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Taxation Notes Domondon 2010

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    “BAR STAR NOTES”

      X ION

    VER. 2010.06.12copyrighted 2010

    Prepared by Pro. Abe!ardo T. "o#o$do$%AB %Eco$&' BS( %Acctg&' ))B' *A %Eco$&' ))*' "() %(a$d.&.

    )a+yer,(PA,(-to# Bro/er' *a$age#e$t (o$-!ta$t' Proeor o )a+a$d Pre,Bar Reie+er&

    How to use the “BAR STAR NOTES.”  The “BAR STARNOTES” i$ the or# o -etio$ a$d a$+er a +e!! a tet-a!dic-io$ +ere specially prepared by Prof. o!o"do" for thee#clusi$e use of Bar Re$iewees who atte"ded his %&'& (ectures o"

    TA)AT*ON  he!d at the 3$ierity o the Phi!ippi$e. 4$c!-ded i$ thepree$tatio$ are doctri$e co$tai$ed i$ S-pre#e (o-rt deciio$ -p to

     Apri! 2010.

    The p-rpoe o the 5BAR STAR NOTES” i to proide the BarReie+ee +ith a ha$dy reie+ #ateria! +hich ere a “#e#ory,

     ogger” or the Septe#ber 12' 2010 Bar Ea#i$at io$ i$ Taatio$. Thea-thor trie to eco$d g-e +hat +o-!d be i$c!-ded i$ the Bar Ea#-i$g tatitica! a$a!yi. The act-a! Bar -etio$ #ay $ot beor#-!ated i$ the a#e #a$$er a the “BAR STAR NOTES”. 7o+eer'the doctri$e teted i$ the Bar +o-!d i$ a!! probabi!ity be i$c!-ded i$ theeNote.

    4 preed or ti#e' the a-thor -gget that the reader ho-!doc- hi atte$tio$ o$ the o !!o+i$g8

      Nice to /$o+   Sho-!d /$o+   *-t /$o+ a$d #ater 4t i -rther -ggeted that the reader ho-!d #ere!y bro+e thoe

    +itho-t tar.

    +ARN*N,-

    Thee #ateria! are copyrighted a$d9or baed o$ the +riter:

    boo/ o$ Taatio$ a$d -t-re reiio$. 4t i prohibited to reprod-ce a$y

    part o thee Note i$ a$y or# or a$y #ea$' e!ectro$ic or #echa$ica!'i$c!-di$g photocopyi$g +itho-t the +ritte$ per#iio$ o the a-thor.3$a-thori;ed -er ha!! $ot be proec-ted b-t SHA(( BE SB/E0TTO THE (A+ O1 KARMA S0H THAT THE2 +*(( NE3ER PASSTHE BAR OR +O( BE NHAPP2 *N (*1E or tea!i$g thei$te!!ect-a! property o the a-thor.

    THE BEST O1 (04 ANA3AN0E 0ON,RAT(AT*ONS

      X ION

    ,ENERA( PR*N0*P(ES O1 TA)AT*ON

    TA)AT*ON5 *N ,ENERA(

     '. State briefly a"d co"cisely the "ature of ta#atio".Alter"ati$ely5 defi"e ta#atio".

    S3

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    +o-!d be para!y;ed or !ac/ o #otie po+er to actiate a$d operate it.%Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Algue, Inc. et al., 1>? S(RA ?' 16,1@&

     :. ;arshall said that5 “the power to ta# i"$ol$es thepower to destroy.” O" the other ha"d5 Hol!es stated that“the power to ta# is "ot the power to destroy while thecourt sits.”

    Reco"cile the state!e"ts.*" the alter"ati$e5 what are the i!plicatio"s that flow

    fro! the abo$e state!e"ts 7S3. iscuss briefly but co!prehe"si$ely the ob?ecti$esor purposes of ta#atio".

    S3

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    aroe ro# pec-!iar co$ideratio$ -ch a thoe epecia!!y p-$itieeect %Southern Cross Cement Corporation v. Cement Manufacturers

     Association of the Philippines, et al., ?>0' A-g-t ' 200>& athe po+er to ta i$o!e the po+er to detroy a$d the be!ie that tae are!ieb!ood o the tate. %I"id.# t ae bei$g the !ieb!ood o the goer$#e$t'their pro#pt a$d certai$ aai!abi!ity i o the ee$ce.”

    Thee co$ideratio$ $eceitated the eo!-tio$ o taatio$ a aditi$ct !ega! co$cept ro# po!ice po+er. %I"id.&

    ''. How the power of ta#atio" !ay be used toi!ple!e"t power of e!i"e"t do!ai".  Ta #ea-re are b-t”e$orced co$trib-tio$ eacted o$ pai$ o pe$a! a$ctio$” a$d “c!ear!yi#poed or p-b!ic p-rpoe.” 4$ #ot rece$t year' the po+er to ta hai$deed beco#e a #ot eectie too! to rea!i;e ocia! -tice' p-b!ic+e!are' a$d the e-itab!e ditrib-tio$ o +ea!th. %Commissioner of InternalRevenue v. Central $uzon %rug Corporation,F6@' Apri! 16' 200>&

    Etab!ih#e$t gra$ti$g the 20H e$ior citi;e$ dico-$t #ayc!ai# the dico-$t gra$ted to e$ior citi;e$ as ta# deductio" baed o$the $et cot o the good o!d or erice re$dered8 Provided ' That thecot o the dico-$t ha!! be a!!o+ed a ded-ctio$ ro# gro i$co#e or

    the a#e taab!e year that the dico-$t i gra$ted. Provided, further,That the tota! a#o-$t o the c!ai#ed ta ded-ctio$ $et o a!-e added tai app!icab!e' ha!! be i$c!-ded i$ their gro a!e receipt or tap-rpoe a$d ha!! be -bect to proper doc-#e$tatio$ a$d to theproiio$ o the Natio$a! 4$ter$a! Ree$-e (ode' a a#e$ded. GM.&.'olding Corporation v. Court of Appeals, et al.,

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      b. 4$direct tae are thoe that are de#a$ded i$ the irti$ta$ce' ro#' or are paid by' o$e pero$ i$ the epectatio$ a$di$te$tio$ that he ca$ hit the b-rde$ to %Commissioner of Internal Revenuev. Philippine $ong %istance (elephone Company, supra& to o#eo$e e!e $ota a ta b-t a part o the p-rchae price.  %Commissioner, of InternalRevenue v. American &)press International, Inc. *Philippine Branch#, 260F' -$e 2F' 200>  citi$g ario- cae a$d a-thoritie&Ea#p!e J a!-e added ta %VAT&' doc-#e$tary ta#p ta' ecie ta'perce$tage ta' etc.

    '@. Silair FSi"9aporeG PTE5 (td.5 a" i"ter"atio"alcarrier5 purchased a$iatio" 9as fro! Petro" 0orporatio"5which it uses for its operatio"s. *t "ow clai!s for refu"d or ta#credit for the e#cise ta#es it paid clai!i"9 that it is e#e!pt fro!the pay!e"t of e#cise ta#es u"der the pro$isio"s of Sec. '8< ofthe N*R0 of 'CC@ which pro$ides that petroleu! products aree#e!pt fro! e#cise ta#es whe" sold to “Ee#pt e$titie or age$ciecoered by ta treatie' co$e$tio$' a$d other i$ter$atio$a! agree#e$t or their-e a$d co$-#ptio$8 Proided' ho+eer' That the co-$try o aid oreig$i$ter$atio$a! carrier or ee#pt e$titie or age$cie ee#pt ro# i#i!ar taepetro!e-# prod-ct o!d to Phi!ippi$e carrier' e$titie or age$cie”

    Silair further a"chors its clai! o" Article :F%G of the AirTra"sport A9ree!e"t betwee" the ,o$er"!e"t of the Republicof the Philippi"es a"d the ,o$er"!e"t of the Republic ofSi"9apore FAir Tra"sport A9ree!e"t betwee" RP a"dSi"9aporeG which reads- “C-e!' !-brica$t' pare part' reg-!ar e-ip#e$ta$d aircrat tore i$trod-ced i$to' or ta/e$ o$ board aircrat i$ the territory o o$e(o$tracti$g party by' or o$ beha! o' a deig$ated air!i$e o the other (o$tracti$gParty a$d i$te$ded o!e!y or -e i$ the operatio$ o the agreed erice ha!!'+ith the eceptio$ o charge correpo$di$g to the erice peror#ed' be ee#ptro# the a#e c-to# d-tie' i$pectio$ ee a$d other d-tie or tae i#poedi$ the territorie o the irt (o$tracti$g Party ' ee$ +he$ thee -pp!ie are to be

    -ed o$ the part o the o-r$ey peror#ed oer the territory o the (o$tracti$gParty i$ +hich they are i$trod-ced i$to or ta/e$ o$ board. The #ateria! reerredto aboe #ay be re-ired to be /ept -$der c-to# -periio$ a$d co$tro!.”

    Silair liewise ar9ues that it is e#e!pt fro! i"directta#es because the Air Tra"sport A9ree!e"t betwee" RP a"dSi"9apore 9ra"ts e#e!ptio" “fro! the sa!e custo!s duties5i"spectio" fees a"d other duties or ta#es i!posed i" theterritory of the first 0o"tracti"9 Party. *t i"$oes ;aceda $.;acarai95 /r.5 ,.R. No. %C'5 ;ay 8'5 'CC'5 'C@ S0RA@@'.which upheld the clai! for ta# credit or refu"d by theNatio"al Power 0orporatio" FNP0G o" the 9rou"d that the NP0is e#e!pt e$e" fro! the pay!e"t of i"direct ta#es.

    *s Silair e"titled to the ta# refu"d or credit it sees 7Reaso" out your a"swer.

    S3' 200>' @? S(RA61 the S-pre#e (o-rt c!ariied the r-!i$g i$ Maceda v. Macaraig, r., i;84t #ay be o that i$ Maceda vs. Macaraig,  r.' the (o-rt he!d that a$ee#ptio$ ro# “all ta#es” gra$ted to the Natio$a! Po+er (orporatio$%NP(& -$der it charter i$c!-de both direct a$d i$direct tae.

     A$ ee#ptio$ ro# “a!! tae” ec!-de i$direct tae' -$!e theee#pti$g tat-te' !i/e NP(: charter' i o co-ched a to i$c!-de i$directta ro# the ee#ptio$. The a#e$d#e$t -$der Rep-b!ic Act No. 6F>

    e$-#erated the detai! coered by NP(: ee#ptio$. S-be-e$t!y' P.".?0' #ade ee$ #ore peciic the detai! o the ee#ptio$ o NP( tocoer' a#o$g other' both direct a$d i$direct tae o$ a!! petro!e-#prod-ct -ed i$ it operatio$. Preide$tia! "ecree No. F? GNP(:a#e$ded charterI a#e$ded the ta ee#ptio$ by i#p!iyi$g the a#e!a+ i$ ge$era! ter#. 4t -cci$ct!y ee#pt NP( ro# “a!! or# o tae'd-tie' eeK” The -e o the phrae “a!! or#” o tae de#o$tratethe i$te$tio$ o the !a+ to gie NP( a!! the ta ee#ptio$ it ha bee$e$oyi$g beore.

    The ee#ptio$ gra$ted -$der Sectio$ 1> %b& o the N4R( o1FF@ a$d Artic!e %2& o the Air Tra$port Agree#e$t bet+ee$ RP a$dSi$gapore ca$$ot' +itho-t a c!ear ho+i$g o !egi!atie i$te$t' beco$tr-ed a i$c!-di$g i$direct tae. Stat-te gra$ti$g ta ee#ptio$

    4

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    #-t be co$tr-ed i$ trictii#i -ri agai$t the tapayer a$d !ibera!!y i$aor o the tai$g a-thority' a$d i a$ ee#ptio$ i o-$d to eit' it #-t$ot be e$!arged by co$tr-ctio$. %Sil-air *Singapore# P(&, $td., v.Commissioner of Internal Revenue, F' Cebr-ary 6' 200?&

     '. +hat are the differe"t i"ds of ta#es classifiedas to purpose 7

    S3

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    be used for a pri$ate purpose5 a"d therefore5 the law $iolatesthe rule that public re$e"ues shall "ot be appropriated fora"ythi"9 but a public purpose. ecide with reaso".

    S3

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    deficit as a perce"ta9e of ,P of the pre$ious year e#ceedso"e a"d o"ehalf perce"t F' JIG.”

    +as there a" i"$alid dele9atio" of le9islati$e power 7S3 a$d co#pa$io$ cae citi$g ario- caeII

    . *"sta"ces of proper dele9atio"- +he" ta#i"9 powercould be dele9ated- E#ceptio"s to the rule o" "o"dele9atio"-

    a. "e!egatio$ o tari po+er by (o$gre to the Preide$t -$derthe !eib!e tari c!a-e' Sectio$ 2? %2&' Artic!e V4 o the (o$tit-tio$ .b. "e!egatio$ o e#erge$cy po+er to the Preide$t -$der

    Sectio$ 2 %2& o Artic!e V4 o the (o$tit-tio$.c. The de!egatio$ to the Preide$t o the Phi!ippi$e to e$ter i$to

    eec-tie agree#e$t' a$d to ratiy treatie +hich #ay co$tai$ taee#ptio$ proiio$ -bect to the co$c-rre$ce by the Se$ate i$ theratiicatio$ #ade by the Preide$t.

    d. "e!egatio$ to the peop!e at !arge.e. "e!egatio$ to ad#i$itratie bodie G A"a-ada +uro Party $ist

    */ormerly AASS#, etc., v, &rmita, et al., 6' Septe#ber 1'200>I' +hich i reerred to a -bordi$ate !egi!atio$.  4$ thi i$ta$ce' there i a re-ire#e$t that the !a+ i co#p!ete i$a!! apect o +hat i de!egated i #ere!y the i#p!e#e$tatio$ o the !a+or there eit -icie$t!y deter#i$ate ta$dard to g-ide the de!egatea$d pree$t a tota! tra$ere$ce o the tai$g po+er.

