Implications of Technology On Financial Inclusion A Joint Indian Microfinance Sector Research Project Skolkovo Moscow School of Management & PlaNet Finance With Special Thanks to SaDhan & YES Bank April-September 2013
Aug 29, 2014
Implications of Technology On Financial InclusionA Joint Indian Microfinance Sector Research ProjectSkolkovo Moscow School of Management & PlaNet Finance
With Special Thanks to SaDhan & YES Bank
April-September 2013
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Table of Contents• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
3
Project Overview
• This research study ‘Implications of Technology On Financial Inclusion’ endeavors to study the various models that use technology for Financial Inclusion . Due to the number of different models the study has endeavored to primarily bring an understanding of the operational details of these models for those working in the microfinance sector and it touches upon some basic questions .
• The models studied are : Business Correspondent Model
Fino Paytech Case EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha Money
Joint Liability Group Model
Phase II of the study would be to closely examine the successes and limitations of any of these models already being operated within an MFI or alternatively seed some of these pilots within MFIs.
Executive Summary
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India is one of the most populated countries in the world, and yet approximately 40% of the grassroots population do not have access to basic banking facilities.
• The Indian government via the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has set the goal of growing the country’s banked population through financial inclusion via a variety of favorable models and regulations.
• In 2011 a law was passed to mandate banks to open 25% of new branches in rural areas.
• The government opened new channels for banks to allow them reach a larger population base. In August 2010 the RBI made for-profit organizations eligible to become BC (business correspondence) agents.
• Several organizations moved into the sector by providing no frills accounts and basic financial services to unbanked populations (to date, almost 100 million NFAs have been opened across India).
• Other players in the for-profit sector as well as NGOs have all adapted models with the goal of pursuing financial inclusion. These include “mobile wallets” by telecommunication providers.
• It seems that, even though all major building blocks and regulations are in place, the process of financial inclusion is not accelerating.
• A lack of education and long term sustainable business models are the major challenges for financial inclusion.
Key Findings (1/2)
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• Both Indian state and private banks operate in rural areas and are obliged to meet regulatory requirements.
• At this point the BC model seems to have the largest reach but the model is still questionable in terms of viability and sustainability.
• The economic viability of bank’s rural operations at this point is questionable.
• State banks concentrate on the volume of accounts opened (no frill accounts) for villagers, but many of these accounts (up to 75%) remain inactive.
• Private banks concentrate on the the operational efficiency of newly opened bank accounts.
• State banks subsidize transaction fees for rural customers as well as pay BC agents fixed salary and volume based commissions (on the other hand private banks are very accurate in BS management).
• The 2010 crisis created a setback for MFIs but now the trends are coming back to the record levels prior to the 2010 crisis.
• Banks claim that they do not compete with MFIs and MFIs play a complementary role; however at times the roles of the two are unclear.
• Although mBanking represents as an opportunity for Banks to reduce operational and transaction costs, particularly to operate in rural areas, it has not really accelerated.
Key Findings (2/2)
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• Mobile Wallets are increasingly mostly used for peer-to-peer remittances by migrant workers who send money back to villages.
• There are two types of Mobile Wallet accounts that allow fund transfers: linked to bank accounts unlinked
• mWallets are usually ‘closed’ systems;
• mWallet coverage is restricted by cash in/cash out ability, it is directly dependent on traditional channels like ATMs or BCs where the user can deposit/windraw money.
• Average transaction costs for users are usually very high (around 2%).
• However, informal channels are even more expensive and unsecure!
• The best way to reduce costs for financial institutions is to employ economies of scale.
• Restrictions for mobile transaction volume are 5-10 000 INR.
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
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Project Objectives
3. Applying these technologies in microfinance space to help increase reach and lower costs
Improving financial literacy
Bringing together all stakeholders
Focusing on sustainability
Regulatory changes
2. Understanding why FI is not accelerating despite there being a fertile environment for it
Is technology right for facilitating FI? Assessing needs for regulatory changes
1. Understanding technological models for financial inclusion and assessing all technological aspects impacting the goal of FI
Understanding the policy of FIOverall Objective
To build
understanding and transparency
around the technological
activity to facilitate
microfinance network to
leverage this understanding
and play a valuable
leadership role in the goal of FI.
Project Scope
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Redefine rolesAnalyze situation
Find the bottleneck
Where the microfinance sector stands
Interview all the players in the process (Banks / Telecom companies / other Tech Providers)
Find out why the system is not accelerating
Find out what are the costs and who could/should subsidize
OUT OF SCOPE
• People without mobile phones
• Advising clients how to invest
• Gathering feedback from clients on the technology
Find out how clients can become satisfied
PLAYERS
• Telecommunication Providers
• Banks• Technology Service
Providers• Consumers• The Government
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
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What Is Financial Inclusion?
FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Financial inclusion is the process of ensuring access to appropriate financial products and services needed by vulnerable groups such as weaker sections and low income groups at an affordable cost in a fair and transparent manner by mainstream institutional players.
Source: http://www.rbi.org.in/ , COAI
1. Ability to use formal transaction channels2. Ability to use value added services
Savings
Credit
Remittances
Insurance
FI Products
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Life Cycle
Savings Prepare for Old Age
Credit Managment, Insurance
Working Life
Remittance Facilities Support Others
Insurance Deal with Emergencies
Loans Birth, Education, Marriage, Acquisitions Income
Generation
Why the grassroots need financial products:
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
14
• According to BBC News (July 18, 2010) ‘There are more poor’ in India than Africa. 8 Indian states account for more poor people than in the 26 poorest African countries combined. The Indian states, including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, have 421 million “poor” people, the study found. This is more than the 410 million poor the study found in the 26 poorest African countries.
• The demand for microfinance services – savings, credit and insurance is apparently insatiable in India. In that sense, India is perhaps the largest emerging market for microfinance services. The Planning Commission in 2004-05 estimated that 27.5% of the total population in India is below poverty line.
• Currently, a total population of 1.1 billion is being served by 50,000 commercial banks, 12,000 co-operative bank offices, 15,000 regional rural banks and 100,000 primary agriculture societies. Despite the density and robustness of the formal Indian financial system, it has failed to reach the deprived segment, leaving approximately 135 million households entirely unbanked.
The Microfinance Sector in India
The Indian microfinance industry will cross 90 million borrowers and $10 Billion in loan portfolio by 2014 and will require a huge capital inflow both in debt and equity.
All Stakeholders
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Grassroots
RBI
BANKS
NCPIMFIs
MNOs
GOVT.
