The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 1: Abolitionists -OR- All Aboard the Underground Railroad!

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The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 1: Abolitionists -OR- All Aboard the Underground Railroad! Slide 2 The Spirit of Abolition Not all Southerners want slavery; not all Northerners call for its end. First group to try to gradually end slavery: American Colonization Society. SS ociety wants to resettle slaves in Africa or Caribbean. AA ttempts to buy slaves & set them free. SS ociety purchases land in West Africa (Liberia) and resettles former slaves there. MMany slaves dont want to leave America, and pace of slave trade is too great. Slide 3 The Abolition Movement Spreads 1831: William Lloyd Garrison founds anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator. BB y 1838 Garrison attracts 1,000+ anti-slavery groups. Slide 4 William Lloyd Garrison I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest I will not equivocate I will not excuse I will not retreat a single inch AND I WILL BE HEARD. Slide 5 The Abolition Movement Spreads Sarah & Angelina Grimk free parents slaves and write in Theodore Welds American Slavery As It Is. Congressman John Quincy Adams proposes anti-slavery Constitutional amendment in 1839. African-Americans like David Walker encourage slaves to overthrow masters. Slide 6 Frederick Douglass: most famous abolitionist. DD ouglass born a slave but educates himself & escapes. AA fter escape, writes & speaks against slavery. Another famous abolitionist: Sojourner Truth, born Isabella Baumfree. Slide 7 The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 1850: Fugitive Slave Act requires all citizens help catch & return fugitive slaves. FF ugitive = runaway. MM any slaves run to North, but Southerners are able to recollect them thanks to the act. AA nyone caught aiding slave is fined or jailed. NN ortherners, bitterly opposed, step up efforts to protect runaway slaves. Slide 8 The Underground Railroad Underground Railroad: series of whites & freed slaves who aid runawaysproviding shelter & buying slaves freedom. Harriet Tubman escapes slavery through Underground Railroad. TT ubman makes 19 trips back to South to rescue slaves. Moses of her people. Slide 9 The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 2: Slavery & the West -OR- Phew, We Kicked the Slavery Can Down the Road for a Few More Years Slide 10 Sectionalism Divides America 1819: Missouri applies for statehood as slave state. AA t the time there are 11 slave & 11 free states. NN orth wants to end slavery, opposes admitting another slave state and upsetting this balance. Sectionalism: Strong devotion to region/area. SS outh wants to be left alone and is mad at Norths intrusion in Southern affairs. Slide 11 1820: Speaker of the House Henry Clay works out Missouri Compromise w/ Senate. MM issouri is admitted as slave state; Maine (formerly part of Massachusetts) is admitted as free state. SS lavery is banned in remainder of Louisiana Purchase north of 3630N. Slide 12 Missouri Compromise, 1820 Slide 13 Nullification Debates But Southerners again argue nullification, idea that states can legally overturn federal laws they dont like. Proponents of nullification look to John Locke/Tenth Amendment. WW asnt federal govt. formed by coalition of states? DD oesnt Tenth Amendment say federal govt. has limits? TT herefore, isnt prohibiting slavery in new states an overstep by federal govt.? YY ou discuss! Slide 14 Nullification came up many times: 11 798-99 Alien & Sedition Acts WW ar of 1812 11 820s-1830s tariff debates (Jackson) Nullification debate leads to 2 major propositions: 11. States have their own sovereignty and states rights outside federal govt. 22. If states are sovereign, they have right to secede (break away) from Union. Slide 15 1840s: Slavery issue comes up again. NN ow its over Tx., Ca. & N.M. RR emember: Texas acquired in 1845, leading to war w/ Mexico. New Lands in the West Slide 16 What to do about the West? Slide 17 Wilmot Proviso During Mexican-American War, Rep. David Wilmot proposes Wilmot Proviso. WW ilmot Proviso: Slavery should be prohibited in any lands acquired from Mexico. Southerners loudly protest Wilmot Proviso. SS en. John C. Calhoun of S.C. counters w/ new proposal: Congress has no authority to ban slavery or regulate it at all! NN either proposal passes, but furious debate is underway. Slide 18 Wilmot Proviso (Never implemented) Note: N.M. & Tx. have a border dispute here. Slide 19 The Election of 1848 Main candidates in 1848: Zachary Taylor (Whig) & Lewis Cass (Democrat). AA nd yes, Henry Clay NN either candidate takes stand on slavery: afraid of losing votes. So, many abandon both parties and form Free Soil Party. Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor & Free Men NN ominate former Pres. Martin Van Buren. Slide 20 Search for Compromise Zachary Taylor wins election, but many are now calling for abolition. TT aylor tells leaders in Ca. and N.M. to apply for statehood immediately. CCalifornia does so in 1850. II f California is admitted as free state and others follow, Southern slave states would be out-voted in Congress. SS outhern leaders threaten to secede, break away. Slide 21 Compromise of 1850 Before issue is worked out, Taylor dies of stomach illness. New Pres. Millard Fillmore favors compromise on issue of Ca. & slavery. SS enators Henry Clay & Stephen A. Douglas work out series of proposals for Congress to vote on. PP res. Fillmore convinces many Whigs to abstain (not vote) on what they disagree with. Slide 22 Compromise of 1850 features 5 provisions: 11. California admitted as free state. 