    C. “Paradi9! shift” fro! e#clusi$e 0o"9ressio"alpower to direct 9ra"t of ta#i"9 power to local le9islati$e bodies.The po+er to ta i $o !o$ger eted ec!-ie!y o$ (o$greD !oca!!egi!atie bodie are $o+ gie$ direct a-thority to !ey tae' ee a$dother charge p-r-a$t to Artic!e L' ectio$ > o the 1F?@ (o$tit-tio$.%Batangas Poer Corporation v. Batangas City, et al. 26@>' a$dco#pa$io$ cae' Apri! 2?' 200 citi$g !ational Poer Corporation v. City ofCa"anatuan, doe $ot cha$ge thedoctri$e that #-$icipa! corporatio$ do $ot poe i$here$t po+er otaatio$. =hat it doe i to co$er #-$icipa! corporatio$ a ge$era!po+er to !ey tae a$d other+ie create o-rce o ree$-e. They $o!o$ger hae to +ait or a tat-tory gra$t o thee po+er. The po+er othe !egi!atie a-thority re!atie to the ica! po+er o !oca! goer$#e$tha bee$ red-ced to the a-thority to i#poe !i#itatio$ o$ #-$icipa!

    po+er. *oreoer' thee !i#itatio$ #-t be “co$ite$t +ith the baicpo!icy o !oca! a-to$o#y.” The i#porta$t !ega! eect o Sectio$ > i th-to reere the pri$cip!e that do-bt are reo!ed agai$t #-$icipa!corporatio$. 7e$ceorth' i$ i$terpreti$g tat-tory proiio$ o$#-$icipa! ica! po+er' do-bt +i!! be reo!ed i$ aor o #-$icipa!corporatio$. 4t i -$dertood' ho+eer' that tae i#poed by !oca!goer$#e$t #-t be or a p-b!ic p-rpoe' -$ior# +ithi$ a !oca!ity' #-t$ot be co$icatory' a$d #-t be +ithi$ the -ridictio$ o the !oca! -$it topa.” %8uezon City, et al., v. ABS0CB! Broadcasting Corporation'

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    '%. Reco"ciliatio" of the local 9o$er"!e"t6s authorityto ta# a"d the 0o"9ressio"al 9e"eral ta#i"9 power. (o$greha the i$here$t po+er to ta' +hich i$c!-de the po+er to gra$t taee#ptio$. O$ the other ha$d' the po+er o !oca! goer$#e$t' -cha proi$ce a$d citie or ea#p!e -e;o$ (ity' to ta i precribed bySectio$ 1>1 i$ re!atio$ to Sectio$ 1@ o the )&I is ow"ed by 1red 0orporatio"5 a 1ilipi"oow"edPhilippi"e corporatio". E"site 0o. also ow"s '&&I of the

    shares of Susa"to 0o.5 a" *"do"esia" co!pa"y which has aduly lice"sed Philippi"e bra"ch. ue to worldwiderestructuri"9 of the E"site (td.5. 9roup5 E"site (td.5. decidedto sell all its shares i" Philippi"e Sta!pi"9 Pla"t5 *"c. a"dSusa"to 0o. The "e9otiatio"s for the buyout a"d the si9"i"9of the A9ree!e"t of Sale were all do"e i" the Philippi"es. TheA9ree!e"t pro$ides that the purchase price will be paid toE"site (td6s ba" accou"t i" the .S. a"d that title to thePhilippi"e Sta!pi"9 Pla"t5 *"c. a"d Susa"to 0o. shall betra"sferred to ,e"eral 0o.5 i" Toro"to 0a"ada where stoccertificates will be deli$ered. ,e"eral 0o. sees your ad$ice

    8

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    as to whether or "ot it will sub?ect the pay!e"ts of thepurchase price to withholdi"9 ta#. E#plai" your ad$ice. 

    S3I

    b. Supposi"9 that Oba!a5 *"c.5 sells ticets outside ofthe Philippi"es for passe"9ers it carry fro! ,old 0ity5 SouthAfrica to the Philippi"es but retur"s to South Africa without a"ycar9o or passe"9ers. +ould it the" be sub?ect to a"yPhilippi"e ta# o" such sales 7

    S3

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    4t i $ot -bect to the carrier: ta baed o$ gro Phi!ippi$ebi!!i$g beca-e there +ere $o !it that origi$ated ro# the Phi!ippi$e.“

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    g-ide!i$e a$d !i#itatio$ i#poed by (o$gre co$ite$t +ith the baicpo!icy o !oca! a-to$o#yD

    #. A-to#atic re!eae o !oca! goer$#e$t -t hare i$ $atio$a!taeD

    $. Ta ee#ptio$ o a!! ree$-e a$d aet o $o$,toc/' $o$,proit ed-catio$a! i$tit-tio$ -ed act-a!!y' direct!y a$d ec!-ie!y ored-catio$a! p-rpoeD

    o. Ta ee#ptio$ o a!! ree$-e a$d aet o proprietary or

    cooperatie ed-catio$a! i$tit-tio$ -bect to !i#itatio$ proided by !a+i$c!-di$g retrictio$ o$ diide$d a$d proiio$ or rei$et#e$t oproitD

    p. Ta ee#ptio$ o gra$t' e$do+#e$t' do$atio$ orco$trib-tio$ -ed act-a!!y' direct!y a$d ec!-ie!y or ed-catio$a!p-rpoe -bect to co$ditio$ precribed by !a+.

     

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    Th-' a tate !a+ gra$ti$g a property ta ee#ptio$ to +ido+' b-t$ot +ido+er' ha bee$ he!d a!id or it -rther the tate po!icy oc-hio$i$g the i$a$cia! i#pact o po-a! !o -po$ the e or +ho#that !o --a!!y i#poe a heaier b-rde$. *:ahn v. Shevin, 16 3.S.>1 #

    '%. EDuality a"d u"ifor!ity of ta#atio" !ay !ea" thesa!e as eDual protectio". 4$ -ch a cae' the ter# +o-!d #ea$ thata!! -bect a$d obect o taatio$ +hich are i#i!ar!y it-ated ha!! be-bect to the a#e b-rde$ a$d gra$ted the a#e prii!ege +itho-t a$ydicri#i$atio$ +hatoeer.

    '8. *t is i"here"t i" the power to ta# that the State befree to select the sub?ects of ta#atio"5 a$d it ha bee$ repeated!yhe!d that' Qi$e-a!itie +hich re-!t ro# a i$g!i$g o-t o o$e partic-!arc!a o taatio$' or ee#ptio$' i$ri$ge $o co$tit-tio$a! !i#itatio$.Q*Commissioner of Internal Revenue, et al., v. Santos, et al., 2@@ S(RA61@&

     C. Be"?ie is a lawabidi"9 citie" who pays his real

    estate ta#es pro!ptly. ue to a series of typhoo"s a"dad$erse eco"o!ic co"ditio"s5 a" ordi"a"ce is passed bySoli!a" 0ity 9ra"ti"9 a

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    -er a co#p!ete brea/do+$. %Santos v. People, et al, & or the a#e tai$g period J per ca!e$dar yearD a$d %6& othe a#e /i$d or character J a !oca! b-i$e ta i#poed o$ gro a!eor receipt o the b-i$e. %(he City of Manila, et al., v. Coca0Cola BottlersPhilippines, Inc., ' A-g-t ' 200F&

      ':. A lawful ta# o" a "ew sub?ect5 or a" i"creased ta#o" a" old o"e5 does "ot i"terfere with a co"tract or i!pairs itsobli9atio"' withi" the !ea"i"9 of the co"stitutio".  *(olentino v.Secretary of /inance, et al., and companion cases,2> S(RA 60&

     '' 1FF' 2> S(RA 60' 6?>& The a-thor opi$e thati$ce practica!!y a!! ra$chie gra$ted to te!eco##-$icatio$ co#pa$ieare i#i!ar!y +orded that the aboe doctri$e i$d app!icatio$ to theother&

    '. The pri!ary reaso" for the withdrawal of ta#e#e!ptio" pri$ile9es 9ra"ted to 9o$er"!e"t ow"ed a"dco"trolled corporatio"s a$d a!! other -$it o goer$#e$t +a that-ch prii!ege re-!ted to erio- ta bae eroio$ a$d ditortio$ i$ the tatreat#e$t o i#i!ar!y it-ated e$terprie' he$ce re-!ti$g i$ the $eed orthee e$titie to hare i$ the re-ire#e$t o dee!op#e$t' ica! or

    other+ie' by payi$g the tae a$d other charge d-e the#. %Philippine Ports Authority v. City of Iloilo,

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    #-$icipa!' city or proi$cia!' a$d $atio$a! ta. =hether the “i$ !ie- o a!!tae proiio$” +o-!d i$c!-de ee#ptio$ ro# !oca! ta i $ot-$e-ioca!.

    The right to ee#ptio$ ro# !oca! ra$chie ta #-t be c!ear!yetab!ihed a$d ca$$ot be #ade o-t o i$ere$ce or i#p!icatio$ b-t #-tbe !aid beyo$d reao$ab!e do-bt. Veri!y' the -$certai$ty i$ the “i$ !ie- oa!! tae” proiio$ ho-!d be co$tr-ed agai$t ABS,(BN. ABS,(BNha the b-rde$ to proe that it i i$ act coered by the ee#ptio$ o

    c!ai#ed b-t ha ai!ed to do o. %8uezon City, et al., v. ABS0CB!Broadcasting Corporation'

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    4 a$y o the e!e#e$t are abe$t the$ there i i$direct d-p!icatetaatio$ +hich i $ot prohibited by the co$tit-tio$.

    NOTES AN" (O**ENTS8a. Prese"ce of the %"d  ele!e"t $iolates the eDual protectio"

    clause.  4 o$!y the 1t e!e#e$t i pree$t' tai$g the a#e -bect or obect t+ice'by the a#e tai$g a-thority' etc.' there i $o io!atio$ o the e-a! protectio$c!a-e beca-e a!! -bect a$d obect that are i#i!ar!y it-ated are -bect tothe a#e b-rde$ a$d gra$ted the a#e prii!ege +itho-t a$y dicri#i$atio$

    +hatoeer'The pree$ce o the 2$d e!e#e$t' tai$g a!! o the -bect a$d obect orthe irt ti#e' +itho-t tai$g a!! or the eco$d ti#e' re-!t to dicri#i$atio$a#o$g -bect a$d obect that are i#i!ar!y it-ated' he$ce io!atie o the e-a!protectio$ c!a-e.

    %' 200>&

     8&. The petitio"ers alle9e that the R3AT law isco"stitutio"al because the Bica!eral 0o"fere"ce 0o!!ittedhas e#ceeded its authority i" i"cludi"9 pro$isio"s which were

    "e$er i"cluded i" the $ersio"s of both the House a"d Se"atesuch as i"serti"9 the sta"dby authority to the Preside"t toi"crease the 3AT fro! '&I to '%IK deleti"9 e"tirely the "opasso" pro$isio"s fou"d i" both the House a"d Se"ate BillsKi"serti"9 the pro$isio" i!posi"9 a @&I li!it o" the a!ou"t ofi"put ta# to be credited a9ai"st the output ta#K a"d i"cludi"9the a!e"d!e"ts i"troduced o"ly by Se"ate Bill No. 'C a$d co#pa$io$ caeI

    8'. The 3AT while re9ressi$e is NOT $iolati$e of the!a"date to e$ol$e a pro9ressi$e syste! of ta#atio". o youa9ree 7 The #a$date to (o$gre i $ot to precribe b-t to eo!e aprogreie yte# o taatio$. Other+ie' a!e tae +hich perhap arethe o!det or# o i$direct tae' +o-!d hae bee$ prohibited +ith theproc!a#atio$ o the co$tit-tio$a! proiio$. Sa!e tae are a!oregreie. . G A"a-ada +uro Party $ist *etc.# v. &rmita, etc., et al.,6' Septe#ber 1' 200> a$d co#pa$io$ cae citi$g (olentino v. Secretary of/inance, et al., >>' A-g-t 2>' 1FF' 2> S(RA 60I

    8%. All re$e"ues a"d assets of "o"stoc5 "o"profiteducatio"al i"stitutio"s that are actually5 directly a"d

    15

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    e#clusi$ely used for educatio"al purposes shall be e#e!ptfro! ta#atio".

    88. Re$e"ues a"d assets of proprietary educatio"ali"stitutio"s5 i"cludi"9 those which are cooperati$ely ow"ed5!ay be e"titled to e#e!ptio"s sub?ect to li!itatio"s pro$ided

    by law i"cludi"9 restrictio"s o" di$ide"ds a"d pro$isio"s  for

    rei"$est!e"ts.  There i $o !a+ at the pree$t +hich gra$t ee#ptio$'other the ee#ptio$ gra$ted to cooperatie.

    OTHER 0ON0EPTS

    '. isti"9uish ta# fro! debt. 

    TAL "EBT

    Basis baed o$ !a+ baed o$ co$tract or -dg#e$t

    1ailure to Pay #ay re-!t i$

    i#prio$#e$t

    $o i#prio$#e$t

    ;ode ofPay!e"t

    ge$era!!y payab!e i$#o$ey

    payab!e i$ #o$ey'property or erice

    Assi9"ability $ot aig$ab!e aig$ab!e

    Pay!e"t -$!e it beco#e adebt i $ot -bect toco#pe$atio$ or et,o 

    #ay be a -bect

    *"terest doe $ot dra+ i$teret-$!e de!i$-e$t

    dra+ i$teret itip-!ated or de!ayed

    Authority i#poed by p-b!ica-thority

    ca$ be i#poed bypriate i$diid-a!

    Prescriptio" Precriptie periodor ta -$der N4R(

    debt -$der the (ii!(ode

    +ARN*N,- o "ot use the abo$e arra"9e!e"t i" a"sweri"9 BarDuestio"s.

    %. 0o!pe"satio"  ta/e p!ace by operatio$ o !a+' +here the!oca! goer$#e$t a$d the tapayer are i$ their o+$ right reciproca!!ydebtor a$d creditor o each other' a$d that the debt are both d-e a$d

    de#a$dab!e' i$ co$e-e$ce o Artic!e 12@? a$d 12@F o the (ii! (ode.*%omingo v. +arlitos, ? S(RA &

      8. ;ay there be co!pe"satio" or setoff betwee" a"atio"al ta# a"d a debt 7 Reaso" out your a"swer.

