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CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION A man spends the first half of his life learning habits that shortened other half of his life. Health and illness are defined according to the values of a particular society. When a person is able to adjust and adapt to his environment he is said to be healthy. A person with good mental health lives in harmony with the society. A study describes that people are not simply ill or well but their degree of health changes according to their inner or outer of circumstances. Inner circumstances refer to human biology, which includes genetic factors, constitutional factors, sex, colour, physique, health status and physiological factors like puberty and old age. Outer circumstances refer to the environment in which the person lives. 1 The attitude of an individual (whether one is laughing or crying, alert or drowsy, happy or sad irritable or tranquil) depends on specific biochemical activity is the nervous system. Some times one attempts 1
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CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

A man spends the first half of his life learning habits that shortened other half

of his life.

Health and illness are defined according to the values of a particular society.

When a person is able to adjust and adapt to his environment he is said to be healthy.

A person with good mental health lives in harmony with the society.

A study describes that people are not simply ill or well but their degree of

health changes according to their inner or outer of circumstances. Inner circumstances

refer to human biology, which includes genetic factors, constitutional factors, sex,

colour, physique, health status and physiological factors like puberty and old age.

Outer circumstances refer to the environment in which the person lives.1

The attitude of an individual (whether one is laughing or crying, alert or

drowsy, happy or sad irritable or tranquil) depends on specific biochemical activity is

the nervous system. Some times one attempts to alter that bio chemistry in order to

achieve a state of mood or mind which enables him to enjoy peace tranquility though

the use of drugs. Although one may attempt to alter biochemistry through meditation,

relaxation, exercise, acupuncture and the like, the most common way adopted by

some of us is by taking a drug. Whatever means one uses, the end result is still a

change in the biochemical activity of the nervous system.

In the historical evolution, man has been able to dominate nature by his

knowledge, his inventiveness and his technological achievements, thereby achieving

greater control over the world and its organization. While technological progress and

inventiveness have brought comforts to the individual it has also increased his

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insecurity due to all the new problems he has to face, which inevitably generates

anxiety. In the tension filled modern World, no one is entirely freed from anxiety

what ever his class, creed or station in life may be. Some of us therefore seek relief

from anxiety by using drugs, which reduce his tension and alters his mood. The uses

of these drugs have introduced the phenomenon of dependence. Universally,

irrespective of time, place, or culture, throughout history, man has had the habit of

using substances which affect his mind and alter his level of consciousness.

The origin of drug use is mentioned in the Rig Veda for ritual use of soma

Rash. The opium, derived from poppy, as a sleep inducing drug was mentioned in

300 BC and it is acclaimed that opium use could be traced back to 4000 B.C. in

samerid, Australia and India. Asia – Pacific region, produce more than 60% if the

World’s opium that is needed for medicinal purpose, illicit opium is produced mostly

is the golden triangle and golden crescent regions. The area covered by golden

triangle are Burma, Laos, and Thailand which covers an area of 75,000 square miles

and produces 400-800 tones of opium annually. The golden crescent -an area along

the borders of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan produces an estimated 600-900 tons of

opium annually. All this production finds its way into the illicit drug traffic all over

the World for money.

The Overall situation of drug abuse in the Asia – Pacific countries in

summarized by Abarro (1987:15)

Cannabis and opiates continue to dominate the drug abuse scene, and also the

most favorite drug abuse occurs in Japan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Australia,

Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and New Zealand. Lately, cocaine is much

used in countries like Australia, New Zealand and Philippines. Cocaine abuse

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problems have also been reported in Bangladesh, Japan, Sri lanka and also in India

and Pakistan. In Pakistan at least 1.55% of the total population comes under the

category of regular drug abusers.

The problem of dug abuse has been compounded by the lack of economic

growth, increasing social and political instability and cultural confusion. Research

findings and other sources suggest that the ‘hippie culture’ of the early 1960’s

popularized the use of drugs- as a way of life among the youths and the age between

15-30 years. According to the under -Secretary General of the United Nations, ‘the

illicit drug trade is a three hundred billion dollar a year business industry, catering to

tens of millions of addicts”. According to a 1986 National Institute on Drug Abuse

study of drug related deaths in 27 metropolitan areas across the country of US, 25% of

blacks are accounted as victim of drugs leading of ‘AIDS”.

The history of the human race has also been history of drug use. There is

simple historical evidence for the fact that drug abuse ante dated drug therapy, Just as

toxicology pared the way for pharmacology. For centuries, herbs, roots, hark, leaves

and plants have been used to relieve pain and to control diseases. The use of drugs in

itself does not cause any harm; for drug, properly administered have a curative effect.

Unfortunately, certain drugs also produce enticing side effects such as feeling of

euphoria -a sense of feeling good, elation, serenity and power. What began as some

thing of a recreational activity, evolved in time in to a problem of dependence and

abuse (UN, 1989)

According to a study describes, “If a man begins with certainties, he shall end

is doubts, but it he will content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties”.2

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First the ‘what’ question. what is a drug? “What are drug use, abuse, misuse,

and overuse?” what is drug dependence and tolerance? The answers to these questions

are as follows:-

Drug: Any substance, which when taken in to a living organism, many modify

one or more of its functions.

Drug abuse: Persistent or sporadic excessive use, inconsistent with or

unrelated to acceptable medical practice.

Drug Misuse: Medical or lay use of a drug, for a disease state not considered

to be appropriate

Drug overuse: Excessive medical of lay use if a drug, in terms of Length of

therapy, or severity of disorder, in which there is accepted evidence of therapeutic

effect.

Drug addiction: A behavioral pattern of compulsive drug use characterized

by over whelming involvement with the use of a drug, the securing of its supply and a

high tendency to relapse after withdrawal.

Drug habituation: The term ‘Drug habituation’ has been used when drugs

are used as a habit, and there is no physical dependence, but just psychological

craving and dependence when the drug is with held.

Drug dependence: According to WHO, ‘A state, psychic and sometimes also

physical, which results from the interaction between of living organism and a drug

which is characterized by behavioral and other responses, that always include a

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compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis, in order to experience

its psychic effects and sometimes to avoid discomforts of its absence’.3

Tolerance: Drug tolerance in characterized by diminished response to drugs

with continued exposure. There is a need to apply increasing doses of a drug in order

to produce the same effect.

Commonly used Drugs:

(1)Narcotics:

Eg: Opium’s, morphine, heroin or brown sugar, pethidine, methadone etc.

(2)Stimulants:

Eg : Amphitamines, cocaine, crack, caffeine and such like.

(3)Hallucinogens:

Lysergic Acid Diethyl amide (LSD), Marijuana, ganja, bhang, hashish, charas.

(4)Volatile substances:

Gasoline, Petrol

(5)Others:

Poisonous mushrooms nail, polish recover and such like.

When compared to American ethnic racial populations. Indian adolescents

use drugs more heavily with there consequences 4. Stronger evidence exists for

correlations between early substance abuse, the onset of a pattern of juvenile criminal

activity, and adult criminal activity leading to long term incarceration5.

Growth and development of an individual occur on the basis of their cultural

and hereditary background. In growth and development of human being, as a child he

is completely dependent on his family. In the next stage of adolescence, a sense of

attachment comes into a predictable shift from family to peer group, where they

develop a sense of identity. A study describes has coined the term transescence to

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describe this age group, emphasizing the importance of change and transition6.

According to a study, the initiation of drug abuse was found to be most common after

bearing high school and he found a majority of the students to be experimental

abusers.7

NEED FOR STUDY

The adolescence is a period of biological growth and maturation, self

discovery and social adaptation. Real and imagined weaknesses and deficits of self

and environmental provoke an adolescent to redefine himself. Many questions arise;

what kind of people and they? What kind if people should they be? Etc.,

Freud made the link between the biological changes of the puberty and what

he considered one of the major development concerns of adolescence; establishment

of firm individuality, a sense of self and ego identify. No matter whether one lives in

the city or in the middle class suburbs, all young men and women feel pressurized

when they face the challenges of every day life, This may either head to immediate

adaptation and self control in some, or aggreniveress and other inadequate role

performances leading to the use of drugs as an antidote to their mental stress and

trauma.