22. N.M. Territory has no slavery restrictions. 33. N.M. & Tx. border dispute settled in N.M.s favor. 44. Slave trade (not slavery) outlawed in Wash., D.C. 55. Fugitive slave law made stronger. Slide 23 Slide 24 The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 3: A Nation Dividing -OR- An Election So Fraudulent, It Would Make Vladimir Putin Proud Slide 25 The Kansas-Nebraska Act 1853: Franklin Pierce, Northern Democrat in favor of fugitive slave act, defeats Winfield Scott for pres. Pierce declares he will fully support fugitive slave act. TT hus many fight harder against it. Author Harriet Beecher Stowe writes Uncle Toms Cabin, book that shows cruelty of slavery. Slide 26 1854: Sen. Stephen A. Douglas introduces Kansas-Nebraska Act. PP roposes that area west of Missouri & Iowa be called Kansas & Nebraska. TT hough both are above 3630N latitude line, Douglas proposes scrapping Missouri Compromise & allowing each state to decide on slavery. HHe calls this popular sovereignty: allow the people to decide. Slide 27 Northern states hate the idea. WW ould allow slavery into formerly free states! Douglas dislikes slavery but sees opportunity to spread railroads westward. With backing of Pres. Pierce & Northern Democrats, Douglas pushes act through Congress. BB ill reveals deep split in Democratic & Whig Parties. Slide 28 Compromise of 1850 Slide 29 vs. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Slide 30 Conflict in Kansas Immediately, pro & antislavery groups rush to Kansas to elect officials. 11 855: Proslavery legislature is elected in corrupt election. 11 000s of pro-slavery supporters, known as border ruffians, come from Missouri to vote in election & harass abolitionists. Antislavery forces reject legislature & arm themselves 1856: Antislavery constitution/govt created. BB oth govts ask Congress for support. Slide 31 Bleeding Kansas Pres. Pierce favors proslavery govt, but Congress favors antislavery govt. May 1856: pro-slavery forces attack anti- slavery capital of Lawrence, Kansas. LL ed by proslavery leader David Rice Atchison. AA ntislavery forces retaliate. Soon, full civil war, known as Bleeding Kansas breaks out in Kansas. CC ivil war: war between citizens of same country. Slide 32 John Brown: abolitionist who believes God commanded him to end slavery. HH e and 4 sons retaliate for the sacking of Lawrence. TT hey massacre 5 slavery supporters w/ broadswords. Slide 33 The Most Interesting Moment in the History of the Senate Violence over Kansas debate spills into Congress. AA bolitionist Sen. Charles Sumner lashes out against slavery supporters in Kansas. 22 days later: pro-slavery Rep. Preston Brooks comes to Congress w/ cane and beats Sumner repeatedly on the head. Slide 34 Political Parties Fracture After Kansas-Nebraska Act, many political parties change. NN orthern, anti-slavery Democrats leave Democratic Party. DD iffering views on slavery (Conscience Whigs vs. Cotton Whigs) destroy Whig Party. 1854: anti-slavery Democrats & Conscience Whigs join w/ Free-Soil Party to create Republican Party. RR epublican Partys main message: slavery should be banned from all new states. Slide 35 Final tally of political parties Federalists Anti- Federalists Federalist Party (Democratic) Republican Party mostly become Dies off c. 1816 National Republican Party Democratic- Republican (Democratic) Party Anti-Jackson Democrats Democratic Party (current) Whig Party Era of Good Feelings (one-party Republican system) Slide 36 The Election of 1856 Republican Party quickly = northern party. Democratic Party = southern party. 1856: Republicans choose John C. Frmont for president. Free soil, free speech, and Frmont! Democrats choose James Buchanan, who wins. Slide 37 The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 4: Challenges to Slavery -OR- Dred, Pure Dred Slide 38 Dred Scott v. Sandford 1857: Supreme Court decides a legendary case. Dred Scott: slave whose owner moves from Missouri (slave state) to Wisconsin Territory (free territory). Later they return to Missouri, where his owner dies. Slide 39 1856: Dred Scott sues for freedom, claiming he should be free since he was in Wisconsin. Dred Scotts case also a chance to rule on slavery in territories. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (Taw-nee) rules that since Scott is a slave, not a citizen, he has no right to sue. Taney also rules that a slave is always a slave, even on free territory. FF ifth Amendment prohibits government from taking property w/out due process of law. Slide 40 Taney declares Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. (( Slavery cannot be outlawed in territories.) Taney also rules popular sovereignty is unconstitutional. VV oters cant prohibit slavery, because that means taking away property. Dred Scott decision goes further than Stephen Douglas: Constitution protects slavery! Slide 41 Lincoln and Douglas 1858s congressional race: Democrat Stephen Douglas against unknown Republican lawyer Abraham Lincoln. DD ouglas dislikes slavery but thinks restricting it will restrict national growth. Lincoln challenges Douglas to series of seven debates about slavery. CC hallenges Douglas about popular sovereignty. Slide 42 Douglas claims Lincoln thinks blacks & whites are equal. LL incoln denies this claim, but says all men are equally free and Republican Party finds slavery morally wrong. CC ompare quotes, pg. 552. Lincoln