    S3

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    Rep-b!ic or -$paid tae' -dg#e$t o-ght at the a#e ti#e to i-e orSa#pag-ita Pict-re co##a$di$g pay#e$t to the !atter by the Rep-b!ico the a!-e o the bac/pay certiicate +hich the Rep-b!ic receied.%Repu"lic v. &ricta' 1@2 S(RA 62&

     ' > S(RA 66?&

    . Strict i"terpretatio" of ta# e#e!ptio" laws. Taeare +hat cii!i;ed peop!e pay or cii!i;ed ociety. They are the !ieb!oodo the $atio$. Th-' tat-te gra$ti$g ta ee#ptio$ are co$tr-edstricissimi =uris agai$t the tapayer a$d !ibera!!y i$ aor o the tai$ga-thority. A c!ai# o ta ee#ptio$ #-t be c!ear!y ho+$ a$d baed o$!a$g-age i$ !a+ too p!ai$ to be #ita/e$. Other+ie tated' taatio$ ithe r-!e' ee#ptio$ i the eceptio$. %8uezon City, et al., v. ABS0CB!Broadcasting Corporation' 5 %&&' +hich he!d that i$ order or the r-!e o$ solutio

    inde"eti   to app!y it i a$ ee$tia! co$ditio$ that the petitio$er #-t irt

    17

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    ho+ that it pay#e$t o the c-to# d-tie +a i$ ece o +hat +are-ired by the !a+ at the ti#e the -bect 16 i#portatio$ o #i!/ a$d #i!/prod-ct +ere #ade. 3$!e ho+$ other+ie' the dip-tab!e pre-#ptio$o reg-!arity o peror#a$ce o d-ty !ie i$ aor o the (o!!ector o(-to#.

    '8. Strict i"terpretatio" of a ta# refu"d that partaes ofthe "ature of a ta# does "ot apply to ta# refu"d based o"erro"eous pay!e"t or where there is "o law that authoriescollectio" of the ta#.  There i parity bet+ee$ ta re-$d a$d taee#ptio$ o$!y +he$ the or#er i baed either o$ a ta ee#ptio$tat-te or a ta re-$d tat-te. %Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. /ortune(o"acco Corporation, ' -!y 21' 200?&

    Ta re-$d %or ta credit&' o$ the other ha$d' are $ot o-$dedpri$cipa!!y o$ !egi!atie grace b-t o$ the !ega! pri$cip!e +hich -$der!iea!! -ai,co$tract abhorri$g a pero$: -$-t e$rich#e$t at the epe$eo a$other. GCommissioner, supra citi$g Ramie (e)tiles, Inc. v. 'on. Mathay 'Sr.' 1@? Phi!. ?2 %1F@F&D Puyat Sons v. City of Manila' et a!.' 11@ Phi!. F?>%1F6&I

    The dy$a#ic o erro$eo- pay#e$t o ta it to a tee theprototypic -ai,co$tract' solutio inde"iti, +hich coer $ot o$!y #ita/e

    i$ act b-t a!o #ita/e i$ !a+. %Commissioner, supra citi$g (4V4) (O"E' Art. 212' 21> a$d 21>>&

    The 1' >@,>?D SurigaoConsolidated Mining Co. Inc. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue' supraI

     A c!ai# or ta re-$d #ay be baed o$ tat-te gra$ti$g taee#ptio$ or ta re-$d. 4$ -ch cae' the r-!e o trict i$terpretatio$agai$t the tapayer i app!icab!e a the c!ai# or re-$d parta/e o the$at-re o a$ ee#ptio$' a !egi!atie grace' +hich ca$$ot be a!!o+ed-$!e gra$ted i$ the #ot ep!icit a$d categorica! !a$g-age. Thetapayer #-t ho+ that the !egi!at-re i$te$ded to ee#pt hi# ro# theta by +ord too p!ai$ to be #ita/e$. GCommissioner, supra +ith a $ote toee Surigao Consolidated Mining Co. Inc. v. CIR ' supra at @2,@D Phile)Mining Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue' 6> Phi!. >@2' >@F %1FFF&D%avao +ulf $um"er Corp. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue' > Phi!. ?F1,?F2 %1FF?&D . Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. (o-yo Shipping Co., $td .'

    1 Phi!. 220' 22? %1FF>&I

    '

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    b. gie the goer$#e$t a cha$ce to co!!ect -$co!!ected ta ro#ta eader +itho-t hai$g to go thro-gh the tedio- proce

    o a ta cae. *Banas, r. v. Court of Appeals, et al.,> cited i$ Segarra' Ve$ice 7'Ta Treatie8 Tric/ or treat M' Phi!ippi$e "ai!y 4$-irer' "ece#ber 6' 2002' p. (>&

      There #ay be i$ta$ce +here a partic-!ar i$co#e i ee#pt ro#taatio$ i$ order to e$co-rage oreig$ i$et#e$t +hich #ay !ead toeco$o#ic dee!op#e$t. 4 the ta credit #ethod i -ed' there +o-!d be$o #ore ta to credit i$ce there i $o #ore ta to credit a a re-!t o theta ee#ptio$. (o$e-e$t!y' +he$ the ta #ethod credit #ethod iapp!ied to thee ite# o i$co#e' -ch i$ce$tie are ipho$ed o i$ce'i$ eect' the ta be$eit are ca$ce!!ed o-t. *I"id.# Th-' the $eed or theta pari$g proiio$.

    NAT*ONA( *NTERNA( RE3ENE 0OE

    OR,AN*LAT*ON AN 1N0T*ONS O1 THE BREA O1*NTERNA( RE3ENE

    '. Rep. Act No. ':&

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     oi$t,toc/ co#pa$ie' oi$t acco-$t %cuentas en participacion&'aociatio$' or i$-ra$ce co#pa$ie. GSec. 2 $o+ Sec. 2 %B& o theN4R( o 1FF@I

    %. 4$ &vangelista v. Collector, 102 Phi!. 10, the S-pre#e (o-rthe!d citi$g *erte$ that the ter! part"ership i"cludes a y$dicate'gro-p' poo!' oi$t e$t-re or other -$i$corporated orga$i;atio$' thro-gh orby #ea$ o +hich a$y b-i$e' i$a$cia! operatio$' or e$t-re i carried

    o$.

    8. 0ertai" busi"ess or9a"iatio"s do "ot fall u"der thecate9ory of “corporatio"s” u"der the Ta# 0ode' a$d thereore $ot-bect to ta a corporatio$' i$c!-de8

    a.

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    ':. *f a corporatio" to which a stocholder is i"debtedfor9i$es the debt5 the tra"sactio" has the effect of pay!e"t of adi$ide"d.  %Sec. >0' Re. Reg. No. 2&

    ''

     Artic!e L44 o the (o$tit-tio$ co$ider cooperatie a i$tr-#e$t or ocia! -tice a$d eco$o#ic dee!op#e$t. At the a#e ti#e' Sectio$ 10 o Artic!e 44 othe (o$tit-tio$ dec!are that it i a po!icy o the State to pro#ote ocia! -ticei$ a!! phae o $atio$a! dee!op#e$t. 4$ re!atio$ thereto' Sectio$ 2 o Artic!eL444 o the (o$tit-tio$ tate that the pro#otio$ o ocia! -tice ha!! i$c!-de theco##it#e$t to create eco$o#ic opport-$itie baed o$ reedo# o i$itiatiea$d e!,re!ia$ce. Beari$g i$ #i$d the oregoi$g proiio$' +e i$d that a$i$terpretatio$ ee#pti$g the #e#ber o cooperatie ro# the i#poitio$ o thei$a! ta -$der Sectio$ 2%B&%1& o the N4R( %ta o$ i$teret ear$ed by depoit&i #ore i$ /eepi$g +ith the !etter a$d pirit o o-r (o$tit-tio$. %%umagueteCathedral Credit Coopertive 5%CCC#6 etc., v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue,00 Phi!. >?6 %200>&.

    '>. The ,lobal syste! of i"co!e ta#atio"  i a yte#e#p!oyed +here the ta yte# ie+ i$diere$t!y the ta bae a$dge$era!!y treat i$ co##o$ a!! categorie o taab!e i$co#e o thei$diid-a!. *(an v. del Rosario, r.,2@ S(RA 2' 1&

    '@. The Schedular syste! of i"co!e ta#atio"  i a yte#e#p!oyed +here the i$co#e ta treat#e$t arie a$d i #ade to depe$do$ the /i$d or category o taab!e i$co#e o the tapayer. *(an v. delRosario, r., @ SCRA @F, @@?#

      '. "der the Natio"al *"ter"al Re$e"ue 0ode the 9lobalsyste! is applicable to ta#able corporatio"s a"d the schedularto i"di$iduals.

      'C. 0o!pe"satio" i"co!e is co"sidered as ha$i"9 bee"ear"ed i" the place where the ser$ice was re"dered   a$d $otco$idered a o-rced ro# the p!ace o origi$ o the #o$ey.

      %&. Pay!e"t for ser$ices5 other tha" co!pe"satio"i"co!e5 is co"sidered as ha$i"9 bee" ear"ed at the placewhere the acti$ity or ser$ice was perfor!ed.

    %'. A "o"reside"t alie"5 who has stayed i" thePhilippi"es for a" a99re9ate period of !ore tha" '& daysduri"9 a"y cale"dar year5 shall be co"sidered as a "o"reside"t alie" doi"9 busi"ess i" the Philippi"es.   (o$e-e$t!y'he ha!! be -bect to i$co#e ta o$ hi i$co#e deried ro# o-rce ro#+ithi$ the Phi!ippi$e. GSec. 2> %A& %1&' N4R(I

    7e i a!!o+ed to aai! o the ite#i;ed ded-ctio$ i$c!-di$g thepero$a! a$d additio$a! ee#ptio$ -bect to the r-!e o$ reciprocity.

       %%. +hat are co"sidered as de minimis  be"efits"ot sub?ect to withholdi"9 ta# o" co!pe"satio" i"co!e of both

    !a"a9erial a"d ra" a"d file e!ployees 7S3H& o the baic #i$i#-# +age.

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    The a#o-$t o de minimis  be$eit co$or#i$g to the cei!i$g herei$precribed ha!! $ot be co$idered i$ deter#i$i$g the P0'000 cei!i$g o“other be$eit” proided -$der Sectio$ 2 %B&%@&%e& o the (ode. 7o+eer'i the e#p!oyer pay #ore tha$ the cei!i$g precribed by thee reg-!atio$'the ece ha!! be taab!e to the e#p!oyee receii$g the be$eit o$!y i-ch ece i beyo$d the P0'000.00 cei!i$g' proided' -rther' that a$ya#o-$t gie$ by the e#p!oyer a be$eit to it e#p!oyee' +hetherc!aiied a de minimis  be$eit or ri$ge be$eit' ha!! co$tit-te a

    ded-ctib!e epe$e -po$ -ch e#p!oyer. GSec. 2.@?.1 %A& %&' Re. Reg.2,F? a a#e$ded by Re. Reg. No. ?,2000I

    %8. *"co!e sub?ect to “fi"al ta#” refers to a" i"co!ecollected throu9h the withholdi"9 ta# syste!.  The payor o thei$co#e +ithho!d the ta a$d re#it it to the goer$#e$t a a i$a!ett!e#e$t o the i$co#e ta a a i$a! ett!e#e$t o the i$co#e ta d-e o$aid i$co#e. The recipie$t i $o !o$ger re-ired to i$c!-de the i$co#e-bected to a i$a! ta a part o hi gro i$co#e i$ hi i$co#e ta ret-r$.

     %:. isti"9uish e#clusio"s fro! deductio"s.S3

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    %. +hat are the *te!ied deductio"s fro! 9rossi"co!e a"d who !ay a$ail of the! 7

    a. Ordi"ary a"d "ecessary  trade' b-i$e or proeio$a!e#pe"ses.

    b. The a#o-$t o i"terest paid or i$c-rred +ithi$ a taab!e yearo$ i$debted$e i$ co$$ectio$ +ith the tapayer: proeio$' trade orb-i$e.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$

    i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e."o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

    c. Ta#es paid or i$c-rred +ithi$ the taab!e year i$ co$$ectio$+ith the tapayer: proeio$.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e.

    "o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

      d. Ordi$ary losses' !oe ro# ca-a!ty' thet ore#be;;!e#e$tD a$d $et operati$g !oe.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e."o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#

    +ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

     e. Bad debts d-e to the tapayer' act-a!!y acertai$ed tobe +orth!e a$d charged o +ithi$ the taab!e year' co$$ected +ithproeio$' trade or b-i$e' $ot -tai$ed bet+ee$ re!ated partie.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e."o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

    . epreciatio" or a reao$ab!e a!!o+a$ce or the eha-tio$'+ear a$d tear %i$c!-di$g reao$ab!e a!!o+a$ce or obo!ece$ce& oproperty -ed i$ trade or b-i$e.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e.

    "o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

    g. epletio" or ded-ctio$ arii$g ro# the eha-tio$ o a $o$,rep!aceab!e aet' --a!!y a $at-ra! reo-rce.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e."o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#

    +ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

      h. 0haritable a$d other co"tributio"s. Reide$t citi;e$'reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! +ho aree$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#e other ro#co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e. "o#eticcorporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

    i. Research a"d de$elop!e"t epe$dit-re treated a deerredepe$e paid or i$c-rred by the tapayer i$ co$$ectio$ +ith hi trade'b-i$e or proeio$' $ot ded-cted a epe$e a$d chargeab!e tocapita! acco-$t b-t $ot chargeab!e to property o a character +hich i-bect to depreciatio$ or dep!etio$.

    Reide$t citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#eother ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e."o#etic corporatio$' etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.No$reide$t citi;e$ a$d oreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro#+ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

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     . 0o"tributio"s to pe"sio" trusts. Reide$t citi;e$' reide$ta!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! +ho are e$gaged i$trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#e other ro# co#pe$atio$i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e. "o#etic corporatio$'etate a$d tr-t #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e. No$reide$t citi;e$ a$doreig$ corporatio$ o$ their gro i$co#e ro# +ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ctthi epe$e.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$

    the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e./. *"sura"ce pre!iu!s or hea!th a$d hopita!i;atio$. Reide$t

    citi;e$' reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! +hoare e$gaged i$ trade a$d b-i$e' o$ their gro i$co#e other ro#co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee epe$e. No$reide$tciti;e$ a$d $o$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e o$ their gro i$co#e ro# +ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct theepre#i-#.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee pre#i-#.