There is a need to caution the adults about the attitude determinants leading to

drug dependency is adolescent students. Adolescence also grows in a complex urban

environment usually fall victims of this drug culture. Also other external factors such

as westernization, television and globalization have created such all impact on our

culture that our adolescent population easily tends to inherit the negative aspects like

drug misuse etc.,

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Secondly the urban environment is risk with social conflicts, income in

equities, crime and drug use that the adolescence get influenced by the prevalent

practices, a final view is that early adolescence is extremely dynamic, exemplified by

escalating transactions with family and peers that often lead to conflicts cause by an

expectation of greater freedom, especially when parents are antagonistic to new and

often experimental trends, languages, behaviors, clothing, past times or peer

associations statistically, only about 1/5th of youth in early adolescence seem to

experience acute adjustment problems. Today’s adolescents are the pillars of

tomorrow’s society. Accounting to World statistics a very high level of crime in the

community is caused by illegal acts committed is the school leading to increase in

number of Juvenile delinquent homes.

The investigator claims that many professional, non professional adolescence

misuse drugs that are meant for the purpose of medical practice. According to a study

conducted by nearly 65% of adolescent were addicted to codeine cough syrup in

Assam. Many of the students in school and colleges remain unidentified and are the

silent victims of this fatal habit. Age specific mortality rate for 2nd decade in 1987

with regard to drug dependence was 84.6/1, 00,000 for late adolescents. Increasingly,

the term ‘Risk Taking’ is utilized to describe the emergence of all behaviors which

are initiated during adolescent. 8

According to a study , the family dynamics has an impact on adolescence and

46% of adolescent were from nuclear families and the commonest motivation factor

leading to drug dependence was peer group pressure 54%.the adolescent, who were

protected by parents and strict school administration under teachers scrutiny, when

they enter the college get ample independence where there are chances for getting in

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to greater ill effects such as drugs. They are plenty of unidentified adolescence going

for drug addiction day by day because of their attitude to take risk probing behavior. 9

The researcher has personally witnessed many adolescent are unaware about

the ill effects of drug dependences and face lot of compilation. So this provoked the

researcher to do the study.

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CHAPTER-II

OBJECTIVES

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

‘A study to assess the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence

among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore.’

OBJECTIVES

1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.

2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.

3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.

4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug

dependence.

5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National

level.

OPREATIONAL DEFINITONS

1. Knowledge: it is the perceptual ability and the expressed ideas of the adolescent

students towards ill effects existing in the society related to drug dependence.

2. Adolescence: students of 14-21 years studying at Anupama Pre -university

College

3. Drug dependence: it is a psychic and physical state of an individual, which

results from the interaction between the body and a drug, which is characterized

by behavioral and physical responses, that always include a compulsion to take

that particular drug on a continuous or periodic basis, in order to experience its

psychic effects and at times to avoid physical discomfort in its absence.

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4. Ill effects: it is an illness leading to abnormal physical, psychological and social

consequences to the individuals and the society.

ASSUMPTIONS

1. The adolescents have the knowledge of ill effects of drug dependence.

2. Ill effects of drug dependence can be assessed through structured interview

schedule.

DELIMITATIONS

1. The study is delimited to PU College.

2. The study is delimited to the age group of adolescent between 14-21 years of both

sexes.

3. The study is delimited to students who are willing to participate in the study.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK

High level knowledge

Conceptual framework provides a certain frame for clinical practice, research

and education. It gives direction and quittance for structuring research. (kozies 1995)

Dunn.H.L. (1961) developed a model, high level wellness one end of vertical

health grid representing high level wellness (health), whereas the other end

representing low level wellness as it relates to the factors in the family, community,

environment and society.

The present study aims at assessing the level of ill effects of drug dependence

among the adolescent students based on Dann’s model, this study conceptualizes drug

knowledge’s of adolescents in a vertical health grid with 2 extremes. One end of the

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health grid representing high level of knowledge (health), whereas the other end

representing low level of knowledge (ill effects of drug dependency)

Dunn explores the concept of conceptual as it relates to the family,

community, environment and society. Mental health is viewed as an expression of

adolescent’s harmonies with internal as well as external environment. Internal

environment refers to psychological and physical, external environment refers to

personal, family, social and cultural factors.

These 3 major factors- ‘person related’, ‘family related’ and ‘social-cultural

related’, may continuously affect mental health during the adolescent phase of

development.

Personal factors include age, sex, birth order, personality, physical health and

intelligence. Environmental factors refer to the type of family, size of family, home

environment, parent-child relationship. Socio-cultural factors refer to socio economic

status, religion. Cultural practice parents working status and values of life. All these

variables are shown in the conceptual frame work developed for the present study.

The above 3 factors influences the life of an adolescent. This influence in

observable in the knowledge and attitude of an adolescent which can be measured.

Since the purpose of the study is to assess the level of knowledge on

problems of drug dependence among adolescent students a questionnaire and a rating

scale was developed based on the knowledge.

The data collected from the questionnaire should reveal the high level and

low level knowledge of the adolescence on drug dependence as per the Dunn’s high

level and low level wellness model.

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The investigation proposes to provide a drug knowledge guide after the study

to the low level knowledge adolescent students with a hope that they will be benefited

to become high level knowledge group.

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CHAPTER-III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of the literature is carried out to examine the ill effects on drug

dependence among adolescent.

A review of literature is an essential step in the development of research

project. if reveals to the investigator, what has been done in the related area, the

feasibility of doing the proposed research, the use of methodological tools and it also

works as a connective link between the findings of preview research that has been

done in the problem area and the result of the proposed study.

The review of literature is done under the following,

Studies related to ill effects of Drug Dependence among adolescent etc.

Section A:

1. on cultural aspects.

Section B:

2. Familial aspects and social aspects.

Section C:

3. Ill effects related to drugs.

Section-A:

1. Cultural aspects:

A study conducted and found out that the use of Bhang had been a traditional

one, in North India and the result was there was an intake of cannabis before the age

of 20 because of curiosity and risk taking behavior among adolescence.10

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A study conducted a cross cultural study regarding drug abuse and personality

among college students and inferred that the drug users have been found to have

maladjustment basically from any culture and different set of value patterns.11

According to AIIMS study report 1987at Bangalore, a multi centered study of

drug abuse among students was conducted and the result showed that opium, heroin

and cannabis were used in 1.18, 2.04 and 3.85%respectively and there is an increase

only in use of pain killers in twenty told.12

According to SPARC study in India report No 25, majority of the adolescence

were either Hindus (77%), Christians (10%) and the rest were from other religion.13

According to a study report,’ selected cities in India, 96.5% of male

population were given to drug abuse compare to 2.5% of the female population.’14

According to a study report,’ states that a rural drug abuse pattern is often

associated with traditional consumption in India where the heroin abuse is reported to

have spread ever to rural areas.15

According to WHO 1994 report, in 12 months a 3million man, women and

children have been infected with HIV in Asia.16

According to a study report,’ found out substance use in females of us where

the age of menarche was significantly correlated with affiliation with another boy

friend and risky sexual behaviour.17

According to a study report,’ stated that the drug use among African American

race 259 males and 368 females of adolescence age group who responded to a

structured questionnaire, where there the result was that each of the components of

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ethnic identity offset, risks form the ecology, family, personality and peer domains,

help in lessening drug use. 18

Section B:

2. Familial aspects and social aspects

According to Police Journal, students are shown as the main victims of drug

addiction, the study covered a sample group of 85 students, and it was proved that the

parental attitude towards children is a major etiological factor for student’s drug

dependence.19

According to a study report,’ conducted a study in Jaipur. It revealed that 40%

of drug addicts were from nuclear families and 21% were from middle class families

and 22.62% that the influence of family members was an important motivational

factor for hearing drugs during the period of dedication.20

According to a study report,’ conducted a study in surat city and found that

300 child laborers use cannabis and opium due to micro social and macro social

Stressors which initiate and perpetuate their substance use.21

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Section C:

