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1
1 The diagram shows models of various elements.
B
ED
A C
(a) Define the term element.
[1]
(b) Which one of the models A to E represents a solid containing
diatomic molecules?
[1]
(c) Which two of the models A to E represent gases?
and [1]
(d) (i) Which one of the models A to E represents diamond?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the element present in diamond.
[1]
(iii) State a use of diamond other than in jewellery.
[1]
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2
(e) Structure E is a metal. State three physical properties
which are characteristic of all metals.
[3]
(f) Metals are sometimes mixed with other elements in order to
change their properties. (i) What is the name given to a mixture of
metals with other elements?
[1]
(ii) Match up the metals in the boxes on the left with their
uses on the right. The first
one has been done for you.
for making chemical plants
for plating tin cans
for car bodies
for electrical wiringin houses
for aircraft bodies
tin
mild steel
stainless steel
aluminium
copper
[4]
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3
2 The electronic structures of various atoms are shown
below.
A B
D E
C
(a) (i) Which one of these structures A to E represents a noble
gas?
[1]
(ii) Which two of these structures represent atoms from the same
Group of the
Periodic Table?
and [1]
(iii) Which one of these structures represents an atom with an
atomic number of 8?
[1]
(iv) Which one of these structures forms a stable ion by gaining
one electron?
[1]
(v) Which one of these structures is in Period 3 of the Periodic
Table?
[1]
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4
(b) Complete the following sentences using words from the
list.
chlorine diamond high low sharing
sodium strong transfer weak
Covalent bonds are formed by the of pairs of electrons.
Simple
covalent molecules such as and bromine have
melting points. Giant covalent structures such as have many
bonds and have high melting points. [5]
(c) The simplest covalent molecule is hydrogen. (i) Draw a
diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in a hydrogen
molecule. [1] (ii) Describe a test for hydrogen.
test
result [2]
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5
3 The structures of some elements and compounds are shown
below.
S
S S
S
S
SS
SH HC
H
H
H C
H
H
H
H
C H
NH H
H
Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb
Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb
Pb Pb Pb Pb
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
Na+
Cl
A B C
D E F
(a) Answer these questions using the letters A to F.
(i) Which structure is ethane? [1]
(ii) Which structure contains ions? [1]
(iii) Which structure is a gas that turns moist red litmus paper
blue? [1]
(iv) Which structure is sodium chloride? [1]
(v) Which structure is the main constituent of natural gas?
[1]
(vi) Which two structures are organic compounds? [1]
(vii) Which two structures are elements? [1]
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(b) Structure F is lead. (i) What is the source of the small
amount of lead present in the air?
[1]
(ii) State an adverse effect of lead on health.
[1]
(c) Structure A is sulphur. Explain why burning fossil fuels
containing sulphur is harmful to
the environment.
[2]
[Total: 11]
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4 Clean air contains a number of different gases. (a) State the
names of the two gases which make up most of the air.
[2]
(b) A sample of air is drawn through the apparatus shown
below.
white (anhydrous)
copper sulphate
limewater
air
to
suction
pump
heated copper
(i) When the air is drawn through the apparatus, the lime water
turns milky. Which
gas turns lime water milky?
[1]
(ii) The white (anhydrous) copper sulphate turns blue. State the
name of the
substance which turns white copper sulphate blue.
[1]
(iii) Oxygen is removed from the air by passing it over heated
copper. Complete the equation for this reaction.
2Cu + CuO [2]
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(c) Pure air contains about 1% argon. (i) In which Period of the
Periodic Table is argon?
[1]
(ii) State the name of the Group of elements to which argon
belongs.
[1]
(iii) Draw the electronic structure of argon. [1] (iv) Why is
argon used in lamps?
[1]
(v) An isotope of argon has a mass number of 40. Calculate the
number of neutrons in this isotope of argon.
[1]
(d) A small amount of xenon is present in the air. A few
compounds of xenon have been made in recent years. Calculate the
relative molecular mass of xenon difluoride, XeF2. [1]
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(e) The structure of another compound of xenon is shown
below.
XeF F
F FO
(i) Write the simplest formula for this compound of xenon.
[1]
(ii) Describe the type of bonding in this compound.
[1]
[Total: 14]
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5 The halogens are a group of elements showing trends in colour,
state and reaction with other halide ions.
