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Technology Past Past and and Present Present Carla Piper, Ed. D.
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Technology

PastPast

and and

PresentPresent

Carla Piper, Ed. D.

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The Technology of the

50s and 60s

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Key Punch Operators

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What is New Media? ““The Global Village”The Global Village”Marshall MacLuhan - 1960Marshall MacLuhan - 1960The Medium is the MessageThe Medium is the Messagehttp://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-342/life_society/mcluhan/

“Television has transformed the world into an interconnected tribe he

calls a "global village."

“One day, people will learn via an electronic circuitry system.”

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http://www.nmc.org/horizon/2007/report

The Relevance of New Media for Teaching, Learning, and

Creative Expression

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Key Trends for Universities

The environment of higher education is changing rapidly.Costs are rising and budgets are Costs are rising and budgets are

shrinking,shrinking,Student enrollments are declining. Student enrollments are declining. There is an increasing need for distance There is an increasing need for distance

education.education.Students seek flexible options.Students seek flexible options.

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Key Trends for Universities

The “shape” of the average student is changingmore students are working and commuting more students are working and commuting

than ever beforethan ever before the residential, full-time student is not the residential, full-time student is not

necessarily the model for today’s typical necessarily the model for today’s typical student.student.

Competition from the for-profit educational Competition from the for-profit educational sector and an increasing demand by students sector and an increasing demand by students for instant access and interactive experiences.for instant access and interactive experiences.

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Key Trends for Universities

Increasing globalization is changing the way we work, collaborate, and communicate. China, India, and other southeast Asian China, India, and other southeast Asian

nations continue to develop skilled nations continue to develop skilled researchers andresearchers and thinkers who contribute thinkers who contribute significantly to thesignificantly to the global body of knowledge global body of knowledge and whose work fuelsand whose work fuels much innovation. much innovation.

Students have wider perspectives andStudents have wider perspectives and resources than ever before, placing them in aresources than ever before, placing them in a new and new and continually changing learning spacecontinually changing learning space..

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Key Trends for Universities

Information literacy increasingly should not be considered a given. Contrary to the conventionalContrary to the conventional wisdom, the information wisdom, the information

literacy skills of newliteracy skills of new students are not improving as the students are not improving as the post-1993post-1993 Internet boomlet enters college. Internet boomlet enters college.

A sea of user-created content, collaborative work, and A sea of user-created content, collaborative work, and instant access to informationinstant access to information of varying quality, the of varying quality, the skills of critical thinking,skills of critical thinking, research, and evaluation are research, and evaluation are increasingly requiredincreasingly required to make sense of the world.to make sense of the world.

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Key Trends Continued Academic review and faculty rewards are

increasingly out of sync with new forms of scholarship.

The notions of collective intelligence and mass amateurization are pushing the boundaries of scholarship.

http://ocw.mit.edu/index.html

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Key Trends Continued

Students’ views of what is and what is not technology are increasingly different from those of faculty.

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User-Created Content

It’s all about the audience, and the “audience” is no longer merely listening.

User-created content is all around us, User-created content is all around us, from from blogs and and photostreams to to wikibooks and and machinima clips.clips.

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Technologies to Watch

Small tools and easy access have opened the doors for almost anyone to become an author, a creator, or a filmmaker.

These bits of content represent a new form of These bits of content represent a new form of contribution and an increasing trend toward contribution and an increasing trend toward authorship that is happening at almost all levels authorship that is happening at almost all levels of experience.of experience.

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Social Networking

Connect students with friends, colleagues, or even total strangers who have a shared interest.

Key way to increase student access to and Key way to increase student access to and participation in course activities. participation in course activities.

It is more than just a friends list; truly engaging It is more than just a friends list; truly engaging social networking offers an opportunity to social networking offers an opportunity to contribute, share, communicate, and collaborate contribute, share, communicate, and collaborate

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Facebookhttp://www.facebook.com

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Twitterhttp://twitter.com

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My Spacehttp://www.myspace.com/http://www.myspace.com/

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Mobile Phones Mobile phones are fast becoming the Mobile phones are fast becoming the

gateway to our digital lives. gateway to our digital lives. Instant accessInstant access Constant companions Constant companions Offer a connection to friends, Offer a connection to friends,

information, favorite websites, music, information, favorite websites, music, movies, and more. movies, and more.

From applications for personal safety, to scheduling, to GIS, photos, and video, the capabilities of mobile phones are increasing rapidly, and the time is approaching when these little devices will be as much a part of education as a bookbag.

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Virtual Worlds

Customized settings that mirror the real world—or diverge wildly from it.

Collaborate, explore, role-play, and experience Collaborate, explore, role-play, and experience other situations in a safe but compelling way.other situations in a safe but compelling way.

Offer opportunities for education that are almost Offer opportunities for education that are almost limitless, bound only by our ability to imagine limitless, bound only by our ability to imagine and create them. and create them.

Campuses, businesses, and other organizations Campuses, businesses, and other organizations increasingly have a presence in the virtual world.increasingly have a presence in the virtual world.

Trend is likely to take off in a way that will echo Trend is likely to take off in a way that will echo the rise of the web in the mid-1990s.the rise of the web in the mid-1990s.