3. Awareness of ill effects related to drug dependence among adolescent students.

Varma v.k.et.al studied on drug abuse amongst college students .the results of

the descriptive study shows that out of 408 subjects 77(18.87%)admitted to having

taken the drugs at sometime or the other as per the epidemiological studies of drug

abuse in India ,the number of those who had taken the drug 10 times or more was a

follows: Mandrax -4, amphetamines-11,cannabis -2 and it was found that some of the

students coming from rural background were susceptible to the influence of urban

subculture and this in turn to the use of drugs.22

Sethi..et.al., studied on the pattern of drug abuse among male students among

1513 students drawn from 2 degree colleges in Lucknow city and as per the criterion

adopted 11.5% students were categorized as drug abusers and 40.8% used bhang. 23

Mohan D. et al., studied on prevalence of drug abuse in high school

population. The result shows the abuse of alcohol and tobacco as the most popular

drug of dependence in the school sample. The tool was who questionnaire on a bio

data schedule and awareness and prevalence schedule on drug and its problems.24

Dube.K.C studied on the use of dependence producing drugs on arts and

science college students. It was found that in Delhi the overall prevalence rate of drug

was 10.08%.25

Vinoy K.Vrma and ravinder ang, studied on non medical drug use amongst

non-medical drug use amongst non –student youth in India. In a surrey on non

medical drug use by 266 students ranging from 10-24 years of age, where he found

that cannabis and tobacco were the drugs commonly used by them.26

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Shekhar Saxena studied on rapid increase on heroin dependence in Delhi in

the recent year.27

Ponnudurai.R studied on drug abuse among internees with the help of the

youth survey questionnaire developed by who 22.67% of them were alcoholics,

9.33% of boys used cannabis which was followed by sedatives and hypnotics and

they reported that it was easy to obtain the drugs like marijuana and amphetamines.28

Zulfikar Ali studied on the use of psycho active substance among medical

students and concluded that almost 1/3 rd of the medical students reported a life time

use of psychoactive substance.29

Pallab.K.Maulik explored the reason for relapse in opium dependent subjects.

The assessment was done using a questionnaire designed for the study on adolescence

and adults. The result showed that there were symptoms of inability to control urges

in 8%, frustration in 6.6%, inllness and pain 75%, sleep disturbance by 34.7%.30

According to a study report,’ 1998 studied on recent patterns of use and

associated risk of illicit drug use in adolescence were his conclusion that the drug use

among adolescence doubled in 1990’s and is a significant cause of morbidity and

mortality.31

According to a study report,’ studied on new patterns of drug use. it was a

normal population study where the latent class analysis revealed the use of the

following drugs i) cannabis ii) amphetamines iii)heroin. The adolescence associations

with party going and getting in to habit of drug dependence were very common.32

According to a study report,’ conducted a study of integrative research review

of risk behaviors among adolescence in rural, suburban and urban areas and

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concluded that education alone is not sufficient to prevent drug abuse and that some

other objective steps should be taken to stem the root.33

Aytaclar.S.et al., studied on association between hyperactivity and cognitive

functioning in childhood and substance use in early adolescence where in a

comparative study was made on high risk group having fathers with a lifetime's

diagnosis of a psychoactive substance use disorder and normal fathers with no history

of misuse of drug. If showed that high risk group had a significantly higher behavioral

activity and exhibited poorer performance in studies too.34

Krueger .R.F,studies on personality traits and late adolescence predict mental

disorders in early adulthood. A prospective epidemiological study was conducted in

university of Wisconsin, USA, which conclude that high negative emotionality at 18

year led to substance dependence and anti –social personality.35

Kaminer .Y. conducted a study on addictive disorders in adolescence and its

result was adolescence with behavioral deregulation, poor social skills, a limited

social network and substance abuse during late substance dependence in adulthood.36

Woodward.L.S conducted a study on childhood peer relationship problems

and psychological adjustment in late adolescence. This paper examined the

relationship between teacher reported peer relationship problems at age 9 years and

psychosocial adjustment in late adolescence. Result showed that, in the age group of

18 years, children with high rates of early peer relationship problems were at

increased risk of externalizing behavior problems such as substance abuse.37

A study conducted on “Parental involvement in adolescents education”,

several types of parental involvement were analyzed for gender differences including

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school discussion, parent-school connection, parental expectation, parents attendance

at school events and three measures of parental supervision (Check homework,

limiting television watching, limiting going out with friends). These results showed

that daughters are experiencing more parental involvement with their education that

the sons.38

The heaviest drinkers are men in their late teens or early twenties. There has

been disturbing evidence of increasing drinking and drunkenness amongst

adolescents.

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CHAPTER- IV

METHODOLOGY

Methodology of research indicates the general pattern for organizing the

procedure for gathering valid and reliable data. The problem for this study is to assess

the ill effects of drug dependence among the late adolescent students in Anupama PU

College. This chapter deals with the research approach, design, setting, Population,

sampling technique criteria for the selection of sample, sample size, development and

description of the tool, content validity of the tool, Pilot study, Procedure for data

collection and plan for data analysis.

Research approach and Design:

He approach chosen for this study in descriptive. The aim of the descriptive

research is to obtain accurate and meaningful description of the phenomena under the

study.

According to polit and hungler(2005) the descriptive research is not

concerned with the relationship among variables. Its purposes are to observe, describe

and document aspects of a situation. The main objective of the descriptive research

study is to have an accurate portrayal of the characteristics of persons, situations or

groups and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur.

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PurposeAssess the Level of knowledge on ill effects ,Factors, Types of drugs and Behavioral changes occurs due to

drug dependence

Step-II* Procedure for data collection

Step-II* Procedure for data collection

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF RESEARCH DESIGN

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Target populationAdolescent students of 14-21

years of both sex.

Sample100 Adolescent’s student

Sampling Technique Simple Random

sampling

Development of tool and Data Collection

Data AnalysisDescriptive: Percentage, Frequency distribution and Inferential: Chi-Square

Findings and conclusion

Research DesignNon-Experimental Descriptive approach design

Selected School Anupama PUC

Step-I*Preparation of Questionnaire*Content Validity*Pilot study

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Setting:

The setting of the study comprises of the Anupama Pre –University College,

West of Chrod Road,II stage,Mahalakshmipuram,Bangalore-86.

The age group of the students is between 14-21 years age. The setting was

selected because of the active co-operation of the students.

Population:

The study population comprises of the adolescent students aged 14-21 years at

Anupama Pre –University College.

Criteria for the selections of the sample:

The investigator approached the students based on the following selection

criteria.

Adolescent students of 14-21 years of both the sex ,studying in PUC I and IInd

year.

Students who are willing to participate in the study.

Those individuals who could be met at the respective centers at the time of the

study.

Some of the students coming from rural background were susceptible influence of

urban subculture

Sample Size:

The sample size consists of 100 adolescent of age group 14-21 years.

Sampling technique:

The samples were selected by non-Probability convenient sampling technique.

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Development and description of the tool:

The tools developed for this study is a structured questionnaire and rating

scale based on the review of literature, discussion with experts and investigators

personal experience.

Description of the tool:

The structured questionnaire has two parts. It is developed to determine the

knowledge of problems of drug dependence among the adolescent students.

Part-I

Part-II

Part-I

1. Demographic data and family background

2. Social background

3. Ill effects related to drugs

1. Demographic data and family background of adolescent students consists of age,

sex, religion, qualification, average school grade occupation and questions

regarding family background consists of details such as whether the adolescent in

living in a joint or nuclear family, with whom he/she is living, whether both

parents are alive, whether they have siblings, qualification of father, location of

house, whether they have discussion with parents on career, fathers occupation,

whether any one uses drug/alcohol in family etc.

2. Social background includes aspects such as the adolescent student’s participation

in social activities, usage of alcoholic beverages, about the peer group,

dominance in peer group, whether they are introverts, their source of getting drug,

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whether their friends have encounter with drugs, whether their friends had

undergone treatment for drug addiction, drug addiction on a social problem and

their participation in anti social activities.

3. Ill effects related to drugs consist of 8 specific closed ended questions on ill

effects related to drug dependence. The individual has to either mark yes or No,

yes was scored as 1 and No was scored as 2.

Part-II

It consists of 10 items on knowledge related to ill effects of drug dependences,

where the score was given based on three options like Yes/No/Don’t know.Total

score 20.

Content validity:

Validity refers to a complex concept which broadly concerns the soundness of

the study’s evidence, that is, whether the findings are cogent and convincing and well

ground. The content validity of the prepared tool was obtained from 1 biostatistion,

3experts in mental health nursing and 1 psychiatrist.

