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The 14 th Century Cataclysm
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The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Mar 30, 2015

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Page 1: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The 14th CenturyCataclysm

Page 2: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Events of the 14th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the 

Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire, early expansion into the

early Balkans : Osman I, 1st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The Avignon papacy transfers the seat of the Popes

from Italy to France The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people

in Europe The death of the Ilkhan Abu Said in 1335, causing the

disintegration of the Mongol rule in Persia. The Hundred Years' War begins when Edward

III of England lays claim to the French throne in 1337.  Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans 1431

Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe. (1347–1351).

Page 3: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Black Death: Bubonic Plague

One of the deadliest pandemics in human history,

peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Started in Central Asia, it reached the Crimea by

1346 From there, it spread throughout

the Mediterranean and Europe -- probably from black

rats on merchant ships, Estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's

population World population fell from about 450 million to

between 350 and 375 million in 1400. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, resulting in a larger

number of deaths, until it left Europe in the 19th century.

Page 4: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Pieter Breughel, The Triumph of Death

Page 5: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Dance of Death

Page 6: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Boccaccio’s Decameron

Collection of 100 novelle with a frame tale

Frame tale realistically details the Black Death in Italy

Novelle: short tales based set in realistic settings with a variety of characters from all social classes

Page 7: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Ten young people leave Florence during the Plague

to find respite in the countryside. They decide to

pass the time by telling stories to each other:

Ten storiesfor

Ten days:The Decameron

Page 8: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Geoffrey Chaucer

First great English poet

Early works reflect courtly concerns and ideals

Influenced by French and Italian models

Page 9: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Canterbury Tales

Chaucer’s masterpiece Frame: Pilgrimage from

London to Canterbury Brilliant portraits of

English characters Tales include many

genres: romance, sermon, fabilaux, lai, etc.

Page 10: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

From Christine de Pisan, 'Works'. Copyright ©, The British Library

Christine de Pisan 1364-ca. 1430

First European professional female author

Prominent in the “Debate about Women”

Works include courtesy books, military treatises, dream visions and The Book of the City of Ladies

                                                             

                       

Page 11: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The end of Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty (1368)

The heresy of Lollardy rises in England The Great Schism of the West begins in 1378, eventually

leading to 3 simultaneous popes. Peasants' Revolt in England in 1381. The Mali Empire expands westward and conquers Tekrur

(West Africa). The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages to describe the

preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of Rome in 476 through to the renewal embodied in the Renaissance.

Beginning of the Renaissance in Italy

More Events of the 14th Century

Page 12: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Renaissance

Page 13: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Aspects of Renaissance Art

Page 14: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

chiaroscuro

modeling figures by means of gradations of light and shade

Page 15: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Cimabuec. 1280-90

Giottoc.1310Madonna Enthroned

Page 16: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Giotto1266-1337

A shepherd boy who became the painter Cimabue’s apprentice

Based his figures on observation rather than painterly or iconic traditions

Employed chiaroscuoro to create dimensional figures

Figures display intense emotions Narrative fresco seriesHerald of the Renaissance

Page 17: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

GiottoThe Raising of

Lazarusc. 1304-06

Fresco cycle in Cappella degli Scrovegni in

Padua.

Page 18: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

devotional realism

detailed pictorial emphasis on the human nature and suffering of Christ with details drawn from everyday life

and nature

Page 19: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

GiottoSt. Francis of Assisi

Preaching to the Birds1297-99

 San Francesco, Upper Church, Assisi, Italy

Page 20: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Fra Filippo LippiMadonna and Child

1459

Page 21: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

GiottoLamentation

c. 1305Fresco cycle in Cappella degli Scrovegni in

Padua.

Page 22: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Michelangelo, Pietas

1498-991547-55

Page 23: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

narrative painting

painting that tells a story

Page 24: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

MassacioThe Tribute Money

1420sBrancacci Chapel

24. And when they were come to Capernaum, they that received tribute money came to Peter, and said, Doth not your master pay tribute? 25. He saith, Yes. And when he was come into the house, Jesus prevented him, saying, What thinkest thou, Simon? of whom do the kings of the earth take custom or tribute? of their own children, or of strangers? 26. Peter saith unto him, Of strangers. Jesus saith unto him, Then are the children free. 27. Notwithstanding, lest we should offend them, go thou to the sea, and cast an hook, and take up the fish that first cometh up; and when thou hast opened his mouth, thou shalt find a piece of money: that take, and give unto them for me and thee.— Matthew 17:24–27

Page 25: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

urbanity

interest in the life and governance of cities

Page 26: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Lorenzetti, The Effects of Good Government in the City, 1338

Page 27: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Lorenzetti, The Allegory of Bad Government in the City, 1338

Avarice

Pride

Vanity

Tyrant

Page 28: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

classical humanism

recovery and study of Greek and Latin texts, art and architecture with an

emphasis on the role of the individual

Page 29: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Botticelli, Primavera, c. 1482

Mercury Three Graces Venus Flora Chloris Zephyrus

Page 30: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Botticelli, The Birth of Venus, c. 1486

Page 31: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Raphael, The School of Athens, 1509-10

Page 32: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Raphael, The Parnassus, 1509-10

Page 33: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

linear perspective

the illusion of space and distance on a flat surface

Page 34: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

linear perspective

System originated in Florence, Italy in the early 1400s. The artist and architect Brunelleschi demonstrated its

principles but The architect and writer, Leon Battista Alberti was

first to write down its rules An artist must first imagine the picture surface as an

"open window" through which to see the painted world.