    !. Perso"al a"d additio"al e#e!ptio"s. Reide$t citi;e$' a$dreide$t a!ie$ o$ their gro i$co#e a$d ro# co#pe$atio$ i$co#e are

    a!!o+ed to ded-ct thee pre#i-#. No$reide$t citi;e$ o$ their groi$co#e ro# +ithi$ #ay a!o ded-ct thi epe$e. No$reide$t a!ie$i$diid-a! e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$ the Phi!ippi$e are a!!o+ed toded-ct thee ee#ptio$ -$der reciprocity.

    No$reide$t a!ie$ i$diid-a! $ot e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e i$the Phi!ippi$e are $ot a!!o+ed to ded-ct thi epe$e.

      %C. isti"9uish ordi"ary e#pe"ses fro! capitale#pe"ditures.

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    %Commissioner of Internal Revenue v, Isa"ela cultural Corporation, . De minimis be"efits are facilities a"d pri$ile9es%-ch a e$tertai$#e$t' #edica! erice' or o,ca!!ed “co-rtey dico-$t”o$ p-rchae&' -r$ihed or oered by a$ e#p!oyer to hi e#p!oyee.They are $ot co$idered a co#pe$atio$ -bect to i$co#e ta a$dco$e-e$t!y to +ithho!di$g ta' i -ch aci!itie are oered or -r$ihed bythe e#p!oyer #ere!y a a #ea$ o pro#oti$g the hea!th' good+i!!'co$te$t#e$t' or eicie$cy o hi e#p!oyee. GSec. 2.@?'1 %A& %&' Re. Reg.2,F? a a#e$ded by Re. Reg. No. ?,2000I

     8@. Preferred shares are co"sidered capital re9ardlessof the co"ditio"s u"der which such shares are issued a"ddi$ide"ds or “i"terests” paid thereo" are "ot allowed as

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    deductio"s fro! the 9ross i"co!e of corporatio"s. %Ree$-e*e#ora$d-# (irc-!ar No. 1@,@1&

     8. Bad debts are thoe +hich re-!t ro# the +orth!e$eor -$co!!ectibi!ity' i$ +ho!e or i$ part' o a#o-$t d-e the tapayer byother' arii$g ro# #o$ey !e$t or ro# -$co!!ectib!e a#o-$t o i$co#ero# good o!d or erice re$dered. %Sec. 2.a' Re. Reg. >,FF&

     8C. +ho are related parties 7S3,FF&

    b. 4 the aid tapayer did $ot be$eit ro# the ded-ctio$ o theaid bad debt +ritte$,o beca-e it did $ot re-!t to a$y red-ctio$ o hii$co#e ta i$ the year o -ch ded-ctio$ %i.e. +here the re-!t o hib-i$e operatio$ +a a $et !o ee$ +itho-t ded-ctio$ o the bad debt+ritte$,o&' the$ hi -be-e$t recoery thereo ha!! be treated a a#ere recoery or a ret-r$ o capita!' he$ce' $ot treated a receipt orea!i;ed taab!e i$co#e. %Sec. ' Re. Reg. >,FF&

    :%. epreciatio" i the grad-a! di#i$-tio$ i$ the -e-! a!-e ota$gib!e property re-!ti$g ro# ordi$ary +ear a$d tear a$d ro# $or#a!obo!ece$ce. The ter# i a!o app!ied to a#orti;atio$ o the a!-e oi$ta$gib!e aet the -e o +hich i$ the trade or b-i$e i dei$ite!y!i#ited i$ d-ratio$.

    :8. The !ethods of depreciatio" are the followi"9-a. Straight !i$e #ethodDb. "ec!i$i$g ba!a$ce #ethodDc. S-# o year digit #ethodD a$dd. A$y other #ethod precribed by the Secretary o Ci$a$ce

    -po$ the reco##e$datio$ o the (o##iio$er o 4$ter$a! Ree$-e8

    1& Apportio$#e$t to -$it o prod-ctio$D2& 7o-r o prod-ctie -eD& Rea!-atio$ #ethodD a$d& Si$/i$g -$d #ethod.

    ::. +hat are perso"al a"d additio"al e#e!ptio"s 7S3

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    bee$ predeter#i$ed by o-r !a+#a/er a$d -$ti! o-r !a+#a/er #a/e $e+ad-t#e$t o$ thee pero$a! ee#ptio$' the a#o-$t a!!o+ed to beded-cted by a tapayer are ied a predeter#i$ed by (o$gre.GPansacola v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue,FFF1' Noe#ber 16'2006 citi$g Madrigal and Paterno v. Rafferty and Concepcion, ? Phi!. 1' 1?%1F1?&I

    :0'000& or eachi$diid-a! tapayer.

    4$ the cae o #arried i$diid-a! +here o$!y o$e o the po-e iderii$g gro i$co#e' o$!y -ch po-e ha!! be a!!o+ed the pero$a!ee#ptio$. GSec. > %A&' N4R( o 1FF@ a a#e$ded by Rep. Act No. F>0DSec. 2.@F %4& %1& %a&' Re. Reg. No. 2,F? a a#e$ded by Re. Reg. No. 10,200?I

    NOTES AN" (O**ENTS8 4t i c!ear ro# Rep. Act No. F>0 thateach o the po-e #ay c!ai# the P>0'000.00. Th-' the tota! a#i!ia!baic pero$a! ee#ptio$ or po-e i P100'000.00.

    C-rther#ore' the diti$ctio$ bet+ee$ the co$cept o i$g!e'#arried a$d head o the a#i!y or p-rpoe o aai!i$g o the baicpero$a! ee#ptio$ ha a!ready bee$ e!i#i$ated by Rep. Act No. F>0.

    :'000.00&c. or each -a!iied depe$de$t chi!d'd. proided that the tota! $-#ber o depe$de$t or +hich

    additio$a! ee#ptio$ #ay be c!ai#ed1& ha!! $ot eceed o-r %& depe$de$t.” G1t par.' Sec.

    2.@F %4& %1& %b&' Re. Reg. No. 2,F? a a#e$ded by Re. Reg. No. 10,200?' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedD Sec. > %B&' N4R( o 1FF@a a#e$ded by Rep. Act No. F>0I

    NOTES AN" (O**ENTS8a. 4t i c!ear that -$der the a#e$d#e$t' i$g!e i$diid-a! #ay

    $o+ c!ai# or the additio$a! ee#ptio$. C-rther#ore' the co$cept ohead o a a#i!y doe $ot i$d app!icatio$ a$y#ore.

    b. “A depe$de$t #ea$a. a !egiti#ate' i!!egiti#ate or !ega!!y adopted chi!db. chie!y depe$de$t -po$ a$d !ii$g +ith the tapayerc. i -ch depe$de$t i

    1& $ot #ore tha$ t+e$ty,o$e %21& year o age'

    2& -$#arried a$d

    & $ot gai$-! !y e#p!oyed ord. i -ch depe$de$t'

    1& regard!e o age2& i i$capab!e o e!,-pport& beca-e o #e$ta! or phyica! deect.” G2$d  par.' Sec.

    2.@F %4& %1& %b&' Re. Reg. No. 2,F? a a#e$ded by Re. Reg. No. 10,200?' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedD Sec. > %b&' N4R( o 1FF@'a a#e$ded by Rep. Act No. F>0I

    c. 4t i to be $oted that -$der the N4R( o 1FF@' a a#e$dedby Rep. Act No. F>0' o$!y -a!iied depe$de$t chi!dre$ are co$ideredor additio$a! ee#ptio$. 0.

    Se$ior citi;e$ ha!! be treated a depe$de$t proided or i$ theNatio$a! 4$ter$a! Ree$-e (ode' a a#e$ded' a$d a -ch' i$diid-a!tapayer cari$g or the#' be they re!atie or $ot ha!! be accorded theprii!ege gra$ted by the (ode i$oar a hai$g depe$de$t areco$cer$ed. G!at par. Sec. > %a&' Rep. Act No. @2' a a#e$ded by Rep. ActF2>@' “The Epa$ded Se$ior (iti;e$ Act o 200”I

    :@. 0apital assets  ha!! reer to a!! rea! propertie he!d by atapayer' +hether or $ot co$$ected +ith hi trade or b-i$e' a$d +hichare $ot i$c!-ded a#o$g the rea! propertie co$idered a ordi$ary aet.%Sec. 2.a' Re. Reg. No. @,200&

    The ter# “capita! aet” #ea$ property he!d by the tapayer%+hether or $ot co$$ected +ith hi trade or b-i$e&' B3T "OES NOT4N()3"E8

    a. Stoc/ i$ trade o the tapayer' or   b. Other property o a /i$d +hich +o-!d proper!y be i$c!-ded i$the i$e$tory o the tapayer i o$ ha$d at the c!oe o the taab!e year' or 

      c. Property he!d by the tapayer pri#ari!y or a!e to c-to#er i$the ordi$ary co-re o hi trade or b-i$e' or d. Property -ed i$ the trade or b-i$e' o a character +hich i -bect tothe a!!o+a$ce or depreciatio$D or rea! property -ed i$ the trade orb-i$e o the tapayer. GSec. F %A& %1&' N4R( o 1FF@' capita!i;ed +ord'$-#beri$g a$d arra$ge#e$t -pp!iedD Sec. 2.a' Re. Reg. No. @,200I

     

    :. E#a!ples of capital assets-a. Stoc/ a$d ec-ritie he!d by tapayer other tha$ dea!er i$

    ec-ritieD  b. e+e!ry $ot -ed or trade a$d b-i$eD  c. Reide$tia! ho-e a$d !a$d o+$ed a$d -ed a -chD

      d. A-to#obi!e $ot -ed i$ trade a$d b-i$eD

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    e. Pai$ti$g' c-!pt-re' ta#p co!!ectio$' obect o art +hichare $ot -ed i$ trade or b-i$eD

    . 4$herited !arge tract o agric-!t-ra! !a$d +hich +ere-bdiided p-r-a$t to the goer$#e$t #a$date -$der !a$d reor#' the$o!d to te$a$t. *Ro)as v. Court of (a) Appeals, etc. $0EGF@, April D,?HD#

    g. “Rea! property -ed by a$ ee#pt corporatio$ i$ it ee#ptoperatio$' -ch a a corporatio$ i$c!-ded i$ the e$-#eratio$ o Sectio$

    0 o the (ode' ha!! $ot be co$idered -ed or b-i$e p-rpoe' a$dthereore co$idered a capita! aet.” %!at e$te$ce' rd par.' Sec. .b'Re. Reg. No. @,200&

    h. “Rea! property' +hether i$g!e detached' to+$ho-e' orco$do#i$i-# -$it' $ot -ed i$ trade or b-i$e a eide$ced by acertiicatio$ ro# the Bara$gay (hair#a$ or ro# the head oad#i$itratio$' i$ cae o co$do#i$i-# -$it' to+$ho-e or apart#e$t' a$da a!idated ro# the eiti$g aai!ab!e record o the B-rea- o 4$ter$a!Ree$-e' o+$ed by a$ i$diid-a! e$gaged i$ b-i$e' ha!! be treated acapita! aet.” %!at par.' Sec. .b.' Re. Reg. No. @,200 &

    :C. Ordi"ary assets shall refer to all real properties

    specifically e#cluded fro! the defi"itio" of capital assets5$a#e!y8

    a. Stoc/ i$ trade o a tapayer or other rea! property o a /i$d +hich+o-!d proper!y be i$c!-ded i$ the i$e$tory o a tapayer i o$ ha$d at thec!oe o the taab!e yearD or   b. Rea! property he!d by the tapayer pri#ari!y or a!e to c-to#eri$ the ordi$ary co-re o hi trade or b-i$eD or   c. Rea! property -ed i$ trade or b-i$e %i.e. b-i!di$g a$d9ori#proe#e$t&' o a character +hich i -bect to the a!!o+a$ce ordepreciatio$D or 

    d. Rea! property -ed i$ trade or b-i$e o the tapayer. %Sec. 2.b' Re. Reg. No. @,200&

      %Sec. 2.c' Re. Reg. No. @,200&

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      &' N4R( o 1FF@I

     

      >&. E#cepted fro! the pay!e"t of the presu!edcapital 9ai"s ta# are those presu!ed to ha$e bee" realiedfro! the dispositio" by "atural perso"s of their pri"cipal placeof reside"ce

    a. the proceed o +hich i -!!y -ti!i;ed i$ ac-iri$g orco$tr-cti$g a $e+ pri$cipa! reide$ceD

    b. +ithi$ eightee$ %1?& ca!e$dar #o$th ro# the date o a!e ordipoitio$

    c. the B4R (o##iio$er ha!! hae bee$ d-!y $otiied by thetapayer +ithi$ thirty %0& day ro# the date o a!e or dipoitio$ thro-gha precribed ret-r$ o hi i$te$tio$ to aai! o the ta ee#ptio$D a$d

    d. the aid ta ee#ptio$ ca$ o$!y be aai!ed o o$ce eery te$%10& year. GSec. 2 %"& %2&' N4R( o 1FF@I

    >'. ;B0 was i"corporated i" 'C>' a"d e"9a9ed i"co!!ercial ba"i"9 operatio"s si"ce 'C@. O" ;ay %%5 'C@5 itceased operatio"s that year by reaso" of i"sol$e"cy a"d itsassets a"d liabilities were placed u"der the char9e of a

    29

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    9o$er"!e"tappoi"ted recei$er. O" /u"e %85 'CCC5 the BSPauthoried ;B0 to operate as a thrift ba".

    *" %&&&5 *t filed its ta# retur" for the year 'CCC payi"9 thea!ou"t of P88 !illio" co!puted i" accorda"ce with the!i"i!u! corporate i"co!e ta# F;0*TG. *t sou9ht the B*R6sruli"9 o" whether it is e"titled to the four F:G year 9race periodfor payi"9 o" the basis of ;0*T reco"ed fro! 'CCC. B*R the"

    ruled that cessatio" of busi"ess acti$ities as a result of bei"9placed u"der i"$olu"tary recei$ership !ay be a" eco"o!icreaso" for suspe"di"9 the i!positio" of the ;0*T.

    As a result of the ruli"9 ;B0 filed a" applicatio" forrefu"d of the P88 !illio". ue to the B*R6s i"actio"5 ;B0 filed apetitio" for re$iew with the 0TA.