Reliability of the tool:

Reliability of the tool was established by test-retest method. This was done by

introducing the tool to same group of sample at different time after reshuffling the

questions. The reliability score obtained showed high correlation between the score r

=0.78 hence the tool was considered reliable.

Pilot study:

After a written permission was obtain from the principal of the Anupama Pre-

university College. The data for the pilot study and for the main study was collected.

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Pilot study was conducted with 10 students. Among them, 5 students from

boys and 5 students from girls who were selected on the basis of Non- Probability

convenient sampling technique. After getting oral consent from the students, the

individual and the investigator were seated in a room without disturbance, facing each

other. Brief introduction given on the questionnaive were reinforced. The

questionnaire was administered on an individual basis. Each session lasted for about

40 minutes. The pilot study was conducted for a period of 3 days. Findings of the pilot

study revealed that it was feasible and practical to conduct the study and the criterion

adopted was found to be effective. The plan for statistical analysis was also

determined; therefore the data collection for the main study was done excluding the

samples included in the pilot study.

Procedure for data collection:

The data collection for the study was done within a period of 5 weeks. After a

brief introduction of self and study, after obtaining the oral consent from the subject,

the investigator and the student were seated in a quiet room, facing each other. The

investigator established rapport with the student and administered the questionnaire

after a brief introduction. The instructions given on the questionnaire were reinforced.

The instructions were,

All the responses will be treated confidential.

They can give frank and honest answer to the best of their ability.

Doubts can be clarified.

After the instructions, the questionnaire was given and the subject was asked

to tick the responses. The total time taken for answering the questionnaires by each

student was 30-40 mints. Hence the investigator was able to collect the data from 5-7

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students per day on all days in a week at Anupama Pre- University College, where the

investigator got samples on 3 shifts that is from7-9 in the morning, 12-2 in the

afternoon, 5-7 in the evening. At the Anupama Pre- University College, the

investigator met 7 students each day from Monday to Saturday, during working hours

between 9am and 4 pm.

The data collection was done for 5 weeks. Pilot Study was conducted during

the 1st week and from 2nd week data was gathered for the main study. By the end of

the data collection period data had been collected from 100 students.

Plan for data analysis:

The data obtained was planed to be analysed based on the study using

descriptive and inferential statics were used.

Descriptive statistics:

Simple percentage and frequency distribution were used to analyses the

demographic data of the students.

Mean and standard deviation were used to identify the knowledge and attitude of

adolescent students regarding the ill effects related to drug dependence.

Distribution of scores was done on the knowledge acquired, which was

interoperated as moderate, adequate and inadequate.

Inferential staatistics:

Chi-square test (x2) was used to determine the association between the level of

knowledge,demographic variables and family back ground.

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Summary

This chapter dealt with research approach & desigh,variables,setting and

sampling criteria, it includes the preparation & assessment of the tool and

demographic variables.this chapter also dealt with the Polit study,data collection

procedure and plan for data analysis.

28

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CHAPTER-V

RESULTS

This chapter deals with analysis and interpretation of data collected from 100

Adolesent students studying in PUC for assessing the level of knowledge.The data

collected from 100 adolesents students studying in PUC was organized, tabulated,

analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistic.The analysis

and interpretation was based on the data collected through structured interview

schedule.

Polit (1999) states that statistical analysis is a method of rendering quantitative

information and elicits meaningful and intelligible form of research data.

Analysis is the process of organizing and synthesizing data so as to answer

research questions and test hypotheses.

The objectives of the study were:

1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.

2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.

3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.

4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug

dependence.

5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National

level.

29

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Organization and presentation of the data:

The data collected were edited,tabulated,analyzed, interpreted and findings

obtained were presented in the form of tables and diagrams represent under folowing

sections.

Section A:

Measurement of level of knowledge of Problems related to drug dependences

among the adolescent students.

Section B:

Measurement of the level of knowledge of Problems related to ill effects drug

among the adolescent students.

Section C:

Association of selected demographic variables (Table-1), Family background

(Table-2) and Social background (Table-3) with the Level of knowledge of adolescent

on Problems of ill effects Drug.

30

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Section-A

Table-I –(a) Frequency and Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables of

adolescent student.

n=100

Sl.No Demographic Variables Frequence (f) Percentage (%)

01 Age of adolescent

14 -17 years

18-21 years

27

73

27

73

02 Sex

Male

Female

48

52

48

52

03 Qualification

PUC 100 100

04 Academic Performance

Below <60%

61-75%

Above>75%

23

63

14

23

63

14

05 Ordinal Position

First

Second

Third

30

53

17

30

53

17

06 No of Sibling

Nil

One

Two

Three

20

30

41

09

20

30

41

09

07 Religion

Hindu

Christian

Muslim

39

34

24

39

34

24

08 Residence

Rural

Urban

Semi

33

45

22

33

45

22

31

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Table-I describes the data regarding age ,of which 27(27%) students belongs

to the age group 14-17 years and 73 (73%) were of 18-21 years of age group

(fig-1). when considering sex,48 (48%) were males and 52(52%) were females (fig-2)

on considering the qualification PUC 100(100%) fig-3.

With regard to Academic Performance were Below <60% were 23(23%),61-

75%were 63(63%) Moderate. Above 75% were 14(14%) of them have scored.

Ordinal Position was First 30(30%), Second 53(53%) and Third 17(17%). No of

Sibling were Nil 20 (20%), One 30 (30%), Two 41(41%) and Three 9(9%).Religion

were Hindu 39 (39%),Christian 34(34%) and Muslim(24%).

In relation to Residence for Adolescent were Rural 33(33%) ,Urban45(45%)

and semi urban 22(22%).

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Female52%

Male48%

Graph 1:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to sex

33

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Graph 2:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to

Academic Performance

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

34

23%

63%

14%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Below < 60%

61-75%

Above 75%

Level of Academic Performance

Page 35: Text

Graph 3:Percentage distribution of Demographic Variables according to

Residence

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

35

Rural

Urban

Semi

22%

45%

33 %

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Residence

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Table-I-(b)- Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students

according to family Back Ground

n=100

S.No Demographic Variables Frequency Percentage (%)

09 Type of Family

Joint

Nuclear

Extended

38

53

09

38

53

09

10 Family Income

Below Rs7000

Rs7000-10000

Above Rs 10,000

61

19

20

61

19

20

11 Parents Alive

Yes

No

67

33

67

33

12 Living with

Both Parents

Mother/Father

Talker

Relatives

Hostel

29

23

17

16

15

29

23

17

16

16

13 Speak to Career

Frequently

Rarely

Never

46

39

15

46

39

15

14 Qualification of Talker

Undergraduate

Postgraduate

Professional

21

51

28

21

51

28

15 Occupation of Talker

Self employed

Managerial

Clerical

Skilled

Unskilled

40

17

17

19

07

40

17

17

19

07

16 Family use Drug/Alcohol

Yes

No

33

67

33

67

36

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Table-II. Describes the data regarding type of family like Joint 38(38%),

Nuclear 53(53%), Extended09 (09%).In relation to Family Income were Below

Rs7000-61(61%), Moderate Rs7000-10000 -19 (19%) and Above Rs 10000-20(20%).

Considering are both your Parents Alive in Yes 67(67%) and No33 (33%).At

Present with whom are you living with Both Parents 29(29%), Mother/Father23

(23%), Talker17 (17%), Relatives 16 (16%) and Hostel 15(15%).

How often do you speak to your parents on your career in Frequently

46(46%), Rarely 39(39%) and Never 15(15%).Qualification of Talker like

Undergraduate-21(21%), Postgraduate 51(51%) and Professional 28(28%).

With regard to financial aspects in Occupation of Talker like self employed

40(40%), Managerial 17(17%), Clerical-17 (17%), Skilled 19(19%) and Unskilled

07(07%). Does anybody in your family use Drug /Alcohol Yes 33(33%) and No67

(67%).

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Graph 4:Percentage distribution of Family Back Ground according to Type of

Family

38

Nuclear53%

Extended9%

Joint38%

Page 39: Text

Graph 5:Percentage distribution of Family Back Ground according to Family

use Drug / Alcohol.

