wild Watch the planning and specific positions involved in a detailed chimpanzee attack

on a colabus monkey deep in the forest. Amazing videos of when animals attack from

BBC Worldwide.


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TERRITORIALITY

BONOBO CHIMPANZEE

groups occupy specific

territories, territories can

overlap, mating across

community lines observed

specific territories, aggressive

patrolling of boundaries,

avoidance of neighbors


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SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

BONOBO CHIMPANZEE

mother-son- and female-

female-bonds very important

male-male-bonds very

important

larger parties than chimps live in 'communities' of

multiple males and females

and their offspring

live in 'communities' of

multiple males and females

and their offspring

Different group-composition

than in Bonobos

mother-son- and female-

female-bonds very important

male-male-bonds very

important

Fission-fusion-societies Fission-fusion-societies

Exert social dominance over

the males

Linear set of relationships

among all males, includes a

clear alpha-male


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SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

BONOBO CHIMPANZEE

used for social

bondage

pairs can include all

age and sex

combinationsreduction of tension

elicit social or food

benefits

frequent homosexual

interactions esp. in

females

Used as greeting,

conflict resolution

High ranking males

monopolize and guard

females in estrus


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DIET AND NUTRITION

Both the bonobo and chimpanzee are fruit-

eaters. They supplement their diet with

leaves, meat from small vertebrates as

anomalures, flying squirrels, duikers, and

invertebrates.


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ROLE IN THE ECOSYSTEM

One fact that is clear bonobosand chimpanzees are critical tothe ecosystem of the areasurrounding the Congo River which comprises the worlds

second largest rainforest. Byeating forest fruits, along withleaves, theyhelp disperse seeds and therefore play animportant role in protecting and

preserving the forest. Primatesin particular are one of the mostimportant seed dispersers intropical forests.


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SIMILARITY TO HUMANS

BONOBO CHIMPANZEE

They are capable of

passing the mirror-

recognition test for

self awareness.

Communicate

through vocal means

although the

meaning of their

means of

communication is

unknown. But some of their

gestures are

understandable such

as inviting of other

Bonobos to play.

They share most of our

genes.

They seem to be able

to handle tools.

Communicate through

vocal means although

the meaning of their

means of

communication is

unknown.


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"Genius" Chimp Outsmarts Tube Researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Germany capture a chimpanzee's ingenious

efforts to get unreachable peanuts out of a tube.


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CONSERVATION STATUS

Both the bonobo and chimpanzee are

facing dwindling of population due to

hunting,snares, habitat destruction,

infectious diseases.

Researchers roughly estimate the wild

population of chimpanzees to be

between 100,000 and 200,000

(Nishida et. al. 2001). There are

approximately 250 animals in zoos and

another 1,200 in research facilities

(Goodall 2001). According to the IUCN Redlist report,

the population estimate of bonobos is

of at least 29,500 individuals.


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The Bonobo and the Chimpanzee

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