TECHNOLOGY SERVICE
PROVIDERSTRAI
SADHANPLANET FINANCE
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Indian Microfinance Touches 90M+ Low Income People
SHG and MFI Outreach 94.3 Million Peak Loan Portfolio of SHGs and MFIsMilllions Billions
• Microfinance Total Individuals Reached : 90 Million • Microfinance Total Loan Portfolio : 590 Billion (Rs.57000cr) € 6.98 Bn • SHG-Bank Linkage Outreach 60M (6crores); SHG Loan Portfolio 393M (Rs.39375cr) € 4.65 Bn • NBFC-MFI Outreach 30M (3crores); NBFC-MFI Loan Portfolio 209M (Rs.20913cr) € 2.47 Bn
Source : Microfinance State of Sector Report 2012
Rs.590 Bn€ 6.98 Bn
90 Mn
€ 2.47 Bn
€ 4.65 Bn
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MFIs Are Closest to BOP Customers
• MFIs have slowly started using modern technology including mobile and mobile internet to increase efficiency and reduce operation costs
• Mobile applications connected via GPRS for field managers • MFIs have taken small steps to educate customers on
mobile technology • MFIs starts acting as BC agent for banks
Banks
Person/SHG/JLG
MFI (FP/NFP)
Average 14% annual credit
Average 24(14+10%)
annual creditFA (facilitator agent)
• Most customers have mobile phones and saving accounts (NFA) in banks• Customers are slowly moving towards using mobile banking for their saving accounts especially their remittances
• Customers at the BOP prefer loans through MFIs• No collateral needed • Minimum documents and time required• Convenient and transparent, face to face relationship • Very difficult to get loans from banks
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
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Banks & Financial Inclusion Profitability
Post 60 years of independence, the banking sector has only 320 million savings accounts. Over 400-700 million people are still not included in the banking process.
Almost all models need to be combined with a bank account, which means that there is a huge market for banks in the sector.
Although several banks have taken small steps, the macro picture is that banks still see no commercial advantage/business case in investing in FI as they see no savings potential in the rural last mile.
The importance of livelihood linkages, credit, financial literacy and capacity-building is not even on the horizon.
Banks have large investments in old legacy systems which may not be ready to be scaled up to incorporate the mobile banking technology for enrolling customers/merchants and scaling it up.
Banks would need to extensively train their staff to sustain the customer/merchant move towards mobile banking – the operational cost of FI may be too high for commercial banks.
Opening of no-frill accounts is the only obsession, the active percentage of these accounts and how many have overdraft facilities are questionable points.
Even though there is a massive market in terms of volume, banks do not see FI initiatives as profitable.
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Why Pair Technology & Financial Inclusion?
• The RBI (Reserve Bank of India) is mandating a widening of the base that is financially included
• The microfinance sector leads the financial inclusion space, reaching out to nearly 90 million people at the bottom of the pyramid - need to pay close attention and understand the situation of financial inclusion ramp-up
• The microfinance sector should ask itself the questions: why hasn’t it played a larger role in leading this topic? Is the sector not obligated to? Is it not indeed best placed to do so?
• The microfinance industry needs to speedily understand what has worked, what has not worked, what are the lessons and how can the sector better leverage the immense effort put in by governments, banks, and technology players such as Telcos & (TSPs)
Financial Inclusion (FI) directly impacts the microfinance space we work in
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The Study of Technology & Financial inclusion
• FINO• EKO• ALPHA MONEY• YES MONEY• AIRTEL MONEY• VODAFONE MPESA
• Are these models successful ?
• Do they help financially include people ? How many people have been financially included by these models - what are the statistics?
• Which has worked the best?
• What are our takeaways?
Pairing Technology & FI represents a good business model for several organizations to explore
Why as a sector are we ignoring all this ?Why are MFIs not partnering and participating proactively in these launches ?
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Banking Channels To Acquire & Serve Customers
ATMs
Branches
PoS
CSP
Direct Banking Channel
BC Channel BC (TSP)
END
CUSTOMER
Internet banks
MNO’s POS
• The current regulatory framework allows MNO Banks to try different partnerships and show proof of success.• Players in the Financial Inclusion space have to focus not on single service, but provide a number of services
instead because of decreasing margin and growth of competition.
The Only Way For FI Players To Be Profitable Is To Provide A Bouquet Of Customer Services
MFI Channel
Brick & mortar branch
Mobile WalletMNOMNO Channel
End-To-End Customer Banking Channels
CustomerBankMNO
network
SMS server
BTSBank-MNO interface SMS
Back-end Service Termination Front-end customer service
Backhaul
CustomerMNO
network
USSD server
Bank BTSBank-MNO interface USS
D
Backhaul
Mobile banking model
Bank-MNO Profit
sharing model
CustomerBankMNO
network
GPRS Gateway
BTSUSSD
Backhaul
Internet
End-to-End seamless customer service
Transparent service provision tunnel
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The Evolution of MFI-NGOs/SHPIs/Societies
MFIs & MFI-NGOs need to re-engineer themselves or become redundant
• There are various technological options available which need to be assessed and understood by all those working in the space of microfinance. Overall transparency in the sector needs to be increased.
• All key players can work together. This can be a win-win partnership for all and, if successful, this new model can be replicated and scaled up to reach a larger audience. The sharing of technology can also increase overall profitability for the players.
• MFIs/NGOs are in danger of being pushed out of the market. There could be a chance that MNOs will replace them by linking consumers straight to no frills accounts with an overdraft of INR.
• Banks may also push MFIs out of the market if they start to see profitability in the FI sector.
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
26
Models Studied In Depth
Business Correspondent Model
FINO
EKO
Joint Liability Group Model
Alpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha Money
Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet
Interbank Mobile Payment Service (IMPS)
M-Pesa in India and Kenya
YES Money
In Jan 2006, the Reserve Bank of India issued a new set of guidelines allowing banks to employ two categories of intermediaries - Business Correspondents (BCs) and Business Facilitators (BFs) - to expand their outreach. According to the guidelines the BCs are permitted to carry out transactions on behalf of the bank as agents. The BFs can refer clients, pursue the clients’ proposal and facilitate bank transactions, but cannot transact on behalf of the bank.
The BC Model is driven by the Indian government
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The Business Correspondent (BC) model
• Technology makes serving the BOP through the BC model economically viable.
• The BC model allows for a reduction of the cost per transaction of up to Rs 5-15. (0.08 – 0.25 USD)
• Cheaper than ATM transaction costs
• The BC model allows clients to open No Frill saving accounts and execute money transfers P2P, P2M, & G2P, and in some areas they can even receive loans.
The Business Correspondent (BC) model is based on modern technology. Mobile internet, secure ID (fingerprint scans) and smart cards are paired together with agents acting as “Business Correspondents” to bring banking services to peoples doorsteps.
Technology Makes Serving BOP Economically Viable
Number of villages
The Business Correspondent (BC) model based on using modern technology: mobile internet, secure ID (fingerprint scan) and smart card together with agents allow to reduce cost for transaction up to Rs 5-15 which is cheaper than ATM’s transaction cost and makes serving rural and poor customers economically viableBC opens No Frill saving accounts and execute money transfers P2P, P2M, G2P, in some areas they issue loans to customers.
Fino is best example of BC model with 60 mln customers across India 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
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Sustainability of the BC Banking model
Organizations or individuals that organize and offer one or more points of transaction outside of bank branches. The BCs organize and manage a network of such transaction points in partnership with a bank.
Business Correspondents
Individuals, shops or other outlets that are responsible for direct contact with the clients. CSPs open bank accounts, conduct KYC, cash out withdrawals, receive payments and in some cases extend credit. Include ATMs & Mini- ATMs.