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

39

Yes

No

33%

67%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Page 40: Text

Table-II. Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students

according to Social back ground.

n=100

40

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Sl.No Social Variables Frequency(f) Percentage (%)

01 Activities

Sports

Clubs

Societies

Cultural

33

24

20

23

33

24

20

23

02 Occasion

Religious

Social

Other

Never

16

21

27

36

16

21

27

36

03 Peer Group Large

Yes

No

62

38

62

38

04 Dominant Role

Yes

No

40

60

40

60

05Introvert

Yes

No

Sometimes

26

40

34

26

40

34

06Encounter With Drugs

Yes

No

Some times

19

53

28

19

53

28

07Use Of Drugs

Oral

Smoked

Shifted

Injected

Others

Not Applicable

24

21

11

5

8

31

24

21

11

5

8

31

08 Sources Of Drug

Pharmacy

Illicit

Not Known

Not Applicable

30

16

27

27

30

16

27

27

09 Undergone Treatment For

De-Addiction

Yes

No

Not Applicable

28

42

30

28

42

30

10 Social Problem

Yes

No

62

38

62

38

11 Antisocial Activities

Yes 20 20

41

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Table III-Among 100 samples Activities like Sports 33(33%), Clubs 24(24%),

Societies 20 (20%) and remaining Cultural 23 (23%). Use alcoholic beverages on any

occasion At Religious services 16(16%), on Social occasion 21(21%), other occasion

27(27%) and Never 36(36%).Peer Group Large Yes 62 (62%) and No 38(38%).

Have a dominant role in your peer group Yes 40(40%) and No60(60%).An

Introvert Yes 26(26%), No40(40%) and Sometimes 34(34%).Your friends having

Encounter With Drugs Yes19(19%),No53(53%) and Sometimes 28(28%).Use Of

Drugs Oral 24(24%), Smoked21(21%), Shifted11(11%), Injected 5(5%), Others

8(8%) and Not Applicable 31(31%).

Source of getting the drugs Sources Of Drug Pharmacy30 (30%),

Illicit16(16%),Not Known 27 (27%) and Not Applicable 27(27%).Undergone

Treatment For the De-Addiction Yes 28(28%) ,No42 (42%) and Not Applicable 30

(30%).Aware the drug addiction in a Social Problem Yes 62(62%) and No38(38%).

Participate in Antisocial Activities Yes 20 (20%) and No 80 (80%).

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

42

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Graph 6:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to activities

43

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Graph 7:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to Occasion

44

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Graph 8:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to Peer

Group Large

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

45

62%

38%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Y es No

Page 46: Text

Graph 9:Percentage distribution of Social Back Ground according to use of

Drugs.

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

46

24%

21%

11%

5%

8%

31%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

O ral S moked S hifted Injected O thers Not Applicable

Page 47: Text

Table III- Frequency and Percentage distributions of adolescent students on

knowledge of Problems related to Drug Dependences

n=100

Table IV-The data represented illeffects of 100 samples like self Medication Yes 49

(49%) and No51 (51%).use pain killers yes 41 (41%) and No 59 (59%).Take sleeping

Pills for sleeplessness like yes 27 (27%),No 47(47%) and some time 26 (26%).

S.No Ill Effects of Drug Frequency(f) Percentage (%)

01 Self-Medication

Yes

No

49

51

49

51

02 Pain-Killers

Yes

No

41

59

41

59

03 Take Sleeping Pills For

Sleeplessness

Yes

No

Some Time

27

47

26

27

47

26

04 Drug Addiction Can

Decrease Ones Life Span

Yes

No

Sometimes

46

34

20

46

34

20

05 Drug Can Cause Serious

Psychological Symptoms

Yes

No

58

42

58

42

06 Drug Is a Sedative

Yes

No

58

42

58

42

07 Black Coffee & Cold

Beverages Helps in Sobering

Up

Yes

No

47

53

47

53

08 Habit Of Tobacco Chewing

Yes

No

Sometimes

25

61

14

25

61

14

47

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Drug Addicition can decrease ones Life span Yes 46 (46%),No 34(34%) and

some times 20 (20%).Drug can causes serious Phychological Symptoms Yes 58

(58%) and No 42(42%).Black coffee & Cold Beverages Helps in sobering up Yes

47(47%) and No 53 (53%).Habit of Tobacco chewing yes 25 (25%).No 61(61%) and

sometimes 14 (14%).

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Graph 10:Percentage distribution of Knowledge of Problems according to self

Medication

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

49

49%

51%

48

48.5

49

49.5

50

50.5

51

Y es No

Page 50: Text

Section-B

Table-4-Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences

Frequency and percentage distribution of adolescent student and the level of

knowledge related to ill effect of drug dependences.

n=100

S.No Contents Inadequate

<50%

F %

Moderate

51-75%

F %

Adequate

>75%

F %

01 Level of Knowledge 56 56 41 41 03 03

The above Table -4-shows 56(56%) of them have inadequate knowledge ,

41(41%) of them have moderate level of knowledge and 03(03%) of them fit in the

category of Adequete Knowledge.

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Graph-11-Percentage distribution of adolescent student and the level of

knowledge related to ill effect of drug dependences

Per

cen

tage

(%

)

51

3

56%

41%

3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Inadequate<50% Moderate51-75% Adequate>75%

Page 52: Text

Table 5- Chi square value to assess the association between knowledge scores

and demographics variables. n=100

Sl..No Demographics

Variables

F % X2 Table Value Inference

01 Age of adolescent

14 -17 years

18-21 years

27

73

27

73

21.16 01P>0

NS

02 Sex

Male

Female

48

52

48

52

0.160 01P>0.68

NS

03 Academic

Performance

Below <60%

61-75%

Above>75%

23

63

14

23

63

14

40.82 02P>0

NS

04 Ordinal Position

First

Second

Third

30

53

17

30

53

17

19.94 02P>0

NS

05 No of Sibling

Nil

One

Two

Three

20

30

41

09

20

30

41

09

22.48 03P>0

NS

06 Religion

Hindu

Christian

Muslim

39

34

24

39

34

24

30.48 03P>0

NS

07 Residence

Rural

Urban

Semi

33

45

22

33

45

22

7.94 02P>0.019

NS

08 Type of Family

Joint

Nuclear

Extended

38

53

09

38

53

09

30.02 02P>0

NS

09 Family Income

Below Rs7000 61 61

34.46 02 P>0

NS

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Rs7000-10000

Above Rs 10,000

19

20

19

20

10 Parents Alive

Yes

No

67

33

67

33

11.56 01P>0.001

NS

11 Living with

Both Parents

Mother/Father

Talker

Relatives

Hostel

29

23

17

16

15

29

23

17

16

16

7 04P>0.136

NS

12 Speak to Career

Frequently

Rarely

Never

46

39

15

46

39

15

15.86 02P>0

NS

13 Qualification of

Talker

Undergraduate

Postgraduate

Professional

21

51

28

21

51

28

14.78 02P>0.001

NS

14 Occupation of

Talker

Self employed

Managerial

Clerical

Skilled

Unskilled

40

17

17

19

07

40

17

17

19

07

29.4 04P>0

NS

15 Family use

Drug/Alcohol

Yes

No

33

67

33

67

11.56 01P>0.001

NS

16 Knowledge

Inadequate <50%

Moderate51-71%

Adequate>75%

56

41

03

56

41

03

81.74 12P>0

NS

S:Significant NS : Non Significant *P<0.01

53

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It is evident from the table that Chi square value computed for the educational

qualification with the level of Knowledge is statiscally significant at P< 0.001 level.

The other demographi Variables such as Age of adolescent,sex,Academic

Performance,Ordinal Position,No of sibling,Religion,Residence,Type of Family,

Family IncomeParent Alive,living withSpeak to career,qualification of Talker,

Occupation of Talker,Family use Drug/ Alcohol showed no statistically significant

association with the level of knowledge.

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CHAPTER-VI

DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the findings obtained in the previous chapter on

analysis and interpretation of data collected for the study on the level of knowledge on

problems related to drug dependences among the adolescent students. For this the

level of knowledge calculated knowledge between selected data on personal, family

and socio cultural factors with the level of knowledge were done. Relevant studies

from the review of literature and the integration of conceptual farm work, based on

the modified Dunns High level awareness Model, Developed for the investigator.

