Teachers’ Slides اينترنت چيست ؟ احسان سبحاني. Teachers’ Slides.

Teachers’Slides

اينترنت چيست ؟

احسان سبحاني

Teachers’Slides

Teachers’Slides

Your computer

Modem

Telephone Line

Server’s computer

Any where around the world

Your computer

modem

Server computer

Telephone line

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History of Internet• 1969 - US Defence dept. (ARPANET) at UCLA

university.(IP protocol standard.)• 1969-1972 – Other Universities joined the Network.• 1972 – Email was adapted for APRANET.• 1986 – NSFNet cross country 56Kbps backbone.• 1992 - Tim Berners Lee of CERN lab, Geneva -

started World Wide Web. (http)• The end of NSF sponsorship/Commercial networks• 1994 - Population explosion on net with many

countries providing access.

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WWW History

• It was first created in 1992 at the European Center of Particle Physics (CERN) in Switzerland.

• This center also developed the Universal Resource Locator (URL).

• They decided to create an environment in which information of any type from any source could be accessed in a simple & consistent way. Their vision became the Web.

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Internet: Interconnected Network...

شبكه اي متشكل از شبكه ها است.•محم�ل انتق�ال اطالع�اتي اس�ت ك�ه در فايله�ا ي�ا اس�ناد •

مو�جود يك �رايا�نه ديگر� ذخير�ه شد�ه است�.خود اينترنت اطالعاتي در خود ندارد بلكه: •

از طري�ق اين�ترنت ب�ه رايان�ه م�ورد نظ�ر متص�ل ش�ده و س�ندي از� فايلهاي موج�ود در �آن را مي يابيم.

بگ�وييم• اگ�ر نيس�ت درس�ت در : پس را مطل�بي ك�ردم. پي�دا ك�ه اين�ترنت اس�ت اين ت�ر ص�حيح

ب�ا اس�تفاده از اين�ترنت آن را پي�دا كردم. بگ�وييم :

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Internet: Interconnected Network...

مهم���ترين فن���اوري در اين���ترنت ارتب���اط بين •كامپيوتره����ا و �ش����بكه �ه����ا از� طري����ق ي����ك�

( مي باش��د. �اين پروتكله��اي protocolق��رار�داد)ارتب�اطي� ك�ه در �ق�الب �ن�رم اف�زار ط�راحي ش�ده ان�د, م�و�جب تس�ه�يل فر�اين�د� تب�ادل اطالع�ات در

سط�ح جهان مي� گرد�د.مجموعه اصلي پروتكلهايي كه اين تعامل را •

در ميان كامپيوترها ممكن مي سازد, به پروتكل نظارت بر انتقال/ پروتكل اينترنت TCP/IP=Transmission control protocol/Internet

Protocolمشهور است .

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Internet: Interconnected Network ...

در واق���ع اين پروتك���ل زب���ان مش���ترك بين •ر�ايا�ن��ه ه��ا� ب��ه هن�گ��ام ارس��ا�ل و دري��اف�ت اطالع��ات ي��ا �داده �مي باش��د� و ب��ر ر�وي ه��ر ر�ايان�ه أ�ي قاب�ل ط�راح�ي و پي�اده� س�ازي است.

پ�روتكلي ك�ه در اين�ترنت ب�راي كن�ترل انتق�ال •ع�ات از ي�ك رايان�ه ب�ه را�يان�ه داده� ه�ا و اطال�

و� TCPديگ��ر �اس��ت�فا�ده م�ي� ش��ود �پروت�ك��ل پ��رو�تكلي ك��ه �وظيف��ه �ا�ش نش��ان�ي �ي��اب�ي, راه�ب�ري داده� ه�ا و� اطالع�ات� ب�ه مقص�د اس�ت

� م�ي نام�ند.IPر�ا پروتكل �

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Internet: Interconnected Network tools

: در Electronic Mail پس���ت الك���ترونيكي•حقيقت همچ���ون پس���ت معم���ولي داراي فرس�تنده, گيرن�ده, محم�ل و پي�ام اس�ت ب�ا ا�ين تف�اوت� ك�ه ت�م�ام �اج�زاي� آن رايان�ه أ�ي