Customer Service Points (CSPs)
1 2 3
Technology Vendors
There are three major components contributing to the sustainability of the BC banking model
Provide a range of hardware and processing capacity and connectivity which can link clients to BCs and BCs to the bank
The bank’s revenue may come from the extension of services: accounts, savings, credit and payments
• For the channel to become financially viable, regulations require that all revenue from the services be collected by the bank.
• The Tech Vendors, BCs and CSPs are not permitted to charge fees to clients
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Bank Perspective: Challenges to the BC Model
• Cash Handling - Allowing BCs to handle cash is the biggest challenge. 99% of the financial transactions are in cash, warranting high-cost cash-handling operations and added operational risks
• Irregular Accounting - Irregularities have been observed in accounting of clients’ withdrawals and deposits by BCs and as a result there are delays in accounting the banking transactions with the Bank by the BC.
• Client Profile - Recipients of BC services are mostly illiterate and unfamiliar with technology rendering them susceptible to misguidance by the BCs.
• Fraud & Misappropriation - Since the BCs’ staff operate individually without any line supervision, the risk of fraud and misappropriation is higher.
• Inactive ‘No Frills Accounts’ – The majority of No Frill Accounts opened by BCs are not operational. In some locations that have achieved 100% financial inclusion, the accounts in use have been less than 25%.
• Model Viability -There’s a shortage of funding to BCs for meeting the group promotion costs in the case of SHG- Bank linkage models.
• BCs Losing Money - Initial losses are forcing many BCs to shut their operations. Business continuity risk in such cases is impacting banks adversely.
• Interest Capping- Reaching unbanked areas warrants higher delivery costs and the rate cap doesn’t allow much
room for banks to recover the costs necessary to extend credit to hard-to- reach areas and in small amounts. • Distance Criteria – Banks do not always find it easy to get service area waivers from District-level Committees
which are necessary to operate in certain areas. • Cash Settlement - Current regulations mandate BCs to complete accounting and settle cash with bank branches
within 24 hours of transaction.
Operational Issues
Viability Issues
Regulatory Concerns
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• Better than bank branches - Normally a rural bank branch can serve 3,000 to 4,000 families in 12 to 15 villages within a radius of 15kms. A Public Sector Bank branch may require more than 5 years to breakeven in unbanked areas in India, while a private sector & foreign bank with IT connectivity may require about 5 times more. Further, obtaining permission to open a branch is a long and protracted process
• Doorstep banking - Disbursement and loan recovery at the doorsteps of the beneficiary
• Better quality of assets - Target clients are well known to local NGOs, Post Offices, BDOs and similar local social bodies, thus loan facilitation by the NGOs/BCs (who are the promoter/ builder of the groups) enhances quality of assets
• Scaling up of this model is possible within a short span of time.
Bank Perspective: Advantages of the BC Model
The model enables banks to extend financial services to the unreached clients beyond their branch network.
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Revenue Potential
Participant Source of revenue
BANK Account opening Transaction feeInterest on credit
BUSINESS CORRESPONDENT Bank/MNO commissions: enrollments, maintenance of active accounts, marketing and promotion
TECHNOLOGY SERVICE PROVIDER Recurring technology licensing feeEnrollments Transaction fees Device/equipment
MOBILE NETWORK OPERATOR Transaction fee/revenue sharing with Bank
All value chain participants take very small pieces of the revenue ‘pie.’In situations with rural poor, supply costs are bigger than revenues & government subsidies
Although the market requires upfront investments, there is potential for very high revenue
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USSD Technology
MMIDs number reached 50 million as of April 2013 and the number grows at 42% per annum. Number of transactions per month reached 350.000 as of April 2013 and showed 1000% growth per annum.56 Banks participate in the system so far.Choice of USSD technology will eventually meet network capacity limitations so further scalable growth is doubted by MNO’s who are looking forward not to invest in rudimentary technology without native language support.GPRS technology could be a possible win-win solution only when smartphones become commodity in India.There is definitely a dispute between MNO and Banks and NPCI in terms of sharing profits for such service provision.
MNO #2 network
MNO #1 networkCustomer 1
Customer 2
IMPS USSD server
Bank #1 CBS
Bank #2 CBS
IMPS USSD Servers
IMPS USSD Servers
Someone’s going to pay for it, and MNOs are not willing to.
Significant Delays in Discussions Between NPCI and Telcos
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
Scalability May Become A Problem For IMPS
Experts question scalability as an issue, as currently the number of transactions is very low to date. The question is whether it can it handle all transactions of several hundred million people.
IMPS applauds USSD Technology, however the MNOs have several concerns over USSD:
Technology is old fashioned - it was appropriate 3 years ago when IMPS was started but is no longer relevant.
MNOs say they have to significant investment for USSD and for which NPCI is not remunerating them adequately and it is better to stay with SMS or internet and cloud.
USSD has not yet been tested out as a mainstream commercial service - access for financial services has remained only in pilot stages. There is insufficient evidence of the results and the challenges from the experiences to date.
MNOs feel that the TRAI-stipulated requirement of a dedicated nation-wide interoperable platform for banking services, with a quality of service—a transaction response time of 2 seconds—without affecting the quality of other services requires a more detailed consideration of network planning and support infrastructure.
There has been insufficient discussion on demand scenarios, customer mapping, rollout schedules, and infrastructure requirements to roll out USSD, while ensuring that the MNOs’ internal signaling bandwidth is not clogged.
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
38
The FINO BC Model
• The first mover in the wide world of financial inclusion business was FINO
• Formed in Mumbai in 2006 with the mission to solve the problem of financial exclusion
• FINO entered into the market using biometric smartcards & hand held device technology and has grown exponentially.
• Today it serves more than 53 million end customers all across India adding one million (net average) new customers to the formal financial system every month.
• FINO’s uniqueness comes from factors such as diversified product offerings (ranging from savings, credit, payment services, remittances, insurance and financial literacy etc), a robust technology, a dedicated channel of bandhus (banking agents) and mature processes.