Characteristics of the demographic variables

The characteristics of the demographic variables, described in terms of their

frequency and percentage which showed that 27% were in the age group of 14-17

years, 73% were 18-21 years, Females 52% and Males 48%, academic Performance

were below <60% marks 23%, 75% and Above 63% and 14%, ordinal Position first

30%, second 53%, and Third 17%.religion in Hindu 39%.Residence were in urban

45%.

The first objective was to describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug

dependences.

56% inadequate level of knowledge and 41% Moderate Level of knowledge.

A study revels that the students had easy access to obtain drugs like cannabis,

amphetamines but they did not possess adequate knowledge of the ill-effects of

drugs39 and the present study also shows statistically that none of 100 students had

adequate knowledge on drugs.

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Association between selected Demographic, familial and social factors with

the level of knowledge.Data analysis has shown that through chi-square test there is

no significant association between level of knowledge and selected demographic,

familial and social factors.

The second objective was to find out factors leading to drug dependence

Family Background.

53% were from nuclear type of family.46% had discussion with their parents

regarding their career.40% were self employed of occupation of Talker.

A study in Jaipur revealed 46.1% of drug addicts among the adolescence were

from nuclear families.40 The south India Police Journal reveals that ,the major

etiological factor for adolescents students going in to drug addiction is due to poor

Parental attitude towards their children.41

This correlates with the present study where majority of children come from

nuclear family. However 46% of children had very frequent discussions with parents

on career issues. However it is necessary to provide counseling on awareness of drug

dependences among adolescent students.

The third objective was to identify the types of drugs available in the market

49% of them take self Medication and 46% of them teke Medication if they

take serious physical symptoms and 58% of them with psychological symptoms.

Taking in to account the study conducted on drug awareness and dependences,

the results showed that the college students have knowledge and even admitted to

have taken drug at sometimes in their life.42

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The Fourth objective was to assess the level of Knowledge on the behavioral

changes occurs due to drug Dependence

Taking the female adolescent characteristics, if may be pointed out that in a

study by castilla Nezzich et al in us reveals the use of drugs by females in

significantly correlated with risky sexual behavior at the age of menarche, through

there are socio-cultural differences between the adolescence of that study and present

study. This should be taken in to account for further in-depth study on drug awareness

and risky sex behaviour. 45% had urban location too their college a cultural shock of

the urban life may have lead to drug dependences.

Taking the level of marks it may be pointed out that , ‘A study on prevalence

of drug abuse with the similar educational group of adolescent found that tobacco,

cannabis and alcohol were the most abused drug of choice.’43

The fifth objective was to identify rehabilitative measures available at the state

level and National Level.

62% had large peer group and 62% accepts that drug dependences are a social

problem.

In the present study majority of children accepted that drug dependences is a

social problem where a study in the surat city has brought out the fact that 300 child

laborers use drugs due to macro and micro social stresses.44

According to the present study which revels that 62% had large peer group

brought out by a study results who had high rates of early peer relationship were

stepping in to problems of drug dependences in late adolescences years.45’

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CHAPTER-VII

CONCLUSION

The present study assessed the level of knowledge on ill effects of Drug

Dependences among adolescents. The result revealed that majority 56% are

inadequate level of knowledge and 41% are Moderate level of knowledge.

Demographic variables have influence on the level of knowledge in adolescents.

Implications on nursing

The investigator has drawn the following implications from the studies which

are of vital concern to the field of nursing services, nursing education, nursing

administration and nursing research.

Mental health nurses practitioners

The integration of mental health into primary health care should be reinforced

strongly at all levels. The community mental health nurse practitioners should

attempt at educating the Pre-university students, and the community adolescence

regarding drug and its ill effects. Knowledge can be created at the early high school

level through school health programmed. This can be followed by guidance and

counseling and referral services can be given. Involvement of community leaders by

mental health nurse practitioners in mental health.

Nursing Education

Knowledge and sensitized nurse educationist will be able to identify minor

problems of adjustments in adolescence within the context of socio-cultural and

religious factors. She can establish a counseling and guidance cell in every intuition.

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Nursing Administration

They should try to be in contact with the school administrators and send the

nurses to school health programmers and help in the early identifications of

adolescent drug abusers. Nurse administrators should try to influence the Medias

impact negatively on drug dependences.

Nursing Research

This study can be further replicated the findings of the study can be

disseminated and implemented based on these findings nursing theories can be

evolved, which will strengthen the field of nursing research.

Recommendations for further study

On the basis of the findings of the study it is recommended that:

A similar study can be conducted in any other setting and in rural community.

A comparative study could be conducted between both the sexes.

A similar study can be conducted in de-addiction group of adolescence who

has come for treatment.

Limitations

1. The sample size was limited to 100 students.

2. The study was limited to Adolescents students who study for Puc in 14-21

years.

3. The study setting was limited to Adolescents students who are studding in

Anupama PUC ,in Bangalore.

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CHAPTER- VIII

SUMMARY

This chapter comprises of summary for the present study from ancient period,

man has depended on the use of substance/drug for sleep producing effect. In the

modern world there is a struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. Hence to

reduce anxiety one seeks refuge in drugs and alcohol to alter the state of mind.

Of mans various stages of life, adolescents seem to be the most crucial face in

shaping one’s life. They are basically risk takers. Drug depender among adolescence

was very common and the majority of them were experimental abusers. The new

environment they enter after learning school, the physiological and psychological

changes after puberty create a transitory change and put them into all new risk taking

activities due to mainly peer group influence. The investigator through her personal

and professional experience wanted to study the knowledge of drug dependences in

adolescence. They study done was to assess the level of knowledge on problems of

drug dependence, among the adolescent students in selected settings of Bangalore.

The objectives for this study were,

1. To describe the level of knowledge on ill effects of drug dependence.

2. To find out factors leading to drug dependence.

3. To identify the types of drugs available in the market.

4. To assess the level of knowledge on the behavioral changes occurs due to drug

dependence.

5. To identify Rehabilitative measures available at the state level and National

level.

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Assumptions:

There is knowledge among the adolescents, group of students regarding

problems of drug dependences. The adolescents groups of student are capable of

expressing their review with regard to the problems of Drug Dependences.

Extensive review of literature and professional experience guided the

investigator to design the methodology and develop the tools for data collection the

conceptual framework for the study was based on Dunn’s high level wellness model.

This was modified into high level knowledge model. Knowledge has been categorized

in to high level Knowledge and low level Knowledge.

The investigator selected a descriptive surrey approach to assess the level of

Knowledge on problems of drug dependence among the adolescent students. The

setting of the study comprises of Anupama Pu college.

The age groups of the students were between 14-21 years.

The sample size consists of 100 adolescents students who fulfilled the

selection criteria.

The sampling technique used for the study was a structured questionnaire and

a 3 point rating scale.

The content validity of tools were obtained from experts, test re-test method

was used to check the reliability of the tool for the pilot study.

The ethical aspects of the research study was maintained throughout the study

period by getting formal permission from the authorities and consent from the

samples.The practicability and feasibility of the tools checked by the pilot study

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enabled the investigator to collect data for the main study. The data collected was

analysed by using descriptive and the findings of the study revealed that the Overall

mean 10.46 indicates the level of knowledge of adolescents’ students on problems of

drug dependences is inadequate.

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CHAPTER-IX

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17. Castilla M, Crow A. Adolescent development and adjustment. 3rd ed. New York:

MC.Graw Hill Publications; 1998. p.15-7.

18. Bravender T, Brook JS, Boyle NM. Predicting substance use in late adolescence:

results from the ontario child health study follow-up. American Journal of

Psychiatry1992 Jun; 149(6): 761-67.

19. South India Police Journal Report 2000.

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20. David D. Drugs and the whole person. 2nd edition. USA. Library of Congress

Publication;1990.

21. Rajkumar B. Subatance. Substances use by child Labourers. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 2003; 35(3): 159-61.

22. Varma VK. Drug Abuse amongst College students. Indian Journal of Psychiatry

2000; 19: 01-10.

23. Sethi BB. Long Term effect of cannabis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2001;

23(8): 224-9.

24. Mohan D.Prevalence of Drug abuse in High school Population. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 2000 July; 20(2): 20-24.

25. Dala M, Dubo KC. Prrevalence and pattern of Psychology Disturbance in school

going Adolescent Girls. Indian Journal of clinical Psychology 2000; 17(2):83-8.