loses the race, but after 1858, South fears rising Republican power. Slide 43 Lincoln on slavery (1854) When the white man governs himself that is self-government; but when he governs himself, and also governs another manthat is despotism.The negro is a man. There can be no moral right in connection with one mans making a slave of another. Let no one be deceived.The spirit of seventy-six and the spirit of Nebraska, are utter antagonisms.Little by littlewe have been giving up the old for the new faith. Near eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration, that for some men to enslave others is a sacred right of self-government. These principles cannot stand togetherOur republican robe is soiled, and trailed in the dust. Let us repurify itLet us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with.If we do this, we shall not only have saved the Union; but we shall have so saved it, as to make, and to keep it, forever worthy of the saving. Slide 44 Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859: Abolitionist John Brown attacks again. FF inanced by abolitionists, he leads 18 white & black men on raid of Harpers Ferry, Va. TT hey attack the arsenal (weapon storage facility). BB rown hopes to arm slaves and cause uprising against slave- owners. Slide 45 Brown is captured, tried, & hanged. SS ome Northerners call him a martyr, one who dies for beliefs. Abolitionists, especially in North, begin rallying strongly against slavery. Southerners believe Browns raid & abolition rallies are evidence of Northern conspiracy against South. CC ivil war is imminent. Slide 46 The American Journey: Chapter 12: Road to Civil War Section 5: Secession & War -OR- If at First You Dont Secede Slide 47 The Election of 1860 After Harpers Ferry raid, South threatens secession. NN orth claims its all scare tactics to keep people from voting Lincoln as pres. in 1860. Northern Democrats nominate Lincolns Congressional opponent, Stephen Douglas. Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckenridge. Slide 48 Republicans nominate Lincoln. LL incolns position: slavery will be left alone where it exists but excluded from territories. Lincoln wins election. EE lection is purely sectional: LLincoln wins every Northern state, but his name is not on the ballot in most Southern states! BBreckenridge sweeps South. BBorder states (between North and South) vote for John Bell of Tennessee. Slide 49 Election of 1860: Results Slide 50 The South Secedes With Lincoln as pres., South fears slave revolts & loss of states rights. Dec. 20 th, 1860: South Carolina holds special convention & votes to secede withdraw from Union. Republicans try hard to work compromise. KK entucky Sen. John Crittenden (Repub.) proposes new set of amendments forever protecting slavery below 3630 N. Slide 51 The Confederacy Forms Republicans consider Crittendens proposal betrayal. LL incolns quote, pg. 556. South also rejects any compromise w/ North. By Feb. 1861, six more states have seceded: TT exas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia join South Carolina. Slide 52 Feb 4 th, 1861: These seven states meet in Montgomery, Alabama and form new nation & govt. Called The Confederate States of America or The Confederacy. RR emember what a confederation is? Why would they form this type of government? Mississippi Sen. Jefferson Davis chosen as Confed. president. Slide 53 The Confederacy How does Confederacy justify secession? 11. Believe in states rights. 22. Voluntarily joined Union, can voluntarily leave (Lockes idea). 33. View Constitution as creation of states. 44. Believe federal govt. had violated the Constitution in two ways: AA. not enforcing fugitive slave act. BB. denying Southern states equal rightsright to own property (i.e., slaves)in territories. Slide 54 Reactions to Secession, 1861 Most Southerners overjoyed, but some troubled by secession. North is more complicated. MM any feel Union is better off being divided than allowing slavery. OO thers feel Union must be preserved always. Slide 55 Lincolns Response Many wonder what Lincolns inaugural speech will say. What will happen in slave states that chose to remain w/ Union? (( Virginia, Maryland, N. Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, & Arkansas.) Lincoln has to be careful: more states might secede if Union uses force vs. Confederacy. Slide 56 1861: Lincolns speech is mix of strong words & pleas for peace. SS ays South will not be allowed to secede! LL incoln will hold federal property in the South & enforce federal laws. SS ee pg. 557one of the most famous speeches in history. Slide 57 Fort Sumter Right away, Confederate troops begin seizing U.S. forts within their states. LL incoln doesnt want to go to war over this. However, the day after inaugural address, Pres. Lincoln hears Confederate troops are seizing Fort Sumter in Charleston, S.C. LL incoln responds by sending unarmed Union expedition w/ non-war supplies for besieged troops. Slide 58 April 12, 1861: Confederate president Jefferson Davis orders troops to fire on Ft. Sumter before supplies arrive. Confederate troops take fort & hoist their flag over it. NN o one killed, but fort is surrendered, April 14 th. Lincoln calls for 75,000 Union troops to fight. South issues similar call. Slide 59 The Civil War Begins Virginia, N.Carolina, Tennessee, & Arkansas join Confederacy in secession. The Civil War has begun Slide 60 Civil War Map, 1861* Nevada is admitted (free state) in 1864 June 20 th, 1863: West Virginia (free state) secedes from Virginia. Slide 61 FIN