Source: http://www.developmentoutlook.org/2012/12/rockstar-of-financial-inclusion.html
FINO Pay Tech Ltd is the world’s largest banking agent manager
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The FINO BC Model
FINO is the best example of a Business Correspondent model with more than 50 million customers across India
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.00
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FINO’s Network
• Over 5000 employees• 26 Banks• 26 States, 439 Districts
• 12 Govt. entities• 6 Insurance companies
• 60m Subscribers • Annual transactions equal to 4 billion INR• More than 31000 transaction points
• 3 investments rounds so far. Main investors are Corporation Bank, ICICI Bank, ICICI Lombard, Indian Bank, IFC, Intel Capital, Life Insurance Corporation of India, The Blackstone Group, Union Bank of India
FINO’s network covers most of India
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FINO’s Network Growth
2004• Provides technology for MFI’s
2006• Regulation Institutional investors still just
providing technology for MFI’s
2007• Development of BC part of business
Starts to work with 7-8 banks
2009• Government payment programs
(NREGA. SSP etc.)20
08 Q
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2008
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FINO Customers
Cust
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s, m
FINO’s network has grown exponentially since 2008
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FINO Business Model
BanksServices:• Savings• Loans• Remittances• DBT
TPP
Services:• Insurance• Utilities• 3rd party
services
FINO Customer
Customer Access Channels:
• Smartcard• Mag-strip card• Mobile• Card-less• Authentication
Biometric / PIN
Channels:
• POS & BC Merchant
• PC/Laptop & Branch
• ATM• MDM• Kiosk
Backend Frontend
Interfaces:
• Transaction & Service aggregation
• CBS Interface
• Interbank settlement system
• 3rd party system
• Data warehouse
FINO has an integrated business model for extensive coverage
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FINO Payment System
SmartcardJava
SCOSTAContact/ contact-less
Mag-stripe cardMobile
Card-less
Authentication: Biometric/PIN
POS & BC Merchants IngeniseFINO PoTMobile
PC/Laptop & Branch
ATM
MDM
Kiosk
Transaction aggregation server
Service aggregators
CBS interfaces
Interbank Settlement Systems
Other 3rd party system
Data warehouse & MIS
Front end Back end
Service delivery channels
Customer access channels
Interfaces
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FINO BC Model: SWOT Analysis
StrengthsLargest BC in India (Economies of scale)Tech SmartUmbrella of financial services for the BOPUnlike MFIs, FINO is able to take deposits from customersFINO owns ALPHA paymentsPOD machines reduce fraud and function both off-line and on-line, so money can get transferred to areas without any networkNot dependent on banks to loan money (FINO bought Intrepid Finance Service, a non-banking financial company)FINO is lending to groups to reduce risk of default
WeaknessesHard to wean people away from informal ways of savingPoor people are saving small amountsHigh operational costsSmall marginsIn-active accountsDelays in working capital: Commission that FINO gets from the banks is often delayed; sometimes month after the money has been disbursed.
Threats Changes in government regulation, e.g. prohibition of BC model Banks accounts lying dormant due to lack of usuage
OpportunitiesSell insurance, loans, remittances an savingsBecome a bank90 million potential customersUse ALPHA payments to pay for utility bills or transfer moneySell financial services to the APL (above poverty line) segment
SWOT
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• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
46
EKO Combines The BC Model With USSD Technology
EKO
Eko, a Delhi-based company, is deploying a banking solution for low income people in India. The functions available on the product are specifically geared towards people at the bottom of the pyramid and are distributed through informal retail outlets. Customers can access the service with cheap phones (making use of USSD technology) and perform transactions that they typically need on a day-to-day basis.
Source: http://www.rbi.org.in/
47
Understanding the EKO model
CustomerCSP
CustomerCSP
Super CSP
Airtel
transaction
Cash management
Transaction connectivity
EKO is a Business Correspondent and Technology Service Provider to multiple banks. It has partnerships with some of the biggest banks in India like State Bank of India (SBI), ICICI Bank & Yes Bank. EKO leverages existing retail outlets, telecom connectivity and banking infrastructure to extend branchless banking services to the common man.
EKO’s bouquet of products and services includes Banking and Money Transfers, Payments, the SimpliBank Platform as well as phone recharge service for every Indian MNO.EKO offers cash management services, namely cash collection and cash disbursal services to government enterprises, MFIs and Large, Medium and Small Scale Enterprises. EKO uses its network of EKO counters, SimpliBank platform, mobile user-interface, authentication (OkeKey) mechanism to enable these services.
48
How EKO Works
• The ELO SimpliBank platform is a hosted and managed by a low-cost, abridged Core Banking System. SimpliBank supports multiple features:
• A standard double entry accounting system • Multiple types of accounts- savings, current, money
transfer, loan, etc. • Customer and network management modules • Definable interest accrual and posting systems
based on Indian banking guidelines • Configurable limits and fees as per RBI’s AML/CFT
requirements • Secure signature (OkeKey) booklet • Real-time transactions through a three factor
authentication system • User/system management and audit trails • Integration with multiple interfaces like mobile,
internet etc.
49
EKO SWOT Analysis
StrengthsQuickly and secure send money anywhere in the country Value for customers, banks and agentsStrong relationship with banksStrong technical infrastructure
WeaknessesTiny marginDependents of transaction volumeDependents of agent’s network
Threats Government changesCompetition with other TSP
OpportunitiesGreat amount unbanked population = potential customersIncreasing mobile penetrationIncreasing literacy penetration Demand from banks under government pushing Demand from customers
SWOT
50
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
51
Even though mobile banking is still in its early stages in India, with huge domestic remittance channels, ever- growing mobile networks, and increasing financial inclusion mandates, banks and MNOs are increasingly looking to partner with each other. Bank-led and MNO-led models each have specific advantages:
• The bank-led model can more easily integrate mobile channels with existing offered financial services, including a combination of savings, credit, insurance, and/or remittances.
• Furthermore, in order to ensure that consumer financial protections expand to mobile banking services, regulators often see clearer parallels with existing banking regulations.
• The MNO-led model usually leverages a more extensive distribution network, and in many countries, including India, mobile penetration is much higher than banking penetration. Although a model like M-PESA may have been meant for money transfers, there is increasing evidence that users do use M-PESA as a store for their money.
Mobile Banking in India
A key mobile banking issue in India is finding the right partnership between Banks and MNOs
52
Mobile Wallets: High Potential to Reach BOP (1/2)
• Over the last few years, mobile phones have become an essential communication tool for almost every individual.
• The overall penetration of banking services in India is very low compared to the telecom service penetration. The contrast is even starker in low income and rural segments.
• Infrastructure for cash in/cash out is much better for BC networks and MNO agents and outlets
• Demand for mobile remittances increase in tandem with migration processes from rural to urban areas. Migrant workers need affordable instruments to transfer money to their families in villages.
• Banks and MNOs have launched several mobile money pilot projects: Airtel Money & Axis Bank, Vodafone & ICICI.
• Technology service providers have also launched projects: Alpha Money (FINO), SBI Money (EKO)…
Source: Cellular Operators Association of India
There are currently more than 900 million mobile subscriptions in India and about 100 million mobile subscriptions are added every year.
53Source: Cellular Operators Association of India
Mobile Wallets: High Potential to Reach BOP (2/2)
• 20 mln MFI clients who repay credit 4 times per month with an average amount of Rs 250 (4 USD)
• Approximately Rs 240 bln (3.8 bln) USD cash flow annually
• Customers spend time and money to deliver cash to MFI branches
• Managers spend time and money to deliver cash • It is not secure to physically deliver cash
500 million Rs (8 million USD) could cover operational costs. Case: money discernment and collection in MFIs
The transaction cost of Mobile Banking is approximately:
• 2% of the cost of branch banking• 10% of the cost of ATM transactions• 50% of the cost of internet banking
The Regulatory Environment
• Government regulation for MNOs has caused hyper competition, which allowed India to have the lowest mobile tariffs in the world. This has increased MNO’s reach immensely without the need for government intervention.