26. Verma S, Sing MB. Perceived Causes of Behavioural Problems among Indian

adolescents. Psychology-Lingua 2000;28(2):310-7.

27. Shekhar S. Rapid Increase of Heroin Dependence in Delhi. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 2000;26(1):41-5.

28. Ponnudurai R,Jagakar J. A Psycho Demographic study of the patients of a

deaddiction in Madras. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1993;35(3):167-68.

29. Ali RV. Psychoactive Substances use among Medical students. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 1999;55(4):22-6.

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30. Pallab KM, Paintal HK. A Conflict Based Study of Attitudes of adolescent,

towards their parents-Implications for Parental Counselling. Indian Journal of

Clinical Psychology 1996 Mar;23(4):04-11.

31. Bravender T, Brook JS, Boyle NM. Predicting Substance use in late adolescents.

Results from the ontario child health study folloe-up. The American Journal of

Psychiatry 1992 Jun;149(6):761-67.

32. Purohit N, Pedersen WS. Relationship between perceived parental behaviour and

ways of coping among school going adolescents. Indian Journal of clinical

Psychological Review 1998;50(4):200-11.

33. Fash PS, Frauenknecht M, Black DR, Conster DC. Adolescent Problem solving,

strees, and the stepped approach Model. American Journal of Health Behaviour

1996 April;20(2):30-41.

34. Aytaclar S, Aneja. Parent Child Relationship in Poinion of Adolescent Boys and

Girls. Praachi Journal of Psychocultural Dimensions 1996 oct;2(2):02-22.

35. Krueger RF, Kaminer Y, Kaur Tejpreet, Sigh MB. Relationship of Socio personal

factors with disciplinary tchniques of Parents. Journal of Psychological review

1999;51(1):24-31.

36. Chauhan SS. Mental Hygiene-A science of Adjustment. 2nd ed. Lucknow: Allied

Publishere Lit; 02-20.

37. Woodward LJ, Woolfield NF. Adolescence a time of change, and a time of

challenge for carers. Australian Paediatric Nurses 1993;5(2):15-7.

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38. Jennifer C. Adolesscent self reports of social activity, assessment of stability and

relations to social adjustment. Journal of Adolescent 1987;10(01):83-93.

39. Hague N. Bupvenorphine abuse. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1990;32(2):198-

200.

40. Rakesh L. Bupvenorphine Dependence analysis. Indian Journal of Psychiatry

1991;33(1):62-5.

41. Rajeev G. Drug abuse among non-student youth lobur. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 1987;29(4):359-62.

42. Rajkumar B. Substances use by child labourers. Indian Journal of Psychiatry

1993;35(3):159-61.

43. Report of Advisory Council on the misuse of drugs. Treatment and rehabilitation

of drugs: Department of Health and social security. Delhi: Crown Publisher; 1992.

p. 01-81.

44. Varma VK. Drug Abuse amongst college students. Indian Journal of Psychiatry

2000;19:11-26.

45. Ponnudurai R. Alcohol and drug abuse among Internees. Indian Journal of

Psychiatry 2004;55(3):128-32.

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CHAPTER - X

ANNEXURE -1

Letter seeking permission for conducting the study from The Princioal,

Anupama Pre-University College

Date:…………….

ToThe principal,

Anupama Pre-University College,

West of chrod Road,IInd stage,

Mahalakshmipuram,Bangalore-560086.

Respected sir/Madam,

Subject: Requesting permission for data collection-reg

Mr.Vinoth Kumar. G., M.sc Nursing IInd year student of our college.He is

interested to conduct a study on “A study to assess the level of knowledge on ill

effects of drug dependence among adolescent in selected schools at Bangalore.”as

a partial fullfillment of M.sc Nursing curriculum requirement.I kindly request you to

grant him permission to conduct the study.

The study will not affect any individual or the institution in any aspect. The

study will be conducted in a descriptive Approach.so that he will not hinder the work

and he will abide by the rules and regulations of the institution.

If you are interested to know the finding of the study , a copy of the same will

be given to you after the university Examination.

Thanking you

Copy to: Youre Faithfully

Mr. Vinothkumar. G.

IInd Year Msc.Nursing Student

(Principal)

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ANNEXURE-2

LETTER GRANTING PERMISSION FOR CONDUCTING THE STUDY

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ANNEXURE-3

Letter seeking Experts opinion for content validity of the tool

From,

Mr.Vinoth kumar.G

M.sc (N) II nd year

Padmashree College of Nursing,

Bangalore -72.

To,

Respected Madam/Sir,

Sub: Seeking permission for Validation of the Research tool.

I, Mr.Vinoth kumar.G I yr M.Sc Nursing ( Psychiatric Nursing ) student of

Padmashree College of Nursing, request your good self; if you would kindly accept to

validate my research tool on the topic.

“A study to Assess the Level of Knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences

among adolesecents in selected school at Bangalore.”

I would be obliged if you would kindly affirm your acceptance to endorse your

valuable suggestions on this topic. I had attached the details of my study along with

the research

Thanking You in Anticipation

Yours Sincerely,

(Mr.Vinothkumar.G)

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ANNEXURE-4

Criteria rating scale for validity of tool

EVALUATION CRITERIA CHECK LIST

Kindly go through the evaluation criteria check list for validation of tool.

There are two columns given for your responses and a column for remarks. Kindly

place right mark() in the appropriate column and give your remarks.

S.No Content Yes No Remarks

1 Baseline data:

All the characteristics necessary for the

study are included

2 Questionnaire:

Covers the adequate content about

knowledge and illeffects of drug

dependences

Questions ate arranged in sequence

Questions are arranged in logical order

Language is simple and easy to follow

All items necessary to objective the

objective of the study are included

Any technical terms that can be replace

by simple terms

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Dear Madam/Sir

Kindly go through the content and place right mark () against questionnaire

in the following columns ranging from relevant to not relevant. When found to be

needs modifications, kindly give your opinion in the remarks given.

S.No Items Relevant Needs

modification

Not

relevant

Remarks

Part-I

A. Demographic data

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

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B.Structured Interview Questionnaire to assess the Social back ground

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

C.Structured Interview Questionnaire to assess the ill-effects related to drugs

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

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Part II

Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

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ANNEXURE-5

Content Validity Certificate

I hereby certify that I have validated the tool of Mr.Vinoth kumar.G ,

M.Sc nursing student, who is undertaking a study, “ A study to assess the level

of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences among adolescents in selected

school at Bangalore.”

Place:

Date: Signature of Expert,

Name and designation of Expert

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ANNEXURE-6

List of Experts for content validity

Prof.Dase Gowda, M.Sc (N),

Principal and H.O.D,

Government College of Nursing,

Bangalore.

Prof.J Premakumari, M.Sc(N),

H.O.D of dept of Psychiatric Nursing,

Oxford Collage of Nursing,

Bangalore.

Prof.B.H.Rajashekariah, M.Sc(N),

Principal,

R.V.College of Nursing,

Bangalore.

Mr.Surendhar,

Biostatistition,

GKVK ,

Bangalore.

Dr.Satheesh,

R.M.O,

NIMHANS,

Wilson Garden,

Bangalore.

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ANNEXURE-7

Letter to the subjects requesting to participate in the study

Dear Respondents! I would like to inform you that I am Mr.Vinoth

Kumar.G., PG student of Padmashree of college of Nursing ,Bangalore-72,conducting

study on,”A study to assess the level of Knowledge on ill effects of drug

dependence among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore.”This study goal is

to find out the level of Knowledge and illeffect of drug dependence among

adolescents.Here, a set of questions will be asked regarding the Knowledge and ill

effects. I assure that here is no any potential risk in this study.The information which

collected during this study will be kept confidential Participation of in this study is

completely depends on your wish and therre is no compulsion. If you would like to

participate kindly give your consent.Even after given consent also, you have right to

withdraw from this study. If you want to enquire any further information you can

contact to

Mrs.Sharmila. J. M.sc(N),

Head of the Department,

Padmashree College of Nursing,

Nagarbhavi,

Bangalore-72.