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Second Life http://secondlife.com/http://secondlife.com/

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The New Scholarship Emerging Forms of Publication

The nature and practice of scholarship is changing.

New tools and new ways toNew tools and new ways to create, create, critique, and publish are influencing newcritique, and publish are influencing new and old scholars alike. and old scholars alike.

We are beginning to seeWe are beginning to see what new what new publications might look like—and howpublications might look like—and how new new scholars might work.scholars might work.

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Wiki and Wikipediahttp://www.wikipedia.comhttp://www.wikipedia.com

A A wikiwiki ( (IPA: [ˈwɪ.kiː] or [ˈwiː.kiː]: [ˈwɪ.kiː] or [ˈwiː.kiː] [1]) is a ) is a website that allows visitors to add, remove, and that allows visitors to add, remove, and

edit content. content. [2] A collaborative technology for organizing information A collaborative technology for organizing information

on Web sites, the first wiki (WikiWikiWeb) was on Web sites, the first wiki (WikiWikiWeb) was developed by Ward Cunningham in the mid-1990s.developed by Ward Cunningham in the mid-1990s.

[3][4] Wikis allow for linking among any number of [3][4] Wikis allow for linking among any number of pages. pages.

This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for mass collaborative authoring.effective tool for mass collaborative authoring.

[5] Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is one of the best [5] Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is one of the best known wikis.[4] known wikis.[4]

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Podcasts, Audio Books, YouTube

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2eLPPxSdwJw

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Massively Multiplayer Educational Gaming

Massively multiplayerMassively multiplayer games are engaging games are engaging and absorbing. and absorbing.

In theIn the coming years, open-source gaming coming years, open-source gaming engines willengines will lower the barrier to entry for lower the barrier to entry for developers, anddevelopers, and we are likely to see we are likely to see educational titles along with commercial educational titles along with commercial ones. ones.

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New Learning Environments in the

21st Century Exploring the Edge

John Seely Brown (Xerox PARC) and USC (2007)

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How is 21st Century Learning Going to be Different?

Skills learned today are apt to be out-of-date

all too soon.

John Seely Brown, 2007

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Lifelong Learning

“The concept of lifelong learning—a term used all too glibly—is now more important than ever." Lifelong, passion-based learning enabled by the NetLifelong, passion-based learning enabled by the Net Focus on “learning to be” through enculturation into a Focus on “learning to be” through enculturation into a

practice rather than “learning about” or “building up practice rather than “learning about” or “building up stocks of knowledge.”stocks of knowledge.”

Students intrinsically motivated by being a member of Students intrinsically motivated by being a member of a community of practice.a community of practice.

Informal learning not conducted in a structured formal Informal learning not conducted in a structured formal settingsetting

Interplay exists between the cognitive and social Interplay exists between the cognitive and social bases of learningbases of learning

John Seely Brown, 2007

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Social learning is the greatest impact of the Social learning is the greatest impact of the internet and the full impact has not yet been internet and the full impact has not yet been

realized.realized. Content is socially constructed through Content is socially constructed through

conversations about that content and through conversations about that content and through grounded interactions, especially with others, grounded interactions, especially with others, around problems or actions. around problems or actions.

Informal learning is taking place both on and off Informal learning is taking place both on and off campus via the online social networks.campus via the online social networks.

Social life of Internet-based virtual education can Social life of Internet-based virtual education can coexist with and extend traditional education.coexist with and extend traditional education.

John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler (2008)

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New culture of sharing content is freely contributed and distributedcontent is freely contributed and distributed few restrictions or costsfew restrictions or costs

Open Source – Mozilla, Open Office, MoodleMozilla, Open Office, MoodleMIT’s OpenCourseWare (OCW) initiative (OCW) initiative

Open access to undergraduate- and graduate-Open access to undergraduate- and graduate-level materials and moduleslevel materials and modules

More than 1,700 courses in virtually all More than 1,700 courses in virtually all disciplines.disciplines.

John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler (2008)

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A participatory medium that is ideal for supporting multiple modes of learning.

New kinds of online resourcesNew kinds of online resources social networking sitessocial networking sites BlogsBlogs WikisWikis Virtual communities allow people with common interests to Virtual communities allow people with common interests to

meet, share ideas, and collaborate in innovative ways.meet, share ideas, and collaborate in innovative ways. Blurs the line between Blurs the line between producersproducers and and consumersconsumers of of

contentcontent Shifted attention from access to information toward Shifted attention from access to information toward

access to other people.access to other people.

John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler (2008)

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The Internet encourages the practice The Internet encourages the practice of what John Dewey called of what John Dewey called

““productive inquiryproductive inquiry”— the process of ”— the process of seeking the knowledge when it is seeking the knowledge when it is

needed in order to carry out a needed in order to carry out a particular situated task.particular situated task.

John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler (2008)

Productive Inquiry

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Students gain deep knowledge about a subject (“learning about”)

Students participate in productive inquiry and peer-based learning (“learning to be”).

Fosters passion-based learning within a particular community of practice

John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler (2008)

Constructivism