• Banks are not interested in FI from a profitability point of view, because they are regulated by government. If new players could receive a banking license, there would be more competition, and FI could spread easily even to unbanked areas.
• RBI is very conservative, e.g. the use of mobile wallets is very limited in transaction volume and the amount of money that can be kept in wallets. “Lighter touch” regulation is required – not onerous or complicated.
• The BC Model in its current policy design & operationalization is sub-optimal because it makes most of its money on enrollments. Accounts, however, may remain inactive. To increase the model’s efficiency, banks’ earnings from transactions have to be increased.
• Regulatory guidelines have to go hand in hand with cutting-edge technology. Let the marketplace (customers) decide what channel, form, factor, product or service provider to use.
The Regulatory environment needs to allow for more competition between players for FI to work
55
Mobile Microfinance: Partner Models
Source: http//planetfinancegroup.org
56
Mobile Money Models Comparison
Name System type
Customers Products CSP’s Model specifics Transaction point
Airtel Money Semi-closed
E-payment, remittance 1.5m MNO dependent Mobile
Airtel Money Super account with AXIS bank
Open 100000 E-payment, cash-out, savings, remittance
1.5m MNO dependent Mobile
YES Money Open 500000 E-payment, cash-out, savings, remittance
MNO independent Mobile
EKO Open 180000 E-payment, cash-out, savings, remittance
MNO independent Mobile
Alphamoney closed E-payment 31000 MNO independent Mobile
FINO Open 60m E-payment, cash-out, savings, remittance
31000 CSP
Vodafone M-PESA with ICICI bank
Open E-payment, cash-out, savings, remittance
MNO dependent Mobile
57
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
58
Airtel Money: Open mWallet
• These include transferring funds to another bank account through NEFT and accessing other banking services like RDs, FDs and micro-insurance products.
• However the obvious upside to the initiative is the fact that it will allow banking services to percolate down to the roots of the Indian population.
• As Airtel and Axis Bank add more services and expand the Super Accounts footprint, the currently unbanked population could very well be queuing up to sign up.
Airtel Money Super Accounts promise to be a boon in many ways. Customers can make cash deposits, receive remittances, transfer and withdraw money anytime. These transactions can be done from authorized Airtel Money-Axis Bank outlets only.
59
Airtel Money: Closed mWallet
• Once the user loads up his phone with prepaid cash he can walk into specified merchant locations and purchase goods and services.
• Semi-closed wallet are prepaid payment instruments that are redeemable at a group of clearly-identified merchant locations/ establishments which contract specifically with the issuer to accept the payment instrument. These instruments do not permit cash withdrawal or redemption by the holder.
• Essentially, what this implies is that operator subscribers cannot use the ‘currency’ to buy talk time (RBI has mandated that the prepaid currency needs to be kept separate from talk time currency).
The "semi closed wallet” service will enable Airtel subscribers to exchange physical cash for virtual money, which can be stored on mobile phones to pay for goods and services for transaction value less than Rs. 5,000 (80 USD)
60
Airtel Money SWOT Analysis
StrengthsAbility to cash in/cash out in wide network of Axis ATM and outletsInstant, secure payments and money transfer – P2P, P2M to any mobile number/bank account in India
WeaknessesRestriction on amount of transaction Cash out available in special outlets onlyDependent of bank partner
Threats Regulation changes Competition with many other mWallets
OpportunitiesMore and more merchant tie-ups Increasing knowledge on customer behalf about using mobile transactions
SWOT
61
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
62
Kenya: An M-Pesa Success Story
• A study conducted in Kenya to evaluate M-PESA’s community-level impact found (1) easier circulation of money allowed clients to remit money in times of financial distress; (2) conducting business transactions became easier and safer; and (3) vendors were able to reduce the transaction costs and apply savings towards business expansion.
• M-PESA’s phenomenal success has prompted Indian policy makers and private partners to consider using similar applications to achieve financial inclusion objectives and to provide a cost-effective alternative to brick-and-mortar bank branches.
Safaricom launched M-PESA in 2007; by 2009, nearly 40% of Kenya’s adult population used M-PESA services; and by 2011-12 Safaricom estimated that over 14 million Kenyans use the service.
63
ICICI And Vodafone Mobile Wallet: M-Pesa in India
• On applying for M-Pesa, customers get a mobile wallet issued by MCSL called "MCSL Wallet" and also a Mobile Money Account with ICICI Bank. The Wallet and the Mobile Money account are completely inter-operable and the customers have an option to transfer money into the Mobile Money account.
• The mobile wallet can be used as a open wallet for transactions.
• Minimum amount that can be deposited: 200 rupees, of which 100 rupees is deducted as a one-time account activation fee and the remaining balance is credited to the account balance.
• Maximum daily limit: 5,000 rupees.
• Maximum account balance: 10,000 rupees, while Mobile Wallet and Mobile Money accounts can have a maximum account balance of 50,000 rupees.
M-Pesa
Cash Deposits
Money Transfer to any Bank Account
Money Transfer to another M-
Pesa Account
Top-up Credit for Vodafone
Utility Bill Payments
Source: http://www.icicibank.com/mobile-banking/mpesa/m-pesa.html
ICICI Bank and MCSL (a Vodafone group) have launched "M-Pesa" a mobile money transfer service
64
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
65
YES Bank Introduced Remittances Services
FLOW OF FUNDS
MigrantWorker
Shopkeeper BCA
Business Correspondent
YES Bank IMPS
Recipient Banks
Recipient person with a bank account
YES Bank has linked up with various partners as Business Correspondents, leveraging their existing retail outlets, telecom connectivity and banking infrastructure to extend branchless banking services to the common man and facilitate remittances services closer to home, effectively at anytime of the day and most importantly, into any bank across the country.
In addition, last year Yes Bank launched a mobile point of sale (mPOS) that allows GPRS enabled mobile phones to be converted into Point of Sale terminals.
66
YES Money SWOT Analysis
StrengthsYES BANK Money is YES BANK’s Domestic Remittance Service which is leveraging the existing technologies and infrastructure designed to meet the remittance need of migrants, unbanked and under-banked population in India .This product brings technology to the end user through the Business Correspondent Agents and simultaneously ensures a technology oblivious experience for the end user
WeaknessesBC agents serve as a bank representatives and non ethical behavior may damage bank’s reputation Access to the bank account in rural areas by recipientsDependence of this on customized devices such as Nokia mobile and printers Currently the entire supply chain is too long Threats
Development of similar models by competition and relatively low entry barrierFinancial literacy of rural population and reluctance to use formal banking channels to remit funds may be an issue for future penetration of rural customer base ICICI Bank model of funds remittance may potential be a threat to “YES MONEY” once ATM replaced by BCs
OpportunitiesCapitalize on opportunity to provide credit to JLB (joint liability group) and SHG (self help group) once this model becomes self sustainable, banks establish trust with local communities, and rural population adapt mobile technology White Label ATM (WLAs) – non-bank entities that intend to setting up, owing,, and operating ATMs. Services provided based on the cards (debit/credit/prepaid) issued by bank
SWOT
67
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
68
Alpha Payment
Alpha Payment
Person-to-person
Payments
Bank Teller Functions
Expedited Bill Payment
Money Transfer
Account Opening
Cash Withdrawal
Cash Deposit
Alpha money is a FINO subsidiary which allows customers to have a closed (Alpha Money) or open (Union bank money) mobile “wallet” for money transactions.