است. نرم افزاره���اي پس���ت الك���ترونيكي داراي •

امكان��اتي ما�نن��د : نگ��ارش پي��ام ي��ا �نام��ه�, ار�س�ال پي�ا�م� و ن�ام�ه, �پاس�خ �ب�ه ن�ا�م�ه� دري�افتي, باز�فرس��ت �پي��ام در�ي��افت�ي�, ض��م�ي�مه ك��ردن�

.ف�اي�لهاي� مت�ني, ص�و�تي و� �تصوي�ر�ي �هستند

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Email

E-mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. He picked the @ symbol from the available symbols on his teletype to link the username and address.

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Internet: Interconnected Network tools

هر نشاني پست الكترونيك داراي اجزاي : زير است

[email protected]

نام .نوع موسسه.كدكشورنام كاربر. سرور)سايت(

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Internet: Interconnected Network tools

جهانگستر • World Wide Web وبوب ي�ا ش�بكه جهانگس�تر ي�ا ب�ه اص�طالح ش�بكه ت�ار

گفت�ه مي WWWع�نكب�وتي �ك�ه ب�ه� ط�و�ر خ�الص�ه ش����ود�, يكي �از مهم����ترين و ك�ارآم����دترين ابزار�ه�اي اين�ترنت �اس�ت ك�ه� ب�ه دلي�ل گ�راف�يكي

�و امك�ان hypertextب�ود�ن, �خاص�يت ف�ر�ا مت�ني برق��راري پيون��د ي��ا اتص��ا�ل مي��ان اط�الع��ات

�بيش از �س��اير امكان��ات hyperlinkمخت�ل��ف اينترنت �مورد استف�اده قر�ار مي �گيرد

فايل يا منبع ميليونها از وب شبكهجهان سراسر هاي رايانه در كه الكترونيكي

سايت وب آنها به و دارد گفته Websiteوجود . است, شده تشكيل وب ميشود هر اول صفحه

را .Web pageسايت گويند مي

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Web Protocols پروتكله�ا ي�ا اس�تانداردهاي الك�ترونيكي و دارايوب •

ا�س�تش�بك�ه أي ب�راي اط�الع�ات و �تب�ادل ا�نتق�ال ,برخي �از اي�ن پر�وتكلها عبارتند از:�

فرامتني– انتقال Hypertext Transferپروتكل Protocol (http) پروتك�ل انتق�ال اس�ناد و م�دارك

ص��فحات و�ب ب��ر اس��اس� درخ�واس��ت و پا�س��خ سرويس� گي�رنده / سر�ويس ده�نده وب. �

متن– گذاري نشانه Hypertext Markup زبان Language (HTML) عب�ارت اس�ت از مجموع�ه tag

ه��ا ك��ه� م��وجب م�ي ش��ود �اس��ناد ب��ر� روي �وب انتشار يابد.

منبع– جهاني ياب Universal Resource مكان Locator (URL) نش����اني ص����فحات و من����ابع

منحص�ر بف�رد ه�ر اطالع�اتي در وب.اين نش�انيسند در وب است.

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URL: Universal Resource Locator

اين نشاني ترتيبي مشخص دارد، •

نوع پروتكل

نام قلمرو)يي( كه فايل رايانه اي در آن

در است و مكان آناينترنت

مسير موجود در رايانه كه به

فايل مربوطه مي رسد.

:نام فايل

Html/htm

http:// www.lib.berkeley.edu

Teachinglib/guides/internet

Findinfo.html

Hypertext transfer protocol

سايت دانشگاهي

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What is a URL?

• Uniform Resource Locator

• An address to any item on the Internet

http://www.microsoft.com/index.htm

Name of host computer The itemrequested

Protocol to use

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Information on the Internet

The Internet contains a wealth of high quality resources for learning, teaching and research but …

– Which are the key ones for your subject?– Where can you find them?– How do you know which to trust?– What can you use them for?