    The 0TA de"ied the petitio" o" the 9rou"d that ;B0 is"ot a "ewly or9a"ied corporatio". *" a $olte facie the B*R "ow!ai"tai"s that ;B0 should pay the ;0*T be9i""i"9 /a"uary '5'CC as it did "ot close its busi"ess operatio"s i" 'C@ but!erely suspe"ded the sa!e. E$e" if placed u"der

    recei$ership5 the corporate e#iste"ce was "e$er affected.Thus5 it falls u"der the cate9ory of a" e#isti"9 corporatio"reco!!e"ci"9 its ba"i"9 operatio"s.

    Should the refu"d be 9ra"ted 7S3

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    Buildi"9 at Pasi95 ;etro ;a"ila a"d a house a"d lot i";ia!i5 1lorida.

    +hat assets shall be i"cluded i" the Estate Ta# Retur" tobe filed with the B*R 7 

    S3 %E&' N4R( o 1FF@&

    NOTES AN" (O**ENTS8  The be$eiciary #-t $ot be the decede$t:etate' eec-tor or ad#i$itrator' beca-e the proceed are i$c!-dib!e a part ogro etate +hether or $ot the decede$t retai$ed the po+er o reocatio$. % I"id .&

      c. =here the i$-ra$ce +a NOT ta/e$ by the decede$t -po$hi o+$ !ie a$d the be$eiciary i $ot the decede$t: etate' hi eec-toror ad#i$itrator.

    :. *te!s deductible fro! the 9ross estate of a reside"tor "o"reside"t 1ilipi"o decede"t or reside"t alie" decede"t-

    a. Epe$e' !oe' c!ai#' i$debted$e a$d taeDb. Property preio-!y taedD

    c. Tra$er or p-b!ic -eDd. The Ca#i!y 7o#e -p to a a!-e $ot eceedi$g P1 #i!!io$De. Sta$dard ded-ctio$ o P1 #i!!io$D. *edica! epe$e $ot eceedi$g P>00'000.00Dg. A#o-$t o ee#pt retire#e$t receied by the heir -$der

    Rep. Act *o. F1@Dh. Net hare o the -rii$g po-e i$ the co$-ga! part$erhip.

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      d. =here -ch property ca$ be ide$tiied a hai$g bee$receied by the decede$t ro# the do$or by git' or ro# -ch priordecede$t by git' be-et' deie' or i$herita$ce' or

    e. =hich ca$ be ide$tiied a hai$g bee$ ac-ired i$echa$ge or property o receied8

      100H o the a!-e i the prior decede$t died +ithi$ o$e year priorto the death o the decede$t' or i the property +a tra$erred to hi# bygit +ithi$ the a#e period prior to hi deathD

      ?0H o the a!-e i the prior decede$t died #ore tha$ o$e year b-t$ot #ore tha$ t+o year prior to the death o the decede$t' or i theproperty +a tra$erred to hi# by git +ithi$ the a#e period prior to hideathD

      60H o the a!-e i the prior decede$t died #ore tha$ t+o yearb-t $ot #ore tha$ three year prior to the death o the decede$t' or i theproperty +a tra$erred to hi# by git +ithi$ the a#e period prior to hideathD

      0H o the a!-e i the prior decede$t died #ore tha$ three yearb-t $ot #ore tha$ o-r year prior to the death o the decede$t' or i theproperty +a tra$erred to hi# by git +ithi$ the a#e period prior to hideathD a$d

      20H o the a!-e i the prior decede$t died #ore tha$ o-r yearb-t $ot #ore tha$ ie year prior to the death o the decede$t' or i theproperty +a tra$erred to hi# by git +ithi$ the a#e period prior to hideath. GSec. ?6 %A& %2& a$d %B& %2&' N4R( o 1FF@' $-#beri$g' arra$ge#e$t a$d-$der!i$i$g -pp!iedI

     . The appro$al of the court sitti"9 i" probate5 or as asettle!e"t tribu"al o$er the estate of the deceased is "ot a!a"datory reDuire!e"t for the collectio" of the estate.  Theprobate co-rt i deter#i$i$g i-e +hich are $ot agai$t the property othe decede$t' or a c!ai# agai$t the etate a -ch' b-t i agai$t thei$teret or property right +hich the heir' !egatee' deiee' etc. ha i$ theproperty or#er!y he!d by the decede$t.

    The $otice o !ey +ere reg-!ar!y i-ed +ithi$ the precriptieperiod.

    The ta ae#e$t hai$g beco#e i$a!' eec-tory a$de$orceab!e' the a#e ca$ $o !o$ger be co$teted by #ea$ o a dig-iedprotet. *Marcos, II v. Court of Appeals, et al .' 2@ S(RA @&

    ONOR6S TA)ES

     '. +hat is the do"or6s ta# rate if the do"ee is astra"9er 7

    S3

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    "ot wa"t to participate i" the distributio" of the estate5 shere"ou"ced her hereditary share i" the estate.

    a. *s the re"u"ciatio" sub?ect to do"or6s ta# 7 E#plai".S3th par.' Sec. 11' Re. Reg. No. 2,200&

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    3A(EAE TA)ES F3ATG

    +ARN*N, MMM Approi#ate!y 10H o the tota! -etio$ a/ed i$the Bar Ea#i$atio$ are o-rced ro# VAT a$d it co$cept. Thi area iprobab!y the #ot diic-!t area to orecat beca-e there are $otatitica!!y perceied patter$. The a-thor ha retai$ed the “StarSyte#” or VAT. (o$ideri$g the !i#ited period o ti#e' the reader iadied to oc- o$ area #ar/ed +ith tar a$d -t bro+e the

    -$#ar/ed area.

    '. 3alueadded ta# F3ATG i a ta +hich i i#poed o$!y o$the i$creae i$ the +orth' #erit or i#porta$ce o good' propertie orerice' a$d $ot o$ the tota! a!-e o the good or erice bei$g o!d orre$dered.

    %. Nature of 3AT. VAT i a$ i$direct ta that #ay behited or paed o$ to the b-yer' tra$eree or !eee o the good'propertie or erice. A -ch' it ho-!d be -$dertood $ot i$ theco$tet o the pero$ or e$tity that i pri#ari!y' direct!y !iab!e or itpay#e$t' b-t i$ ter# o it $at-re a a ta o$ co$-#ptio$.

    GCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. Seagate (echnology *Philippines#, ?66' Cebr-ary 11' 200> citi$g ario- a-thoritieU

    VAT i a perce$tage ta i#poed o$ a$y pero$ +hether or $ot ara$chie gra$tee' +ho i$ the co-re o trade or b-i$e' e!!' barter'echa$ge' !eae' good or propertie' re$der erice. 4t i a!o!eied o$ eery i#portatio$ o good +hether or $ot i$ the co-re o tradeor b-i$e. The ta bae o the VAT i !i#ited o$!y to the a!-e addedto -ch good' propertie' or erice by the e!!er' tra$eror or !eor.C-rther' the VAT i a$ i$direct ta a$d ca$ be paed o$ to the b-yer.%8uezon City, et al., v. ABS0CB! Broadcasting Corporation' a$d co#pa$io$ cae&

    Thi +a -be-e$t!y #odiied a$d a #it-re o “cot ded-ctio$#ethod” a$d “ta credit #ethod” +a -ed to deter#i$e the a!-e,added

    ta payab!e.%I"id.&

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    b. Ta# credit !ethod.  Thi #ethod re!ie o$ i$oice' a$e$tity ca$ credit agai$t or -btract ro# the VAT charged o$ it a!e oro-tp-t the VAT paid o$ it p-rchae' i$p-t a$d i#port.GCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. Seagate (echnology *Philippines#,?66' Cebr-ary 11' 200>I

    4 at the e$d o a taab!e period' the o-tp-t tae charged by ae!!er are e-a! to the i$p-t tae paed o$ by the -pp!ier' $opay#e$t i re-ired. 4t i +he$ the o-tp-t tae eceed the i$p-t tae

    that the ece ha to be paid.4 ho+eer' the i$p-t tae eceed the o-tp-t tae' the ece

    ha!! be carried oer to the -cceedi$g -arter or -arter. Sho-!d thei$p-t tae re-!t ro# ;ero,rated or eectie!y ;ero,rated tra$actio$ orro# ac-iitio$ o capita! good' a$y ece oer the o-tp-t tae ha!!i$tead be re-$ded to the tapayer or credited agai$t other i$ter$a!ree$-e tae. %I"id.&

    C. How the 3AT is i!posed o" the i"crease i" worth5!erit or i!pro$e!e"t of the 9oods or ser$ices. The VAT -ti!i;ethe co$cept o the o-tp-t a$d i$p-t tae.

    O-tp-t VAT !e 4$p-t VAT VAT d-e o$ the i$creae i$ +orth'

    #erit or i#proe#e$t the good or erice.

    '&. The ri9ht to credit the i"put ta# be li!ited byle9islatio" because it is a !ere creatio" of law.  Prior to thee$act#e$t o #-!ti,tage a!e taatio$' the a!e tae paid at eery!ee! o ditrib-tio$ are $ot recoerab!e ro# the tae payab!e. =ith theade$t o Eec-tie Order No. 2@ i#poi$g a 10H #-!ti,tage ta o$ a!!a!e' it +a o$!y the$ that the crediti$g o the i$p-t ta paid o$ p-rchaeor i#portatio$ o good a$d erice by VAT,regitered pero$ agai$tthe o-tp-t ta +a etab!ihed. Thi co$ti$-ed +ith the Epa$ded VAT)a+ %R.A. No. @@16&' a$d The Ta Reor# Act o 1FF@ %R.A. No. ?2&.The right to credit i$p-t ta a agai$t the o-tp-t ta i c!ear!y a prii!ege

    created by !a+' a prii!ege that a!o the !a+ ca$ !i#it. 4t ho-!d betreed that a pero$ ha $o eted right i$ tat-tory prii!ege.*ABA:A%A +uro Party $ist, etc. et al. vs. &rmita, ' a$d co#pa$io$ cae' o$ the #otio$ or reco$ideratio$&

    ''. Output ta# i the a!-e,added ta d-e o$ the a!e or!eae or taab!e good' propertie or erice by a$y VAT,regiteredpero$.

    '%. *"put ta# i the a!-e,added ta d-e o$ or paid by aVAT,regitered pero$ o$ i#portatio$ o good or !oca! p-rchae ogood or erice' i$c!-di$g !eae or -e o propertie' i$ the co-re o

    hi trade or b-i$e. %Re. Reg. No. .110,1' 1t

     par.&

      '8. *"cluded i" the i"put ta#.a. the tra$itio$a! i$p-t ta a$db. the pre-#ptie i$p-t ta .4t i$c!-dec. i$p-t tae +hich ca$ be direct!y attrib-ted to tra$actio$

    -bect to the VAT p!- a ratab!e portio$ o a$y i$p-t ta +hich ca$$ot bedirect!y attrib-ted to either the taab!e or ee#pt actiity. %Re. Reg.

    No. .110,1' 1t  par.' 2$d  e$te$ce'. A$d 2$d  par.' paraphrai$g'arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!ied &

    ':. 0o"cept of tra"sitio"al i"put ta# credits o"be9i""i"9 i"$e"tories. Tapayer +ho beco#e VAT,regiteredpero$ -po$ eceedi$g the #i$i#-# t-r$oer o P1'>00'000.00 i$ a$y12,#o$th period' or +ho o!-$tari!y regiter ee$ i their t-r$oer doe$ot eceed P1'>00'000.00 %ecept ra$chie gra$tee o radio a$dte!eiio$ broadcati$g +hoe threho!d i P10'000'000.00& ha!! bee$tit!ed to a tra$itio$a! i$p-t ta o$ the i$e$tory o$ ha$d a o theeectiity o their VAT regitratio$' o$ the o!!o+i$g8

    a. good p-rchaed or rea!e i$ their pree$t co$ditio$Db. #ateria! p-rchaed or -rther procei$g' b-t +hich hae

    $ot yet -$dergo$e procei$gDc. good +hich hae bee$ #a$-act-red by the tapayerDd. good i$ proce or a!eD or e. good a$d -pp!ie or -e i$ the co-re o the tapayer:

    trade or b-i$e a a VAT,regitered pero$. GRe. Reg. No. 16,200>'Sec..111,1' %a&' 1t par.' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedI

    '. The 3AT re9istratio" fee does NOT $iolate reli9iousfreedo!. The VAT regitratio$ ee i#poed o$ $o$,VAT e$terprie+hich i$c!-de a#o$g other' re!igio- ect +hich e!! a$d ditrib-te

    re!igio- !iterat-re i $ot io!atie o re!igio- reedo#'  a!tho-gh a ied

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    a#o-$t i $ot i#poed or the eercie o a prii!ege b-t o$!y or thep-rpoe o derayi$g part o the cot o regitratio$.

    The regitratio$ ee i th- #ore o a$ ad#i$itratie ee' o$e $oti#poed o$ the eercie o a prii!ege' #-ch !e a co$tit-tio$a! right.*(olentino v. Secretary of /inance, et al., and companion cases,2> S(RA 60&

    '@. *"terpretatio" of the ter! “*" the 0ourse of Tradeor Busi"ess” as used i" the 3AT syste!. The ter# Qdoi$gb-i$eQ or “co-re o b-i$e” co$ey the idea o b-i$e bei$gdo$e' $ot ro# ti#e to ti#e' b-t a!! the ti#e. 4t doe $ot i$c!-de io!atedtra$actio$. %Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Magsaysay $ines, Inc., etal., 5&&&5&&&.&&. The bid was !ade by ;a9saysay (i"es5

    purportedly for a "ew co!pa"y still to be for!ed co!posed ofitself5 Baliwa9 Na$i9atio"5 *"c.5 a"d 1*; (i!ited of the ;arde",roup based i" Ho"9o"9 . The bid was appro$ed by the0o!!ittee o" Pri$atiatio"5 a"d a Notice of Award was issuedto ;a9saysay (i"es. *s the salesub?ect to 3AT 7  S3' Sec. .106,@'

    paraphrai$g' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedI

    %&. Tra"sactio"s co"sidered retire!e"t or cessatio" ofbusi"ess “dee!ed sale” sub?ect to 3AT.

    a. (ha$ge o o+$erhip o the b-i$e. There i cha$ge i$the o+$erhip o the b-i$e +here a i$g!e proprietorhip i$corporateDor

    1& the proprietor o a i$g!e proprietorhip e!! hi e$tireb-i$e.

    b. "io!-tio$ o a part$erhip a$d creat io$ o a $e+part$erhip +hich ta/e oer the b-i$e. GRe. Reg. No. 16,200>'Sec. .106,@ %a&' %& paraphrai$g' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedI

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    %'. Sale of or lease of real properties sub?ect to 3AT.Sa!e o rea! propertie pri#ari!y or a!e to c-to#er or he!d or !eae i$the ordi$ary co-re o trade or b-i$e o the e!!er ha!! be -bect toVAT. %Re. Reg. No. 16,200>' Sec. .106,' 1t par.&

    Th-' capita! tra$actio$ o i$diid-a! are $ot -bect to VAT.O$!y rea! etate dea!er are -bect to VAT.