Source: http://www.medianama.com/2013/03/223-fino-alpha-payment-mobile-money/http://www.alphamobilemoney.com
• Union Bank Money, the pioneer in digital wallet is introduced by Alpha Payment Services India Pvt. Ltd. (APSIPL) in association with Union Bank of India. UBM enables people to carry digital money instead of physical cash in wallet, thus removing dependency on physical modes of payment. In addition to wide variety of services, customer can also avail withdrawal facility through ATM Card.
• Alpha Money is the mobile based payment solution designed to cater to various payment needs of enterprises. It offers both standard and customized enterprise payment solutions in the domain of cashless disbursement, remote payments, remote collection, order management and cashless insurance.
69
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
70
The Joint Liability Group Model
• Groups of 5 poor women guarantee each other’s loans.
• Loans used to start and expand simple businesses and increase families’ incomes. Their micro-enterprises range from raising cows and goats in order to sell their milk, to opening a village tea stall.
• Borrowers undergo financial literacy training and must pass a test before they are allowed to take out loans.
• Weekly meetings with borrowers follow a highly disciplined approach. Repayment rates on collateral-free loans are more than 99% because of this systematic process.
• SKS, the best-known JLG model in India, offers micro-insurance to the poor as well as financing for other goods and services that can help them combat poverty.
Source: http://www.sksindia.com/know_sks.php
71
JLG Model: SWOT Analysis
StrengthsClient tracking system total transparency.Model based on peer pressure and joint liability very effective (99% payback rate).Financial literacy taught to clients sustainable.Marketing is done by word and mouth cheap marketing. Connectivity: if one family from the village joins the system, others want to join. Employees tend to stay with a company for 5+ years strong relationship with clients.
SWOT
Threats Changes in government regulation, e.g. funding being cut off or FIs not being allowed to collect money.Rogue members.
Weaknesses
Volume business high internal costs.High operational costs.Long training time needed to train employees properly. Duplication of data entry (paper files + software).
OpportunitiesTechnological help to create a mobile payment system, which would save branch managers valuable travel time and fuel, costs. (Big BUT – this might also compromise the human relationship managers have with the clients).Technological help to minimize data entry time and other operational costs. Improve communication: a more holistic approach and more transparency is needed from the governments’ side, specifically 1. A proper regulatory framework, 2. Proper guidance and 3. Soft approach to institutions.
72
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
73
Project Leaders : PlaNet Finance & Skolkovo
Shibani Sachdeva : Regional Director PlaNet Finance [email protected]
Petr Kosikhin : Team Leader : [email protected]
Alina Solotarov : Communications Leader
Dennis Yudchits : Team Member
Rolf Diepeveen : Team Member
Ruslan Smirnov : Team Member
Major Stakeholders & Partners
74
• PlaNet Finance India, the representative office of PlaNet Finance International in India, is a non-profit and tax-exempt organization that works for sustainable social and economic development in India by supporting and promoting the microfinance sector. PlaNet Finance India has been involved in the Indian microfinance sector since 2001. Thanks to its mixture of highly motivated Indian and French corporate leaders, an extremely well qualified international staff supported by passionate Indian social developmental professionals the organization over this last decade has implemented served activities in rural and urban India, and has served more than 160+local microfinance programs, NGOs and financial institutions across India.
• The Skolkovo Moscow Business School, is one of the world’s most renowned business schools sponsored by many affluent industrialists including Russia's Prime Minister Dimitri Medvedev. Its international advisory board includes Yuanqing Yang, CEO of Lenovo Group, Dennis Nally, Chairman of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Ltd., The First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore and one of the authors of the “Singapore Miracle”; John V. Farac Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of International Paper; Brady W. Dougan, Chief Executive Officer of Credit Suisse Group; Ajay Banga, President and Chief Executive Officer, MasterCard Worldwide.
• Sa-dhan is the designated national association of Community Development Finance Institutions (CDFIs) represents a “rapidly growing sector”. Sa-Dhan’s MFI membership 240 Institutions with a collective loan outstanding and outreach in excess of Rs. 20,913 Crores and 2.68 crore (26Million) poor, respectively. Given the nascent nature of the sector, Sa-Dhan has a crucial role to play in increasing capacities, affecting the evolution and adoption of best practices, increasing the number of service providers and contributing to improving the policy and operational context for Microfinance in India.
75
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map Government Initiatives
Aadhar/UID:ATM: Automatic Teller MachineBC: Business CorrespondentBCS:BOP: Bottom of the PyramidBTS:CBS: Core Banking SolutionCRAR: Capital to Risk Weighted Assets RatioCSP: Customer Service PointFDs: Fixed DepositsFI: Financial InclusionFP:G2P: Government to personGPRS: General Packet Radio ServiceICT: Information and Communications TechnologyIMPS: Immediate Payment ServiceINR: Indian RupeeJLG: Joint Liability GroupMDM:MF: MicrofinanceMFI: Microfinance InstitutionMMID: Mobile Money IdentifierMNO: Mobile Network Operator
Glossary
76
NABARD: National Bank for Agricultural & Rural DevelopmentNEFT:National Electronic Funds TransferNFP:No frills account: No minimum balance neededNPA: Non-performing assetNPCI: National Payments Corporation of IndiaNREGA: National Rural Employment Guarantee SchemeP2M:P2P Person to PersonPOS: Point of SaleRBI: Reserve Bank of India)RDs:RRB: Regional Rural BanksSCB: Scheduled Commercial BanksSHG: Self Help GroupSSP:Swabhimaan:Telco: Telecommunications ProviderTPP: Third Party ProviderTRAI: Telecom Regulatory Authority of IndiaTSP: Technical Service ProviderUSB: Ultra Small BranchesUSSD: Unstructured Supplementary Services Data
77
• Project Overview, Executive Summary & Key Findings• Project Objectives & Scope• What Is Financial Inclusion?• Microfinance Sector in India• Technology and Financial Inclusion • Financial Inclusion Models: Business Correspondent Model
IMPSFino Paytech Case
EKO India Financial Services Mobile Network Operators: Mobile Wallets
Airtel Money: Open and Closed mWallet M-Pesa in India and KenyaYES MoneyAlpha Payment Services: Union Bank Money and Alpha MoneyJoint Liability Group Model
• Stakeholders & Team• Glossary• Appendix
Government Initiatives Financial Inclusion in India: A Market Map
78
KOFI ANNAN
”The stark reality is that most poor people in the world still lack access to sustainable financial services, whether it is savings, credit or insurance. The great challenge before us is to address the constraints that exclude people from full participation in the financial sector. Together, we can and must build inclusive financial sectors that help people improve their lives.”