Straight lines are then drawn on the canvas to represent the horizon and "visual rays" connecting the viewer's eye to a point in the distance

Page 35: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

linear perspective

The horizon line runs across the canvas at the eye level of the viewer. The horizon line is where the sky appears to meet the ground.

The vanishing point should be located near the center of the horizon line. The vanishing point is where all parallel lines (orthogonals) that run towards the horizon line appear to come together like train tracks in the distance.

Orthogonal lines are "visual rays" helping the viewer's eye to connect points around the edges of the canvas to the vanishing point. An artist uses them to align the edges of walls and paving stones.

Page 36: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

MassacioThe Tribute Money

1420sBrancacci Chapel

Widely believed to be the first painting, since the fall of Rome (ca. 476 A.D.), to use Scientific Linear One Point Perspective, or, all the orthogonals point to one vanishing point, in this case, Christ. Also, it is one of the first paintings that does away with the use of a head-cluster. If you were to walk into the painting, you could walk around Jesus Christ, in the semicircle created, and back out the painting again with ease.

horizon line vanishing point orthogonal lines

Page 37: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

aerial perspective

 the effect the atmosphere has on the appearance of an object as it is

viewed from a distance

Page 38: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

aerial perspective

As the distance between an object and a viewer increases, the contrast between the object and its background decreases.

The colors of the object become less saturated and shift towards the background color.

Leonardo da Vinci. He called it ‘the perspective of disappearance.’

Page 39: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Leonardo da VinciThe Virgin and Child with St. Anne

(c. 1510)Louvre Museum

aerial perspective

Page 40: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

sfumato

 Leonardo da Vinci described sfumato as "without lines or borders, in the manner

of smoke or beyond the focus plane."

Page 41: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Leonardo da VinciMona Lisa or La Gioconda 

(1503–1505/1507)Louvre, Paris, France

sfumato

Page 42: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Leonardo da VinciVirgin of the Rocks1843-46Louvre,

Page 43: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

anatomy

scientific observation and study of the human body

Page 44: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Leonardo da VinciVitruvian Man

1487

Page 45: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

DavidsDonatello, 1432 Michelangelo, 1504

Page 46: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

tondo

a circular painting or sculpture

Page 47: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Michelangelo, The Taddei Tondo(The Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John)

1504-06

Botticelli, Madonna of the Pomegranate1487

Page 48: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

fresco

mural painting on walls or ceilings

Page 49: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

fresco

Fresco comes from the Italian word affresco which derives from the Latin word for "fresh”

Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh plaster

A secco painting is done on dry plaster (secco is "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or oil to attach the pigment to the wall

Page 50: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel, 1508-12

Page 51: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,
Page 52: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel, 1508-12

Page 53: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Creation of Adam

Page 54: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Adam and Eve

Page 55: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Flood

Page 56: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,
Page 57: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

portraits and self-portraits

hallmarks of a new self-consciousnesscoupled with the desire for fame and

immortality

Page 58: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

1: Zeno of Citium – 2: Epicurus – 3: unknown (believed to be Raphael or Federico II of Mantua?) – 4: Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? – 5: Averroes – 6: Pythagoras – 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? – 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon or Timon? – 9: Hypatia, or Raphael, or Fornarina as a personification of Love[ or Francesco Maria della Rovere? – 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? – 11: Parmenides? (Leonardo da Vinci) – 12: Socrates – 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo) – 14: Plato (Leonardo da Vinci) – 15: Aristotle (Giuliano da Sangallo) – 16: Diogenes of Sinope – 17: Plotinus (Donatello?) – 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students (Bramante?) – 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione) – 20: Ptolemy? – R: Apelles (Raphael) – 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma, Perugino, or Timoteo Viti)

proposed identities and models in Raphael’s The School of Athens

Page 59: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

donor portraits

Andrea Mantegna, Madonna Della Vittoria1495-96

Commissioned by Francesco II Gonzaga to commemorate his victory at the Battle of Fornova

Page 60: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

family portraits

Andrea MantegnaThe Court of

Mantua(the Gonzaga

family)c. 1474

Page 61: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait,1434

reflection of the artist

Page 62: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Hans Holbein the YoungerSelf-Portrait

1542

Page 63: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

The Tudors by Hans Holbein

Princess MaryPrincess Elizabeth

Prince Edward

Henry VIII

Page 64: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Hans Holbein the YoungerPortrait of Desiderius Erasmus of

Rotterdam with Renaissance Pilaster,1523

Page 65: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Albrecht Dürer, Self-Portrait,1500

Page 66: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Albrecht Dürer, Erasmus1526

Page 67: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Sofonisba Anguisola, Self-Portrait, c. 1554

Page 68: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Sofonisba Anguisola, Portrait of Queen Anne

of Austria, 1570

Page 69: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Lavinia Fontana, Self-Portrait, 1577

Page 70: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Lavinia Fontana, Newborn Baby in a Crib, 1583

Page 71: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Artemesia Gentileschi, Pittura, 1630

Page 72: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Artemesia Gentileschi, Portrait of a Condottiere

Page 73: The 14 th Century Cataclysm. Events of the 14 th Century The transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age Beginning of the Ottoman Empire,

Judith Leyster Self-Portrait,

1635


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