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• The basic questions to ask before you begin work are:

• What can the Internet offer me?

• What resources does it have for nurses, midwives and health visitors?

• The purpose of this section is to provide some answers to these questions by showing you the range of materials on offer. Then you can make your own decisions about their value for your specific area of research.

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Internet Information SkillsBeing able to ...

• identify the key sites for your subject

• search the Internet effectively

• evaluate Internet resources

• use the Internet to support your work

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A Waste of Time

• The Internet connects you to information and people around the World. It’s easy to get distracted, lost, confused

Saving Time• Learn how to be a focused, efficient

Internet user

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Poor Quality

• Anyone can publish anything on the Internet - you need to be careful not to degrade your work by using poor quality information

High Quality• Learn how to evaluate Internet

resources and think critically about them

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Types of Nursing, Midwifery and Health

Visiting Resources online

• Nursing, midwifery and health visiting journals - Many of the key printed journals are also now available in electronic format, and other journals are published on the Internet and have never appeared on paper

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• Papers and documents - Many papers, documents and articles written by key health organisations can be found on the Internet.

• Databases - Many health databases can be found on the Internet. These include bibliographic databases such as CINAHL, Medline and the British Nursing Index.

• Health organisations - Most health organisations have a Web presence that contains information about their activities, aims and research projects. Examples of these include, WHO, RCN, RCM …

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• Mailing lists - Mailing lists and discussion lists are available in many areas of health and offer students, practitioners, researchers and lecturers an opportunity to discuss key topics with fellow professionals

• Nursing, midwifery and health visiting education - There is a wide range of interactive teaching and learning materials now available via the Internet. These can take many forms, from lecture notes, to tutorials, online quizzes and video clips of clinical procedures.

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• News services -These are provided by a range of sources, such as large broadcasting news services like the BBC and CNN, online newspapers like The Times and The Guardian and professional magazines such as the Nursing Times and Nursing Standards.

• Discovery tools - There is a wide range of searching tools available via the Internet that enable you to find information. These vary from search engines, subject gateways, Internet guides, library catalogues and directories.

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LITERATURE SEARCH ONLINE • If you're interested in a particular subject

(for an essay, research project), and you're looking for articles that have been written in the past 5,10 or 20 years, what do you do?

• The best plan of action is to search a bibliographic database for details of relevant articles before tracking down the journals the articles are in. The Internet has the capabilities to be used for both these tasks

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• Bibliographic Databases such as: Medline from 1966 to the present (free)/ CINAHL from 1982 to the present (not free)

• MIDIRS - Midwives Information and Resource Service (information from over 550 international journals and original articles and includes 85,000 records specific to midwifery)

• Online Electronic Journals

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MEDLINE www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

• bibliographic citations and author abstracts• All fields of medicine• 4500 current biomedical journals published

in the United States and 70 foreign countries

• Over 12 million records dating from 1966+• Medline is updated weekly and the records

incorporated into PubMed

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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

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www.cinahl.com/

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CINAHL sources

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Nursing, General/Special Topics Web Sites

هر روي كليك باوب وارد عبارتنظر مورد سايت

شويد .خود

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www.acnm.org/

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www.jmwh.org/

Sign up

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www.midirs.org/midirs/midweb.nsf/midresourcewelcome?OpenForm

راهنماي

موضوعي

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نمايش نتايج با رتبه بندي

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www.rcn.org.uk/

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www.fons.org/Foundation of nursing studies

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www.nursing-standard.co.uk/

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www.langara.bc.ca/vnc/Virtual Nursing college

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www.nursingwebsearch.com/

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www.nursingwebsearch.com/

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Some Nursing & Midwifery journals on the Net

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www.internurse.com/

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www.midwiferytoday.com/magazine

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Nursing specialities in allnurses.com

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Category: medical journals

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http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~wink/home.html

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http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~wink/home.html

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www.sandiego.edu/nursing/theory/

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www.nursing.gr/theory/theory.html

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www.nursing.gr/theory/index.html

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ي در شبكه جهاني ارتباطات علماينترنت