(a) Complete the word equation for the reaction of chlorine with
aqueous potassium
bromide.
chlorine + potassium bromide + [2]
(b) Explain why an aqueous solution of iodine does not react
with potassium chloride.
[1]
(c) The table shows the properties of some halogens.
halogen state at room temperature
colour boiling point / C density of solid / g cm-3
fluorine gas yellow 1.51
chlorine green 35 1.56
bromine liquid red-brown 59
iodine solid 184 4.93
(i) Complete the missing spaces in the table. [2] (ii) Suggest
values for
the boiling point of fluorine,
the density of bromine. [2]
(d) How many electrons does an atom of fluorine have
(i) in total,
(ii) in its outer shell? [2]
(e) State a use for chlorine.
[1]
[Total: 10]
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6 The diagram shows the structures of some substances containing
carbon.
O C O
C CH
H
H
H
C
H
HHH
C C O HH
H
H
H
H
CC
C CC
C
CC C
C CC
C
C CC
CC
C CC
C
CC
C CC CC
C CC C
CC
C CC
Ca2+CO23 Ca2+CO23 CO23
Ca2+ Ca2+CO23 CO23 Ca2+
Ca2+CO23 Ca2+CO23 CO23
Ca2+ Ca2+CO23 CO23 Ca2+
A B C
D E F (a) Answer these questions using the letters A, B, C, D, E
or F.
(i) Which one of these structures is ionic? [1]
(ii) Which one of these structures represents ethanol? [1]
(iii) Which one of these structures represents a gas which
turns limewater milky? [1]
(iv) Which one of these structures is an unsaturated
hydrocarbon? [1]
(b) Describe a chemical test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
test
result [2]
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(c) State the chemical name of structure B.
[1]
(d) Structure F has several uses. Which one of the following is
a correct use of structure F? Tick one box.
for cutting metals
as a lubricant
for filling balloons
as an insulator [1]
(e) The structures A to E are compounds. What do you understand
by the term compound?
[1]
(f) State the type of bonding in structure A.
[1]
[Total: 10]
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13
7 Iron has several isotopes. (i) What do you understand by the
term isotopes?
[1]
(ii) The table shows the number of subatomic particles in an
atom of iron.
type of particle number of particles relative charge on the
particle
electron 26
neutron 30
proton 26
Complete the table to show the relative charge on each particle.
[3] (iii) State the number of nucleons in this isotope of iron.
[1]
(a) Some isotopes are radioactive. State one industrial use of
radioactive isotopes.
[1]
(b) Iron reacts with very dilute nitric acid.
Fe + 2HNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + H2
Write a word equation for this reaction. [1] [Total: 13]
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(c) When concentrated seawater is electrolysed, chlorine is
formed at one of the electrodes. (i) To which Period in the
Periodic Table does chlorine belong?
[1]
(ii) Draw the electronic structure of a chlorine molecule. Show
only the outer electrons. [2] (d) Drinking water can be obtained by
purifying seawater. Explain why distillation rather than filtration
is used to purify seawater for drinking.
[2]
[Total: 11]
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8(a) Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table. When
chlorine reacts with a solution of potassium bromide, the solution
turns a
reddish brown colour. (i) Write a word equation for this
reaction. [2] (ii) Explain why iodine does not react with a
solution of potassium bromide.
[1]
(b) When chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride,
energy is released. (i) State the name given to a reaction which
releases energy.
[1]
(ii) What type of bonding is present in sodium chloride?
[1]
(iii) Explain what happens in terms of electron transfer when a
sodium atom reacts with
a chlorine atom.
[2]
[Total: 14]
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9 Pure dry crystals of magnesium sulphate can be made by
reacting excess magnesium powder with dilute sulphuric acid.
(a) During the reaction, bubbles of a colourless gas are given
off. State the name of this gas.
[1]
(b) (i) Why is excess magnesium used?
[1]
(ii) How is the excess magnesium removed from the reaction
mixture?
[1]
(c) Describe how you can obtain pure dry crystals of magnesium
sulphate from a solution
of magnesium sulphate.
[2]
(d) (i) Describe one other reaction that makes magnesium
sulphate.
[1]
(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction you suggested in
part (d)(i). [1] (iii) Magnesium sulphate can be used as a
medicine. Explain why the chemicals used
in medicines need to be as pure as possible.
[1]