    %%. O" Septe!ber :5 %&&C5 )2L5 *"c.5 a do!esticcorporatio" e"9a9ed i" the real estate busi"ess5 sold abuildi"9 for P'&5&&&5&&&.&&. *s the sale sub?ect to the $alueadded ta# F3ATG7 *f so5 how !uch7 E#plai".

    S3'000.00 or a #ay ro# ti#e to ti#e bedeter#i$ed by the 73"(( a$d the NE"A a$d other re!ated !a+.

    d. Sa!e o reide$tia! !ot a!-ed at O$e *i!!io$ Cie 7-$dred

    Tho-a$d Peo %P1'>00'000.00& a$d be!o+' or ho-e W !ot a$d other

    reide$tia! d+e!!i$g a!-ed at T+o *i!!io$

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    e!ectric -ti!itie' te!epho$e a$d te!egraph' radio a$d te!eiio$broadcati$g a$d a!! other ra$chie gra$tee ecept ra$chie gra$teeo radio a$d9or te!eiio$ broadcati$g +hoe a$$-a! gro receipt othe precedi$g year do $ot eceed Te$ *i!!io$ Peo %P10'000'000.00&'a$d ra$chie gra$tee o ga a$d +ater -ti!itieD

    o. $o$,!ie i$-ra$ceco#pa$ie %ecept their crop i$-ra$ce&' i$c!-di$g -rety' ide!ity'i$de#$ity a$d bo$di$g co#pa$ieD a$d

    p.i#i!ar erice regard!e o +hether or $ot the peror#a$ce thereo

    ca!! or the eercie or -e o the phyica! or #e$ta! ac-!tie . GN4R( o1FF@' Sec. 10? %A&' a a#e$ded by R.A. No. F@D Re. Reg. No. 16,200>'Sec. '10?,2' 1t par.' arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedI

    %>. Also i"cluded i" the phrase “sale or e#cha"9e ofser$ices.

    a. The !eae or the -e o or the right or prii!ege to -e a$ycopyright' pate$t' deig$ or #ode!' p!a$' ecret or#-!a or proce'good+i!!' trade#ar/' trade bra$d or other !i/e property or rightD

    b. The !eae or the -e o' or the right to -e a$y i$d-tria!'co##ercia! or cie$tiic e-ip#e$tD

    c. The -pp!y o cie$tiic' tech$ica!' i$d-tria! or co##ercia!/$o+!edge or i$or#atio$D

    d. The -pp!y o a$y aita$ce that i a$ci !!ary a$d-bidiary to a$d i -r$ihed a a #ea$ o e$ab!i$g the app!icatio$ ore$oy#e$t o a$y -ch property' or right a i #e$tio$ed i$ -bparagraph%2& hereo or a$y -ch /$o+!edge or i$or#atio$ a i #e$tio$ed i$-bparagraph %& hereoD or 

    e. The -pp!y o erice by a $o$,reide$t pero$ or hie#p!oyee i$ co$$ectio$ +ith the -e o property or right be!o$gi$g to' orthe i$ta!!atio$ or operatio$ o a$y bra$d' #achi$ery or other apparat-p-rchaed ro# -ch $o$,reide$t pero$D

    . The -pp!y o tech$ica! adice' aita$ce or erice

    re$dered i$ co$$ectio$ +ith tech$ica! #a$age#e$t or ad#i$itratio$ oa$y cie$tiic' i$d-tria! or co##ercia! -$derta/i$g' e$t-re' proect oche#eD

    g. The !eae o #otio$ pict-re i!#' i!# tape a$d dicDh. The !eae or the -e o or the right to -e radio'

    te!eiio$' ate!!ite tra$#iio$ a$d cab!e te!eiio$ ti#e. %Re. Reg.No. 16,200>' Sec. .10?,2' 2$d par.&

    %@. Lerorated Sales of ,oods or Properties.  A;ero,rated a!e o good or propertie by a a!e by a VAT,regiteredpero$ i a taab!e tra$actio$ or VAT p-rpoe b-t the a!e doe $otre-!t i$ a$y o-tp-t ta.

    7o+eer' the i$p-t ta o$ the p-rchae o good' propertie orerice re!ated to -ch ;ero,rated a!e ha!! be aai!ab!e a ta credit orre-$d i$ accorda$ce +ith Re. Reg-!atio$ No. 16,200>. %Re. Reg. No.16,200>' 1t par.&

    %. 0o"cept of 3AT erorati"9. The ta rate i etat ;ero. =he$ app!ied to the ta bae' -ch rate obio-!y re-!t i$ $ota chargeab!e agai$t the p-rchaer. The e!!er o -ch tra$actio$

    charge $o o-tp-t ta' b-t ca$ c!ai# a re-$d or a ta credit certiicateor the VAT preio-!y charged by -pp!ier. GCommissioner of InternalRevenue v. Seagate (echnology *Philippines#, ?66'Cebr-ary 11' 200>I

    3$der a ;ero,rati$g che#e' the a!e or echa$ge o a partic-!arerice i co#p!ete!y reed ro# the VAT' beca-e the e!!er i e$tit!ed torecoer' by +ay o a re-$d or a a$ i$p-t ta credit' the ta that ii$c!-ded i$ the cot o p-rchae attrib-tab!e to the a!e or echa$ge.The ta paid or +ithhe!d i $ot ded-cted ro# the ta bae.%Commissioner, of Internal Revenue v. American &)press International, Inc.*Philippine Branch#, 260F' -$e 2F' 200> citi$g ario- cae&

    %C. Situs of ta#atio" of erorated 3AT ser$ices suchas facilitati"9 the collectio" of recei$ables fro! credit card!e!bers situated i" the Philippi"es a"d pay!e"t to ser$iceestablish!e"ts i" the Philippi"es.  The p!ace +here the erice ire$dered deter#i$e the -ridictio$ to i#poe the VAT

    Peror#ed i$ the Phi!ippi$e' the erice i $eceari!y -bect toit -ridictio$ or the State $eceari!y ha to hae a “-bta$tia!co$$ectio$” to it i$ order to e$orce a ;ero rate. The p!ace o pay#e$t ii##ateria! #-ch !e i the p!ace +here the o-tp-t o the erice +i!! be-rther or -!ti#ate!y -ed.

    Thi i o beca-e the !a+ $either #a/e a -a!iicatio$ $or add aco$ditio$ i$ deter#i$i$g the ta it- o a ;ero,rated erice.%Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. American &)press International, Inc.*Philipppine Branch#, 260F' -$e 2F' 200>&

    8&. esti"atio" pri"ciple u"der the 3AT Syste!. A a ge$era! r-!e' the VAT yte# -e the deti$atio$ pri$cip!e a abai or the -ridictio$a! reach o the ta.

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    Phi!ippi$e' Qpaid or i$ acceptab!e oreig$ c-rre$cy a$d acco-$ted or i$accorda$ce +ith the r-!e a$d reg-!atio$ o the GBSPI.Q

    8%. Ratio"ale for erorati"9 of e#ports. ThePhi!ippi$e VAT yte# adhere to the (ro Border "octri$e' accordi$gto +hich' $o VAT ha!! be i#poed to or# part o the cot o gooddeti$ed or co$-#ptio$ o-tide o the territoria! border o the tai$ga-thority. GCommissioner of Internal Revenue v. (oshi"a Information &2uipment

    *Phils.#, Inc., 01>' A-g-t F' 200>I The “(ro Border "octri$e”i a!o /$o+$ a the deti$atio$ pri$cip!e.

    7e$ce' act-a! or co$tr-ctie eport o good a$d ericero# the Phi!ippi$e to a oreig$ co-$try #-t be ;ero,rated or VATD+hi!e' thoe deti$ed or -e or co$-#ptio$ +ithi$ the Phi!ippi$e ha!!be i#poed the t+e!e perce$t %12H& VAT.

    88. Lerorated sale disti"9uished fro! e#e!pt

    tra"sactio"s-a. A ;ero,rated a!e i a taab!e tra$actio$ b-t doe $ot re-!t

    i$ a$ o-tp-t ta =74)E a$ ee#pt tra$actio$ i $ot -bect to the o-tp-tta.

    b. The i$p-t ta o$ the p-rchae o a VAT regitered pero$+ho ha ;ero,rated a!e #ay be a!!o+ed a ta credit or re-$ded=74)E the e!!er i$ a$ ee#pt tra$actio$ i $ot e$tit!ed to a$y i$p-t tao$ hi p-rchae depite the i-a$ce o a VAT i$oice or receipt.

    c. Pero$ e$gaged i$ tra$actio$ +hich are ;ero rated bei$g-bect to VAT are re-ired to regiter =74)E regitratio$ i optio$a! orVAT,ee#pt pero$.

    8:. Lerorated sales by 3ATre9istered perso"s.The o!!o+i$g a!e by VAT,regitered pero$ ha!! be -bect to ;eroperce$t %0H& rate8

    a. Eport a!eD

    b. (o$idered eport a!e -$der Eec-tie Order No. 22Dc. Coreig$ c-rre$cy de$o#i$ated a!eD a$dd. Sa!e to pero$ or e$titie dee#ed ta,ee#pt -$der

    pecia! !a+ or i$ter$atio$a! agree#e$t. %Re. Reg. No. 16,200>' Sec..106,>' 2$d par.' paraphrai$g -pp!ied&

    8' A-g-t F' 200>I

    8. Lerorated sale of ser$ice5 defi"ed.   A ;ero,rated a!e o erice %by a VAT,regitered pero$& i a taab!etra$actio$ or VAT p-rpoe' b-t ha!! $ot re-!t i$ a$y o-tp-t ta.7o+eer' the i$p-t ta o$ p-rchae o good' propertie or ericere!ated to -ch ;ero,rated a!e ha!! be aai!ab!e a ta credit or re-$d i$accorda$ce +ith Rev. Regs. !o. ?D0GGE. GRe. Reg. No. 16,200>' Sec.Sec. .10?,> %a&' +ord i$ ita!ic -pp!ied&

    8C. Ser$ice perfor!ed by A!erica" E#press i"

    facilitati"9 the collectio" of recei$ables fro! credit card

    !e!bers situated i" the Philippi"es a"d pay!e"t to ser$iceestablish!e"ts i" the Philippi"es i" behalf of its Ho"94o"9based clie"t is sub?ect to 3AT but erorated. Thi i o beca-eit #eet a!! the re-ire#e$t or VAT i#poitio$' a o!!o+8

    a. 4t reg-!ar!y re$der i$ the Phi !ippi$e the erice oaci!itati$g the co!!ectio$ a$d pay#e$t o receiab!e be!o$gi$g to aoreig$ co#pa$y that i a c!ear!y eparate a$d diti$ct e$tity.

    b. S-ch erice i co##ercia! i$ $at-reD carried o$ oer a-tai$ed period o ti#eD o$ a ig$iica$t ca!e +ith a reao$ab!e degreeo re-e$cyD a$d $ot at ra$do#' ort-ito-' or atte$-ated.

    c. Cor thi erice' it dei$ite!y receie co$ideratio$ i$oreig$ c-rre$cy that i acco-$ted or i$ co$or#ity +ith !a+.

    39

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    d. 4t i $ot a$ e$tity ee#pt -$der a$y o o-r !a+ ori$ter$atio$a! agree#e$t. %Commissioner, of Internal Revenue v. American&)press International, Inc. *Philippine Branch#,260F' -$e 2F' 200>&

    :&. +hile the ser$ice perfor!ed by A!erica" E#pressis sub?ect to 3AT it is erorated5 a"d B*R Re$e"ueRe9ulatio"s that alter the le9al reDuire!e"ts for erorati"9are ultra vires a"d i"$alid. The VAT yte# -e the deti$atio$

    pri$cip!e +hich poit that the good a$d erice are taed o$!y i$ theco-$try +here they are co$-#ed'

    7o+eer' the !a+ ite! proide or c!ear eceptio$ -$der +hichthe -pp!y o erice ha!! be ;ero,rated' a#o$g +hich are the o!!o+i$g8

    a. The erice i peror#ed i$ the Phi!ippi$eDb. The erice are +ithi$ the categorie proided or -$der

    the Ta (odeD a$dc. 4t i paid or i$ acceptab!e oreig$ c-rre$cy o the Ba$g/o

    Se$tra! $g Pi!ipi$a. A#erica$ Epre re$der aita$ce to it oreig$ c!ie$t by

    receii$g the bi!! o erice etab!ih#e$t !ocated i$ the co-$try a$dor+ardi$g the# to their c!ie$t abroad. The erice are peror#ed or

    -cce-!!y co#p!eted -po$ e$d to it oreig$ c!ie$t the drat a$d bi!!it ha gathered ro# erice etab!ih#e$t here' 4t erice' hai$gbee$ peror#ed i$ the Phi!ippi$e are thereore a!o co$-#ed i$ thePhi!ippi$e. Th-' it erice are ee#pt ro# the deti$atio$ pri$cip!ea$d are ;ero,rated.