79
Government Initiatives for FI in India 1960s - Present Day
Source: Central Bank of India FI Initiatives: http://119.82.71.21/fi/download/INTRODUCTION_TO_FINANCIAL_INCLUSION.pdf
Post
196
0s
Post
199
0s
Cu
rren
t Ini
tiativ
es Setting up of financial
literacy centers and credit counseling
Launching national financial literacy campaigns
Forging linkages with informal sources with suitable safeguards through appropriate
Legislations
Evolving industry-wide standards for IT solutions
Facilitating low cost remittance products
Establishment of a wide network of financial institutions: Commercial Banks Regional Rural Banks Urban Co-operative Banks Primary Agricultural Credit Societies Post Offices MFIs Self-Help Groups
Recent Initiatives: The National Rural Financial Inclusion Plan The Financial Inclusion Fund The Financial Inclusion Technology Fund
Nationalization of banks
Prescription of priority sector targets
Lending to weaker sections at concessional rates
Initiation of the lead bank scheme.
80
RBI Initiatives For FI
• The RBI has permitted Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs) to open branches in areas with a population of up to 100,000.
• Domestic SCBs have been advised that while preparing their Annual Branch Expansion Plan (ABEP), they should allocate at least 25% of the total number of branches proposed to be opened during the year in unbanked Tier 5 and Tier 6 centers i.e. (population up to 9,999) centers which do not have a SCB brick and mortar structure for customer based banking transactions.
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are also allowed to open branches in Tier 2 centers (with population of 50,000 -100,000), provided they meet the following conditions:
• (i) CRAR of at least 9%; ii) Net NPA less than 5%;• (iii) No default in CRR / SLR for the last year; • (iv) Net profit in the last financial year; (v) CBS compliant.
• RRBs have also been advised to allocate at least 25 percent of the total number of branches proposed to be opened during a year in unbanked rural centers.
Source: Indian Government. http://financialservices.gov.in/banking/Overviewofefforts.pdf
81
Government Strategy For FI
A roadmap for providing banking services covering villages in a structured way. In the first phase villages with populations above 2000 were targeted. The focus has now shifted to villages with population less than 2,000.
Introduction of New Products – Introducing a minimum of four banking products through the ICT based BC model.
Creation of an ecosystem comprising of a combination of branches and ICT based BC outlets to develop an effective financial inclusion delivery model.
Interoperability at the retail outlets or sub-agents of BCs (i.e. at the point of customer interface), provided the technology is available with the bank that has appointed the BC supported interoperability.
Banks have been advised that they may set up intermediate brick and mortar structures (in rural areas) between the present base branch and BC locations. Such branches should have minimum infrastructure, such as a Core Banking Solution (CBS) terminal linked to a passbook printer and a cash-safe retention for operating large customer transactions. It would have to be managed full time by the bank’s own employees. Such an arrangement is expected to lead to efficiency in cash management, documentation, resolving customer grievances and close supervision of BC operations.Source: Reserve Bank of India http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?id=749
Stage 1
• Mobile Business Correspondents
Stage 2
• Fixed Location Business Correspondent Outlets
Stage 3
• Low Cost Intermediate Brick & Mortar Structures (Ultra Small Branches)
Stage 4
• Full Fledged Brick & Mortar Branches
82
Progress Towards FI
Nevertheless, India’s advance towards financial inclusion is showing progress
83
Reasons For Financial Exclusion
Financial Exclusion
Remote geographical
location
Low income, little or no
assets
Ease of availability of
informal credit
Financial illiteracy, lack of
awareness
Documentation (none,
incomplete)
Inefficiency of the financial Institutions.
Source: http://119.82.71.21/fi/download/INTRODUCTION_TO_FINANCIAL_INCLUSION.pdf
84
The Economics of Financial Inclusion
CONSEQUENCES OF EXCLUSION• Affects individuals and the economy alike
• Households, micro and small enterprises dealing entirely in cash are susceptible to irregular cash flows
• Limits options for providing for old age security
• Recourse to informal lenders
• Exposed to higher interest rates charged by informal lender
• Highest risk as loans are often secured against the borrower’s property
• Banking with informal sources does not provide interest benefit and tax advantages and are far less secure
BENEFITS OF INCLUSION• The regulator benefits from the audit trail
which is available as transactions are conducted transparently in supervised environment.
• The economy benefits, as greater financial resources become transparently available for efficient intermediation and allocation, for uses that have the highest returns.
Source: Central bank of India , World Bank 2012 http://119.82.71.21/fi/download/INTRODUCTION_TO_FINANCIAL_INCLUSION.pdf
85
Constraints to the Spread of FI
LOW LITERACY LEVELS, lack of awareness and/or knowledge/understanding of financial products. IRREGULAR INCOME, frequent micro-transactions. LACK OF TRUST in formal banking institutions.CULTURAL OBSTACLES (e.g., gender and cultural values).
OUTREACH, low density areas and low income populations are not attractive for the provision of financial services and are not financially sustainable under traditional banking business models.REGULATION, frameworks are not always adapted to local contexts.BUSINESS MODELS, high fixed costs; limited number & type of service providers ADAPTABILITY, products and services that are not adapted for low income populations and the informal economy.AGE, financial service providers usually target the middle of the economically active population, often overlooking the design of appropriate products for older or younger potential customers.BANK CHARGES too expensive for BOP clients.
DE
MA
ND
SID
E C
ON
STR
AIN
S
SU
PP
LY S
IDE
CO
NS
TRA
INTS
Source: http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/BS_SpeechesView.aspx?id=749
86
Market Growth & The Banked Population
Sources: http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/economic-survey-2013-live-update/liveblog/18705924.cmshttp://defenceforumindia.com/forum/politics-society/30771-indias-population-2012-a.html http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Speeches/PDFs/FICHI121011S.pdf
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Foreca
st 20
13
Foreca
st 20
160.00
200000000.00
400000000.00
600000000.00
800000000.00
1000000000.00
1200000000.00
1400000000.00
548,16 683,33846,42
1,028,741,210,19 1,223,58 1,268,96
Indian population
Source: Population Projection Report 2006 by RGI
Literacy 2001 - Census
Literacy 2011 - Census
Forecasted Literacy 2013
Forecasted Literacy 2016
0
20
40
60
80 66,9677,08 79,05 82,00
Literacy Rates
Series1
%
• India’s market has been growing rapidly (around 6%) in the past 10 years. It has been amongst the top 10% of the world’s countries in terms of economic growth since 1991.
• Current population is at 1.22 billion, increasing at a rate of 1.64% per annum It is the second most populous country in the world after China, representing 17% of world’s population.
• The literacy rate of India as per the 2001 Population Census is 66.96%, and reached 77.08% in 2011 showing growth of 0,9% per annum. With current growth the literacy rate will hit 82% in 2016.
• A significant proportion of households, especially in rural areas, still remain outside the coverage of the formal banking system. It is estimated that about 40% of Indians lack access even to the simplest kind of formal financial services.