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ANNEXURE – 8

Consent Form

Dear respondent,

I am a PG Nursing student (psychiatric Nursing) from Padmashree

College of Nursing, Bangalore, conducting a study on “ A study to assess the

level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences among adolescents in

selected school at Bangalore.” You will be asked questions regarding

knowledge and ill effects of drug dependences. The information which collected

will be kept confidential and used only for the study purpose. Kindly sign the

consent form.

Thanking You

Signature of the Respondent, Yours faithfully,

(Mr.Vinoth kumar.G)

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ANNEXURE-9

CERTIFICATE FOR ENGLISH EDITING

To Whom It May Concern

This is to certify that the tool developed by Mr.G.vinoth kumar, IInd

year M.sc Nursing student of Padmashree College of Nursing for his study , A

study to assess the level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependences

among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore,” is edited for the English

language appropriateness by

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ANNEXURE-10

Structured interview questionnaire to assess the level of knowledge on

illerrects of drug dependence among adolescents

Dear Respondents!

Please Plack a tick mark in the space provide (√ ) which ever choice

you think is right please answer all items.

A.Demographic Variables:

1.Age (Years) [ ]

2.Sex

a)Male [ ]

b)Female [ ]

3.Qualification

a)High secondary [ ]

b)PUC [ ]

c)College [ ]

4.What is your Last Academic Performance(%)? [ ]

5.Ordinal Position

a)First [ ]

b)Second [ ]

c)Third

[ ]

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6.No of sibling

a)Nil [ ]

b)One [ ]

c)Two [ ]

d)Three [ ]

7.Religion

a)Hindu [ ]

b)Christian [ ]

c)Muslim [ ]

d)Others [ ]

8.Residence

a)Rural

[ ]

b)Urban [ ]

c)Semi urban [ ]

9.Type of Family

a) Joint [ ]

b)Nuclear [ ]

c)Extended [ ]

10.Family Income/Month(Rs)

[ ]

11.Are both your Parents alive?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

12.At presnt with whom are you living with

a)Both your Parents [ ]

b)With mother/father [ ]

c) With Talker [ ]

d)Hostel [ ]

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13.How often do you speak to your parents on your career?

a)Frequently [ ]

b)Rarely [ ]

c)Never [ ]

14.Qualification of Talker

a)Undergraduate [ ]

b)Post Graduate [ ]

c)Professional [ ]

15.Occupation of Talker

a)Self-employed [ ]

b)Managerial [ ]

c)Clerical [ ]

d)Skilled [ ]

e)Unskilled [ ]

16.Does anybody in your family use Drug/Alcohol?

a)Yes(specify the relationship) [ ]

b)No [ ]

B.Social Background

01.Do your participate in activities like

a)Sports [ ]

b)Clubs [ ]

c)Societies [ ]

d)Cultural [ ]

02.Do you use lcoholic beverages on any occasion?

a)At religious services [ ]

b)On social occasion [ ]

c) Other occasion [ ]

d)Never [ ]

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03.Is your peer group large?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

04.Do you have a dominant role in your peer group?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

05.Are you an introvert?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c)Some times [ ]

06.Have you comes across your friends having encounter with drugs

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c)Some times [ ]

07.What drugs they use?

a)Oral [ ]

b)Smoked [ ]

c)Shifted [ ]

d)Injected [ ]

e)Others [ ]

f)Not Applicable [ ]

08.What is their source of getting the drugs?

a)Pharmacy [ ]

b)Illicit

[ ]

c)Not known [ ]

d)Not applicable [ ]

09.Have they undergone treatment for de-addiction?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c)Not applicable [ ]

10.Are you aware the drug addiction in a social Problem?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

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11.Do you participate in antisocial activities?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

C.Ill-effects related to drugs:

1.Do you take self –medication?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

2.Do you take frequently pain –killers?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

3.Do you sleeping pills for sleeplessness or during stress?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c) Sometimes [ ]

4.Drug addiction can decrease one’s life span?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c) Sometimes [ ]

5.Drug can cause serious physical and psychological symptoms

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

6.Drug is a sedative

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

7.Black coffee and cold beverage helps in obering up?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

8.Do you have habit of Tobacco chewing?

a)Yes [ ]

b)No [ ]

c) Sometimes [ ]

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Part-II

Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences

S.No Statements Yes No Don’t known

2 0 1

01 People do not get Physically dependent on Drug

02 Brown sugar increase the carrying for sweets

03 Drug abusers are difficult to work with

04 Youngsters from traditional,religious families never

become drug abusers

05 Drugs do not attack academic performances

06 People who know about drug can manage to use it in

control without getting addicted

07 Telling youngster not to drink or to take drug increase

their desire to try it

08 One can get addicted to drug used for Medical Purposes

09 Withdrawal Symptoms like tremors and nausea does not

appear during withdrawal from drugs

10 Handing drug addicts during withdrawal period in

difficult and risky.

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Scoring key

Statement of the prolbem:

A study to assess the level of knowledge on illeffects of drug dependence

among adolescents in selected school at Bangalore

Part-I

A.Demographic Variables - Coding key

Sl. No. Demographic Variables Coding key1. Age

14-17 years18-21 years

01

02

2. Sex

a)Male

b)Female

01

02

3. Qualification

a)High secondary

b)PUC

c)College

01

02

03

4. What is your Last Academic

Performance(%)?

< 60%

61-75

>75

01

02

03

5. Ordinal Position

a)First

b)Second

c)Third

01

02

03

6 No of sibling

a)Nil

b)One

c)Two

d)Three

01

02

03

04

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7. Religion

a)Hindu

b)Christian

c)Muslim

d)Others

01

02

03

04

8. Residence

a)Rural

b)Urban

c)Semi urban

01

02

03

9 Type of Family

a) Joint

b)Nuclear

c)Extended

01

02

03

10. Family Income/Month(Rs)

<7000

7000-10,000

>10,000

01

02

03

10. Are both your Parents alive?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

11. Are both your Parents alive?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

12. At presnt with whom are you

living with

a)Both your Parents

b)With mother/father

c) With Talker

d)Hostel

01

02

03

04

13. How often do you speak to your

parents on your career?

a)Frequently 01

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b)Rarely

c)Never

02

03

14. Qualification of Talker

a)Undergraduate

b)Post Graduate

c)Professional

01

02

03

15. Occupation of Talker

a)Self-employed

b)Managerial

c)Clerical

d)Skilled

e)Unskilled

01

02

03

04

05

16 Does anybody in your family use

Drug/Alcohol?

a)Yes(specify the

relationship)

b)No

01

02

B.Social Background1 Do your participate in activities

like

a)Sports

b)Clubs

c)Societies

d)Cultural

01

02

03

04

2 Do you use lcoholic beverages on

any occasion?

a)At religious services

b)On social occasion

c) Other occasion

d)Never

01

02

03

04

3 Is your peer group large?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

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4. Do you have a dominant role in

your peer group?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

5. Are you an introvert?

a)Yes

b)No

c)Some times

01

02

03

6. Have you comes across your

friends having encounter with

drugs

a)Yes

b)No

c)Some times

01

02

03

7. What drugs they use?

a)Oral

b)Smoked

c)Shifted

d)Injected

e)Others

f)Not Applicable

01

02

03

04

05

06

8. What is their source of getting the

drugs?

a)Pharmacy

b)Illicit

c)Not known

d)Not applicable

01

02

03

04

9. Have they undergone treatment for

de-addiction?

a)Yes

b)No

c)Not applicable

01

02

03

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10. Are you aware the drug addiction

in a social Problem?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

11. Do you participate in antisocial

activities?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

C.Ill-effects related to drugs:

1. Do you take self –medication?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

2. Do you take frequently pain –

killers?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

3. Do you sleeping pills for

sleeplessness or during stress?

a)Yes

b)No

c)Sometimes

01

02

03

4. Drug addiction can decrease one’s

life span?

a)Yes

b)No

c)Sometimes

01

02

03

5. Drug can cause serious physical

and psychological symptoms

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

6. Drug is a sedative

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

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7. Black coffee and cold beverage

helps in obering up?

a)Yes

b)No

01

02

8. Do you have habit of Tobacco

chewing?

a)Yes

b)No

c)Sometimes

01

02

03

Part-II

Description of Level of Knowledge on illefects of Drug Dependences

Items Yes No Don’t Known

Total No of Iteam = 10 2 0 1

Total No of Iteam (10 x 2) = 20

Maximum score = 20

91