    The B4R co-!d $ot cha$ge the !a+. GCommissioner, of InternalRevenue v. American &)press International, Inc. *Philippine Branch#,260F' -$e 2F' 200>I

    :'. A forei9" 0o"sortiu! co!posed of B+S0

    e"!ar5 ;itsui E"9i"eeri"9 a"d Shipbuildi"9 (td.5 a"d ;itsuia"d 0o.5 (td.5 which e"tered i"to a co"tract with NAPO0OR

    for the operatio" a"d !ai"te"a"ce of two power bar9esappoi"ted B+S0e"!ar as its coordi"atio" !a"a9er.B+S0;* was established as the subco"tractor to perfor! theactual wor i" the Philippi"es. The 0o"sortiu! paid B+S0;*i" acceptable forei9" e#cha"9e a"d accou"ted for i"accorda"ce with the rules a"d re9ulatio"s of the BSP.

    Throu9h a 1ebruary ':5 'CC< ruli"9 the B*R declared thatB+S0;* !ay choose to re9ister as a 3AT perso"s sub?ect to3AT at ero rate. 1or 'CC>5 it filed the proper 3AT retur"sshowi"9 ero rati"9. O" ece!ber %C5 'CC@5 belie$i"9 that itis co$ered by Re$. Re9s. 5 dated 1ebruary %&5 'CC>5

    B+S0;* paid '&I output 3AT for the period Aprilece!ber'CC>5 throu9h the 3olu"tary Assess!e"t Pro9ra! F3APG.

    O" /a"uary @5 'CCC5 B+S0;* was able to obtai" a Ruli"9fro! the B*R reco"fir!i"9 that it is sub?ect to 3AT at erorati"9. O" this basis5 B+S0;* applied for a refu"d of theoutput 3AT it paid.

    a. *s B+S0;* sub?ect to the '&I 3AT or is it ero

    rated 7S3' a$-ary 22' 200@&

    :%. +hat are 3ATE#e!pt tra"sactio"s 7  S3

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    tra$actio$ i $ot -bect to VAT. GRe. Reg. No. 16,200>' Sec. .10F,1 %A&'arra$ge#e$t a$d $-#beri$g -pp!iedI

    :8. 3ATe#e!pt tra"sactio"s disti"9uished fro!3ATe#e!pt e"tities.

    a.  A$ ee#pt tra$actio$' o$ the o$e ha$d' i$o!e good orerice +hich' by their $at-re' are peciica!!y !ited i$ a$d epre!yee#pted ro# the VAT -$der the Ta (ode' +itho-t regard to the ta

    tat- J VAT,ee#pt or $ot J o the party to the tra$actio$. A$ ee#pt party' o$ the other ha$d' i a pero$ or e$tity gra$ted

    VAT ee#ptio$ -$der the Ta (ode' a pecia! !a+ or a$ i$ter$atio$a!agree#e$t to +hich the Phi!ippi$e i a ig$atory' a$d by irt-e o +hichit taab!e tra$actio$ beco#e ee#pt ro# VAT. G(o##iio$er o4$ter$a! Ree$-e . Tohiba 4$or#atio$ E-ip#e$t %Phi!.&' 4$c.' 01>' A-g-t F' 200>I

    b. A$ ee#pt tra$actio$ ha!! $ot be the -bect o a$y bi!!i$gor o-tp-t VAT b-t it ha!! $ot a!o be a!!o+ed a$y i$p-t ta credit=74)E a$ ee#pt party bei$g ;ero,rated i a!!o+ed to c!ai# i$p-t tacredit.

     ::. Tra"sactio"s are e#e!pt fro! 3AT. %S-bect to thee!ectio$ by a VAT,regitered pero$ $ot to be -bect to the a!-e,addedta )#, the o!!o+i$g ha!! be ee#pt ro# VAT8

    %A& Sa!e or i#portatio$ o agric-!t-ra! a$d #ari$e ood prod-ct i$their origi$a! tate' !ietoc/ a$d po-!try o a /i$d ge$era!!y -ed a' oryie!di$g or prod-ci$g ood or h-#a$ co$-#ptio$D a$d breedi$g toc/a$d ge$etic #ateria! thereor.

    )ietoc/ ha!! i$c!-de co+' b-!! a$d ca!e' pig' heep' goata$d rabbit. Po-!try ha!! i$c!-de o+!' d-c/' geee a$d t-r/ey')ietoc/ or po-!try doe $ot i$c!-de ighti$g coc/' race hore' ;ooa$i#a! a$d other a$i#a! ge$era!!y co$idered a pet.

    *ari$e ood prod-ct ha!! i$c!-de ih a$d cr-tacea$' -ch a'b-t $ot !i#ited to' ee!' tro-t' !obter' hri#p' pra+$' oyter' #-e!

    a$d c!a#.*eat' r-it' ih' egetab!e a$d other agric-!t-ra! a$d #ari$e ood

    Prod-ct c!aiied -$der thi paragraph ha!! be co$idered i$ theirorigi$a! tate ee$ i they hae -$dergo$e the i#p!e procee opreparatio$ or preeratio$ or the #ar/et' -ch a ree;i$g' dryi$g'a!ti$g' broi!i$g' roati$g' #o/i$g or trippi$g' i$c!-di$g thoe -i$gada$ced tech$o!ogica! #ea$ o pac/agi$g' -ch a hri$/ +rappi$g i$p!atic' ac--# pac/i$g' tetra,pac/' a$d other i#i!ar pac/agi$g#ethod. Po!ihed a$d9or h-/ed rice' cor$ grit' ra+ ca$e -gar a$d#o!ae' ordi$ary a!t' a$d copra ha!! be co$idered i$ their origi$a!tate.

    S-gar +hoe co$te$t o -croe by +eight' i$ the dry tate' ha apo!ari#eter readi$g o FF.>o a$d aboe are pre-#ed to be rei$ed-gar.

    (a$e -gar prod-ced ro# the o!!o+i$g ha!! be pre-#ed' ori$ter$a! ree$-e p-rpoe' to be rei$ed -gar8

    %1& prod-ct o a rei$i$g proce'%2& prod-ct o a -gar rei$ery' or 

      %& prod-ct o a prod-ctio$ !i$e o a -gar #i!! accredited by

    the B4R to be prod-ci$g -gar +ith po!ari#eter readi$g o FF.>o a$daboe' a$d or +hich the -eda$i-ed thereor' a$d eriied by theS-gar Reg-!atory Ad#i$itratio$' ide$tiie the a#e to be o apo!ari#eter readi$g o FF.>o a$d aboe.

    Bagae i $ot i$c!-ded i$ the ee#ptio$ proided or -$der thiectio$.

    %B& Sa!e or i#portatio$ o erti!i;erD eed' eed!i$g a$di$ger!i$gD ih' pra+$' !ietoc/ a$d po-!try eed' i$c!-di$g i$gredie$t'+hether !oca!!y prod-ced or i#ported' -ed i$ the #a$-act-re oi$ihed eed %ecept pecia!ty eed or race hore' ighti$g coc/'a-ari-# ih' ;oo a$i#a! a$d other a$i#a! ge$era!!y co$idered apet&D

    “Specia!ty eed” reer to $o$,agric-!t-ra! eed or ood or racehore' ighti$g coc/' a-ari-# ih' ;oo a$i#a! a$d other a$i#a!ge$era!!y co$idered a pet.

    %(& 4#portatio$ o pero$a! a$d ho-eho!d eect be!o$gi$g tothe reide$t o the Phi!ippi$e ret-r$i$g ro# abroad a$d $o$reide$tciti;e$ co#i$g to reett!e i$ the Phi!ippi$e8 Proided' That -ch goodare ee#pt ro# c-to# d-tie -$der the Tari a$d (-to# (ode othe Phi!ippi$eD

    %"& 4#portatio$ o proeio$a! i$tr-#e$t a$d i#p!e#e$t'+eari$g appare!' do#etic a$i#a!' a$d pero$a! ho-eho!d eect%ecept a$y ehic!e' ee!' aircrat' #achi$ery' other good or -e i$the #a$-act-re a$d #ercha$die o a$y /i$d i$ co##ercia! -a$tity&be!o$gi$g to pero$ co#i$g to ett!e i$ the Phi!ippi$e' or their o+$ -e

    a$d $ot or a!e' barter or echa$ge' acco#pa$yi$g -ch pero$' orarrii$g +ithi$ $i$ety %F0& day beore or ater their arria!' -po$ theprod-ctio$ o eide$ce atiactory to the (o##iio$er   o 4$ter$a!Ree$-e' that -ch pero$ are act-a!!y co#i$g to ett!e i$ thePhi!ippi$e a$d that the cha$ge o reide$ce i bo$a ideD

    %E& Serice -bect to perce$tage ta -$der Tit!e V o the Ta(ode' a e$-#erated be!o+8

    %1& Sa!e or !eae o good or propert ie or theperor#a$ce o erice o $o$,VAT,regitered pero$' othertha$ the tra$actio$ #e$tio$ed i$ paragraph %A& to %3& o Sec.10F %1& o the Ta (ode' the a$$-a! a!e a$d9or receipt o+hich doe $ot eceed the a#o-$t o O$e *i!!io$ Cie 7-$dred

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    http://www.bir.gov.ph/http://www.bir.gov.ph/

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    tho-a$d Peo %P1'>00'000.00&' Proided' That $ot !ater tha$a$-ary 1' 200F a$d eery three %& year thereater' thea#o-$t herei$ tated ha!! be ad-ted to it pree$t a!-e -i$gthe (o$-#er Price 4$de' a p-b!ihed by the Natio$a! StatiticOice %NSO&. %Sec. 116' Ta (ode&

    %2& Serice re$dered by do#etic co##o$ carrier by!a$d or the tra$port o pae$ger a$d /eeper o garage.%Sec. 11@&

    %& Serice re$dered by i$ter$atio$a! air9hippi$gcarrier. %Sec. 11?&%& Serice re$dered by ra$chie gra$tee o radio

    a$d9or te!eiio$ broadcati$g +hoe a$$-a! gro receipt o theprecedi$g year do $ot eceed Te$ *i! !io$ Peo%P10'000'000.00& a$d by ra$chie o ga a$d +ater -ti!itie.%Sec. 11F&

    %>& Serice re$dered or oerea dipatch #eage orco$eratio$ origi$ati$g ro# the Phi!ippi$e. %Sc. 120&

    %6& Serice re$dered by a$y pero$' co#pa$y orcorporatio$ %ecept p-re!y cooperatie co#pa$ie oraociatio$ & doi$g !ie i$-ra$ce b-i$e o a$y ort i$ thePhi!ippi$e. %Sec. 12&

    %@& Serice re$dered by ire' #ari$e or #ice!!a$eo-i$-ra$ce age$t o oreig$ i$-ra$ce co#pa$ie. %Sec. 12&

    %?& Serice o proprietor' !eee or operator ococ/pit' cabaret' $ight or day c!-b' boi$g ehibitio$proeio$a! ba/etba!! ga#e' ai,A!ai a$d race trac/. %Sec.12>&. a$d

    %F& Receipt o$ a!e' barter or echa$ge o hare otoc/ !ited a$d traded thro-gh the !oca! toc/ echa$ge orthro-gh i$itia! p-b!ic oeri$g. %Sec. 12@&

    %C& Serice by agric-!t-ra! co$tract gro+er a$d #i!!i$g orother o pa!ay i$to rice' cor$ i$to grit a$d -gar ca$e i$to ra+ -garD

    “Agric-!t-ra! co$tract gro+er” reer to thoe pero$ prod-ci$g

    or other po-!try' !ietoc/ or other agric-!t-ra! a$d #ari$e ood prod-cti$ their origi$a! tate.

    %

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    2'>00'000& a$d be!o+8 Proided' That $ot !ater tha$ a$-ary 1'  200Fa$d eery three %& year thereater' the a#o-$t herei$ tated ha!! bead-ted to  their pree$t a!-e -i$g the (o$-#er Price 4$de' ap-b!ihed by the Natio$a! Statitic Oice %NSO&D 

    %& )eae o a reide$tia! -$it +ith a #o$th!y re$ta! $oteceedi$g Te$ tho-a$d peo %P 10'000& Proided' That $ot !ater tha$a$-ary 1' 200F a$d eery three %& year thereater' the a#o-$t herei$tated  ha!! be ad-ted to it pree$t a!-e -i$g the (o$-#er Price

    4$de a p-b!ihed by the Natio$a! Statitic Oice %NSO&D%R& Sa!e' i#portatio$' pri$ti$g or p-b!icatio$ o boo/ a$d a$y$e+paper' #aga;i$e' reie+ or b-!!eti$ +hich appear at reg-!ari$tera! +ith ied price or -bcriptio$ a$d a!e a$d +hich i $otdeoted pri$cipa!!y to the p-b!icatio$ o paid adertie#e$tD

    %S& Sa!e' i#portatio$ or !eae o pae$ger or cargo ee!a$d aircrat' i$c!-di$g e$gi$e' e-ip#e$t a$d pare part thereo ordo#etic or i$ter$atio$a! tra$port operatio$D Proided' that theee#ptio$ ro# VAT o$ the i#portatio$ a$d !oca! p-rchae o pae$gera$d9or cargo ee! ha!! be !i#ited to thoe o o$e h-$dred ity %1>0&to$ a$d aboe' i$c!-di$g e$gi$e a$d pare part o aid ee!DProided' -rther' that the ee! be i#ported ha!! co#p!y +ith the age!i#it re-ire#e$t' at the ti#e o ac-iitio$ co-$ted ro# the date o theee!: origi$a! co##iio$i$g' a o!!o+8 %i& or pae$ger a$d9orcargo ee!' the age !i#it i itee$ year %1>& year o!d' %ii& orta$/er' the age !i#it i te$ %10& year o!d' a$d %iii& Cor high,peedpae$ger car' the age !i#it i ie %>& year o!d' Proided' i$a!!y' thatee#ptio$ ha!! be -bect to the proiio$ o ectio$ o Rep-b!ic ActNo. F2F>' other+ie /$o+$ a “The "o#etic Shippi$g "ee!op#e$t Acto 200.”