Despite rapid market growth and population increase, 40% of India’s population remains unbanked
87
India’s Banked Population By Region
18%
2%
15%
21%
16%
27%
% Number Of Bank Accounts Per Region
NorthNorth EastEastCentralWestSouth
Source: National Sample Survey Organisation (2012). Http://www.ijmds.com/admin1/adminsettings/upload/5826Paramasivan.pdf
• South India has the largest % of bank accounts per region, followed by Central India.
• North-East India is the most unbanked region in India, with only 2% of the population having bank accounts.
• In 2012, there were 32,902,390 total current account and savings accounts in India.
88
Banking facilities: India & The World
Number of Bank Branches
India
Austra
liaBraz
il
France
Mexico
United
Stat
esKore
a
Philipp
ines
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Number of ATMs
India
Austra
liaBraz
il
France
Mexico
Philipp
ines
United
Stat
esKore
a0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Source: http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0TPB021112FLS.pdf
India has few banking facilities compared to other countries
All data per 0.1 million adults. No data available for nr. of ATMs in USA and Korea.
89
Access to Financial Services: India & the World
India WorldShare with an account at a formal financial institution
All adults 35 50
Poorest income quintile 21 38
Women 26 47Adults saving in the past year Using a formal account 12 22
Using a community-based method
3 5
Adults originating a new loan in the past year
From a formal financial institution
8 9
From family or friends 20 23
Adults with a credit card 2 15Adults with an outstanding mortgage 2 7
Adults paying personally for health insurance 7 17
Adults using mobile money in the past year 4 7
Source: Asli Demirguc - Kunt and Klapper, L. (2012): ‘Measuring Financial Inclusion’, Policy Research Working Paper, 6025, World Bank, April, RBI Annual Report 2011-12
*Data indicated as %
India is still falling behind the world on key financial statistics
90
Income Level & Access to Financial Services
Agricultural wage labour
Wage labour - non agricultural
Own account worker
Street vendor
Other self-employed workers
Self-employed in primary production
Part-time earner
Shopkeeper
Private salaried workers
Government salaried workers
Self-employed professionals
Business people
14
25
25
39
45
49
50
67
68
86
90
95
% of People with Bank Account
Agricultural wage labour
Wage labour - non agricultural
Own account worker
Street vendor
Other self-employed workers
Self-employed in primary production
Part-time earner
Shopkeeper
Private salaried workers
Government salaried workers
Self-employed professionals
Business people
21,295
31,676
33,100
37,300
59,687
60,078
64,507
100,044
105,670
140,001
319,555
478,985
Average Annual Income (INR)
In India, access to financial services correlates closely with income. Although the majority of households do save, close to 40% of Indians do not have a bank account and choose to save money in other ways
Source: Planning Commission, Government of India, Broadening Access to Finance http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/rep_fr/ch3_fr.pdf
India’s population at the bottom of pyramid is largely excluded from the formal financial system
91
Indian Regulatory Initiatives Favoring FI
Aadhaar Campaign
• Aadhaar is a 12-digit individual identification number issued by the Unique Identification Authority of India to all residents of India on a voluntary basis. The number can be used as identification for opening a bank account or to get social benefits from both the Central and State Governments, such as the Direct Benefit Transfer.
USSD Based Mobile Banking
Offers basic banking services such as:• Money Transfer, Bill Payments, Balance
Enquiries, Merchant payments etc. • All on a simple GSM based Mobile phone,
without the need to download an application.
Swabhimaan Campaign: Opening of Bank Branches
• At Least 1 Bank Account Per Household• Setting up of Ultra Small Branches (USBs) • Banking Facilities in Unbanked Blocks• (Roll out Direct) Benefits Transfer 2013• Geographical Information System (mobile
app that allows the identification of areas to open new branches. )
BC Model
• BCs represent the bank concerned and enable a bank to expand its outreach and offer a limited range of banking services at a low cost
• Particularly used where setting up a brick and mortar branch is not viable.
92
Banking Outlet and No-Frills Account Growth
2010 2011 20120
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
54258100183
14753433042
57329
95767
Total number of banking outlets in villages BCs/BC agents deployed
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170
50
100
150
200
250
300
No-frills accounts ICT-accounts
actual forecast
• During the last 3 years the growth of banking outlets in rural areas slowed from 84% to 47% per annum.
• The slowdown in rural outlet expansion could be explained by BC agent enrollment.
• The No. of opened no-frills account growth is also experiencing a slowdown, but still growing at 39% per annum.
• ICT accounts are enrolling at faster pace than No-Frills accounts, increasing by 76% during last year.
• Current growth trends indicate ICT accounts will dominate No-Frills accounts by 2017.
Source: RBI Annual report 2011-2012 part 4 – Credit Delivery and Financial Inclusionhttp://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/IVCDFIN230812.pdf
mill
ions
93
Rural Mobile Penetration
2009 2010 2011 20120.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
Rural area penetrationPeople, m
2008 2009 2010 2011 20120.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
87.9379.24
70.99
43.30
18.29
Percentage Growth Per AnnumPercentage Growth Per Annum %
Mobile penetration in rural areas of India is still growing. However, the growth rate has suffered a decline from 87,93% to 18,29 % per annum. The rural mobile market is starting to saturate. The rural penetration rate has reached 39,2% with the rural penetration growth rate decreasing from 62,69% to 16,07% during the last 3 years.
The growth rate of rural mobile penetration has declined over the past 5 years
94
FI & Poverty
Philipines India Bangladesh Brazil China Malasiya Sri Lanka Thailand0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
26.6
35.239.6
55.9
63.866.2
68.572.7
26.629.8 31.5
21.4
2.8 3.88.9 8.1
Composite index of FI Poverty%
The correlation between composite FI index and poverty ratio in developing countries shows that India still has a way in leveraging FI to decrease poverty
95
MFIs Taking Banking to the Doorsteps of the Poor
1. Group Formation
2. Sangam Formation
And Borrowing
3. Member Invests In
Enterprises
4. Repayment
Of Loans
5. Sangam Size
Increases
Witnessing the success of members, more women jointhe Sangam
Five member groups are formedafter they undergo compulsory training.
Loans are repaid in weekly installments bymembers.
4-10 groups together form a centre or sangam and loans are given to individualmembers.
A member invests the loan forincome generation.
Source: http://www.sksindia.com/downloads/methodology.gif
GROWTH
96
ATMs in Rural Areas
7%
38%
33%
22%
Share of Population Groups in Increment of ATMs
Rural MetropolitanUrban Semi-Urban
20%
17%
2%17%
12%
32%
Share of Regions In Total Number Of New ATMs Opened
NorthernCentralNorth-EasternWesternEasternSouthern
• Metropolitan areas accounted for the maximum number of newly opened ATMs. The southern regions had the highest number of newly opened ATMs, followed by the northern region. However, the share of rural areas in the total number of ATMs continues to remain small (7%).
• Off-site ATMs play an important role by providing basic banking services like cash withdrawals & transfers of funds even without the presence of full-fledged brick-and-mortar branches.
• During 2011-12, there was an addition of 14,365 new off-site ATMs.
Source: http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/0TPB021112FLS.pdf
The share of rural areas in the total number of newly launched ATMs remains small