    %T& 4#portatio$ o -e!' good a$d -pp!ie by pero$ e$gagedi$ i$ter$atio$a! hippi$g or air tra$port operatio$D Proided' that theaid -e!' good a$d -pp!ie ha!! be -ed ec!-ie!y or ha!! pertai$ tothe tra$port o good a$d9or pae$ger ro# a port i$ the Phi!ippi$edirect!y to a oreig$ port +itho-t toppi$g at a$y other port i$ the

    Phi!ippi$eD proided' -rther' that i a$y portio$ o -ch -e!' good or-pp!ie i -ed or p-rpoe other tha$ that #e$tio$ed i$ thi paragraph'-ch portio$ o -e!' good a$d -pp!ie ha!! be -bect to 10H VAT%$o+ 12H&D

    %3& Serice o ba$/' $o$,ba$/ i$a$cia! i$ter#ediarieperor#i$g -ai,ba$/i$g -$ctio$' a$d other $o$,ba$/ i$a$cia!i$ter#ediarieD a$d

     %V& Sa!e or !eae o good or propertie or theperor#a$ce o erice other tha$ the tra$actio$ #e$tio$ed i$ theprecedi$g paragraph' the gro a$$-a! a!e a$d9or receipt do $oteceed the a#o-$t o O$e #i!!io$ ie h-$dred tho-a$d peo%P1'>00'000&8 Proided' That $ot !ater tha$ a$-ary 1' 200F a$d eery

    three %& year thereater' the a#o-$t herei$ tated  ha!! be ad-ted toit pree$t a!-e -i$g the (o$-#er Price 4$de a p-b!ihed by theNatio$a! Statitic Oice %NSO&.

    Cor p-rpoe o the threho!d o P1'>00'000.00' the h-ba$d a$d+ie ha!! be c$idered eparate tapayer. 7o+eer' the aggregatio$r-!e or each tapayer ha!! app!y. Cor i$ta$ce' i a proeio$a!' aidero# the practice ohi proeio$' a!o derie ree$-e ro# other !i$eo b-i$e +hich are other+ie -bect to VAT' the a#e ha!! be

    co#bi$ed or p-rpoe o deter#i$i$g +hether the threho!d ha bee$eceeded. Th-' the VAT,ee#pt a!e ha!! to be ic!-ded i$deter#i$i$g the threho!d. GN4R( o 1FF@' Sec. 10F %1&' a a#e$ded by R. A.No. F@D +ord i$ ita!ic ro# Re. Reg. No. 16,200>' Sec. .10F,1 %B&' +ordi$ pare$thee -pp!iedI

    :

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    c. Eery a!ie$ reidi$g i$ the Phi!ippi$e o$ i$co#e deriedro# o-rce +ithi$ the Phi!ippi$eD a$d

    d. Eery $o$reide$t a!ie$ e$gaged i$ trade or b-i$e or i$the eercie o proeio$ i$ the Phi!ippi$e. GSec. >1 %A& %1&' N4R( o 1FF@I

    8. ;arried i"di$iduals who are ear"i"9 purelyco!pe"satio" i"co!e allowed to file separate retur"s.

    :. ;arried i"di$iduals5 whether citie"s5 reside"t or"o"reside"t alie"s5 who do "ot deri$e i"co!e purely fro!co!pe"satio" shall file a co"solidated retur" for the ta#ableyear to i"clude the i"co!e of both spouses5  b-t +here it ii#practicab!e or the po-e to i!e o$e ret-r$' each po-e #ay i!e aeparate ret-r$ o i$co#e b-t the ret-r$ o i!ed ha!! be co$o!idated bythe B-rea- or p-rpoe o eriicatio$.” GSectio$ >1 %"& o the N4R( o1FF@I

    0I

      >.  *"di$iduals who are "ot reDuired to file a" i"co!eta# retur".

    a. A$ i$diid-a! +hoe gro i$co#e doe $ot eceed hi tota!pero$a! a$d additio$a! ee#ptio$ or depe$de$t' Provided, That aciti;e$ o the Phi!ippi$e a$d a$y a!ie$ i$diid-a! e$gaged i$ b-i$e orpractice o proeio$ +ithi$ the Phi!ippi$e ha!! i!e a$ i$co#e ta ret-r$regard!e o the a#o-$t o gro i$co#e GSec. >1 %A& %2&' N4R( o 1FF@I

    b. A$ i$diid-a! +ith repect to p-re co#pe$atio$ i$co#e'deried ro# -ch o-rce +ithi$ the Phi!ippi$e' the i$co#e ta o$+hich ha bee$ correct!y +ithhe!d8 Provided ' That a$ i$diid-a! derii$gco#pe$atio$ co$c-rre$t!y ro# t+o or #ore e#p!oyer at a$y ti#ed-ri$g the taab!e year ha!! i!e a$ i$co#e ta ret-r$  GSec. >1 %A& %2&'N4R( o 1FF@' a a#e$ded by Rep. Act No. F>0' paraphrai$g -pp!iedI

    c. A$ i$diid-a! +hoe o!e i$co#e ha bee$ -bect to i$a!+ithho!di$g taD

    d. A #i$i#-# +age ear$er %i a +or/er i$ the priate ectorpaid the tat-tory #i$i#-# +age' or i a$ e#p!oyee i$ the p-b!ic ector+ith co#pe$atio$ i$co#e o $ot #ore tha$ the tat-tory #i$i#-# +agei$ the $o$,agric-!t-ra! ector +here he9he i aig$ed&' a$ i$diid-a!+ho i ee#pt ro# i$co#e ta p-r-a$t to the proiio$ o the Ta(ode a$d other !a+' ge$era! or pecia!. GSec. >1 %A& %2&' N4R( o 1FF@ i$

    re!atio$ to Sec. 22 %77&' both a a#e$ded by Rep. Act. F>0I

    @. ;i"i!u! wa9e ear"ers are e#e!pt fro! i"co!eta#atio". That #i$i#-# +age ear$er %i a +or/er i$ the priate ectorpaid the tat-tory #i$i#-# +age' or i a$ e#p!oyee i$ the p-b!ic ector+ith co#pe$atio$ i$co#e o $ot #ore tha$ the tat-tory #i$i#-# +agei$ the $o$,agric-!t-ra! ector +here he9he i aig$ed& ha!! be ee#ptro# the pay#e$t o i$co#e ta o$ their taab!e i$co#e8 Provided 'further ' That the ho!iday pay' oerti#e pay' $ight hit diere$tia! pay a$dha;ard pay receied by -ch #i$i#-# +age ear$er ha!! !i/e+ie beee#pt ro# i$co#e ta. GSec. >1 %A& %2&' N4R( o 1FF@ i$ re!atio$ to Sec. 22%77&' both a a#e$ded by Rep. Act. F>0I

    . A" i"di$idual who is "ot reDuired to file a" i"co!eta# retur" !ay "e$ertheless be reDuired to file a" i"for!atio"retur". GSec. >1 %A& %&' N4R( o 1FF@I

    C. A corporatio" files its i"co!e ta# retur" a"d pays itsi"co!e ta# four F:G ti!es duri"9 a si"9le ta#able year.  -arter!yret-r$ are re-ired to be i!ed or the irt three -arter' the$ a i$a!ad-t#e$t ret-r$ i i!ed coeri$g the tota! taab!e i$co#e or the +ho!etaab!e year' be it ca!e$dar or ica!.

    '&. A" i"di$idual ear"i"9 fro! the practice of his

    professio" or who e"9a9es i" trade or busi"ess files hisi"co!e ta# retur" a"d pays his i"co!e ta# four F:G ti!es duri"9a si"9le ta#able year .  -arter!y ret-r$ are re-ired to be i!ed or theirt three -arter' the$ a$ a$$-a! i$co#e ta ret-r$ i i!ed coeri$g thetota! taab!e i$co#e or the +ho!e o the preio- ca!e$dar year.

     ''. The purpose of the abo$e four F:G ti!es a yearreDuire!e"t is to !ae a$ailable sufficie"t fu"ds to !eet thebud9etary reDuire!e"ts5 o$ a -arter!y bai thereby i$creai$ggoer$#e$t !i-idity. 4t a!o eae hardhip o$ the part o i$diid-a! +hoare re-ired to #a/e thi o-r ti#e ret-r$. Th-' the tapayer doe $othae to raie !arge -# o #o$ey i$ order to pay the ta.

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    '%. A" i"di$idual ear"i"9 purely co!pe"satio" i"co!efiles o"ly o"e a""ual i"co!e ta# retur"   coeri$g the tota! taab!eco#pe$atio$ i$co#e or the +ho!e o the preio- ca!e$dar year.

    '8. "der the withholdi"9 ta# syste!5 ta#es i!posed orprescribed by the N*R0 of 'CC@ are to be deducted a"dwithheld by the payors fro! pay!e"ts !ade to payees for the

    for!er to pay directly to the Bureau of *"ter"al Re$e"ue .  4t ia!o /$o+$ a co!!ectio$ o the ta at o-rce.

    ':. A withholdi"9 a9e"t is e#plicitly !ade perso"allyliable u"der the Ta# 0ode for the pay!e"t of the ta# reDuired tobe withheld5 i$ order to co#pe! the +ithho!di$g age$t to +ithho!d the ta-$der a$y a$d a!! circ-#ta$ce. 4$ eect' the repo$ibi!ity or theco!!ectio$ o the ta a +e!! a the pay#e$t thereo i co$ce$trated -po$the pero$ oer +ho# the . "der the fi"al withholdi"9 ta# syste! the a!ou"t ofi"co!e ta# withheld by the withholdi"9 a9e"t is co"stituted asa full a"d fi"al pay!e"t of the i"co!e due fro! the payee o"the said i"co!e.  G1t e$te$ce' 1t par.' Sec. 2.>@ %A&' Re. Reg. No. 2,F?I

    The !iabi!ity or pay#e$t o the ta ret pri#ari!y o$ the payor or the+ithho!di$g age$t.. Th-' i$ cae o hi ai!-re to +ithho!d the ta or i$cae o -$der +ithho!di$g' the deicie$cy ta ha!! be co!!ected ro# thepayor +ithho!di$g age$t. The payee i $ot re-ired to i!e a$ i$co#e ta

    ret-r$ or the partic-!ar i$co#e.

    '@. "der the creditable withholdi"9 ta# syste!5 ta#eswithheld o" certai" i"co!e pay!e"ts are i"te"ded to eDual orat least appro#i!ate the ta# due fro! the payee o" the saidi"co!e.  The i$co#e recipie$t i ti!! re-ired to i!e a$ i$co#e ta ret-r$a$d9or pay the diere$ce bet+ee$ the ta +ithhe!d a$d the ta d-e o$ thei$co#e. G1t a$d 2$d e$te$ce' Sec. 2>@%B&' Re. Reg. No. 2,F?I

    '. The two i"ds of creditable withholdi"9 ta#es are %a&tae +ithhe!d o$ i$co#e pay#e$t coered by the epa$ded +ithho!di$gtaD a$d %b& tae +ithhe!d o$ co#pe$atio$ i$co#e.

    'C. Pay!e"ts to the followi"9 are e#e!pt fro! thereDuire!e"t of withholdi"9 or whe" "o withholdi"9 ta#esreDuired-

    a. Natio$a! H -rcharge or !ate i!i$g or !ate pay#e$t GSec. 2?

    %A&' N4R( o 1FF@I %a!o /$o+$ a the de!i$-e$cy -rcharge&' a$db. the >0H +i!!-! $eg!ect or ra-d -rcharge. GSec. 2? %B&'

    I"id.I

    45

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    8. efi"e deficie"cy i"co!e ta#.S3. After resol$i"9 the issues the B*R 0o!!issio"erreduced the assess!e"t. +as it proper to i!pose deli"Due"cyi"terest despite the reductio" of the assess!e"t 7 +hy 7

    S3' a a#e$ded' a$d ico#poed o a Preidi$g -tice a$d eight %?& Aociate -tice'orga$i;ed i$to three %& diiio$.

     8. +hat are the purposes for the creatio" of the 0ourtof Ta# Appeals 7

    S3

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    the Natio$a! 4$ter$a! Ree$-e (ode or other !a+ ad#i$itered by theB-rea- o 4$ter$a! Ree$-e:D %"4V4S4ON&

    2. 4$actio$ by the (o##iio$er o 4$ter$a! Ree$-e i$ caei$o!i$g dip-ted ae#e$t' re-$d or i$ter$a! ree$-e tae' ee orother charge' pe$a!tie i$ re!atio$ thereto' or other #atter arii$g -$derthe Natio$a! 4$ter$a! Ree$-e (ode or other !a+ ad#i$itered by theB-rea- o 4$ter$a! Ree$-e' +here the Natio$a! 4$ter$a! Ree$-e (odeproide a peciic period o actio$' i$ +hich cae the i$actio$ ha!! be

    dee#ed a de$ia!D %The i$actio$ o$ re-$d i$ t+o year ro# the ti#e ta+a paid. Th-' i the precriptie period o t+o year i abo-t to epire'the tapayer ho-!d i$terpoe a petitio$ or reie+ +ith the (TA J"4V4S4ON&

    . "eciio$' order or reo!-tio$ o the Regio$a! Tria! (o-rti$ !oca! ta cae origi$a!!y decided or reo!ed by the# i$ the eercie otheir origi$a! or appe!!ate -ridictio$D %4 origi$a! "4V4S4OND i appe!!ate &!BA!C &

    . "eciio$ o the (o##iio$er o (-to# i$ cae i$o!i$g!iabi!ity or c-to# d-tie' ee or other #o$ey charge' ei;-re' dete$tio$or re!eae o property aected' i$e' oreit-re or other pe$a!tie i$re!atio$ thereto' or other #atter arii$g -$der the (-to# )a+ or other!a+ ad#i$itered by the B-rea- o (-to#D %"4V4S4ON&

    >. "eciio$ o the (e$tra! Board o Ae#e$t Appea! i$ theeercie o it appe!!ate -ridictio$ oer cae i$o!i$g the ae#e$ta$d taatio$ o rea! property origi$a!!y decided by the proi$cia! or cityboard o ae#e$t appea!D %&! BA!C &

    6. "eciio$ o the Secretary o Ci$a$ce o$ c-to# caee!eated to hi# a-to#atica!!y or reie+ ro# deciio$ o the(o##iio$er o (-to# +hich are adere to the o the Tari a$d (-to# (odeD %Thi ha reere$ce tooreit-re cae +here the deciio$ i to re!eae the ei;ed artic!e J"4V4S4ON&

    @. "eciio$ o the Secretary o Trade a$d 4$d-try' i$ cae o$o$agric-!t-ra! prod-ct' co##odity or artic!e' a$d the Secretary o

     Agric-!t-re i$ the cae o agric-!t-ra! prod-ct' co##odity or a