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SURFACTANTS
Karishma Dhuri, Siddhesh Juvekar, Sukanya Das, Shruti Mane, Vinita Basantani, Bhagyeshri Gurav, Priyanka Chakote, Srinivas, Kashmira Kathe
11 INTRODUCTIONSurface-active agents /surfactants molecules which are active at interfaces and possess both polar (hydrophilic) and non-polar (hydrophobic) characteristics in the same molecule.Surfactantslower thesurface tension(or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid.
2When surfactants are dissolved in water they orientate at the surface so that the hydrophobic regions are removed from the aqueous environment.
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Hydrophobic group consist of alkyl chain (long, short, branched).Hydrophilic group consist of alcoholic, quaternary ammonium ,carboxylic.
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CLASSIFICATION
5Every surfactant forms micelles to exhibit its action when it is in the bulk of solutionA micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in a liquid.Once the micelles are formed, the surfactants can then act as detergents, wetting agents, solublizers, suspending agents etc.As we know the surfactants are amphiphilic, two types of micelles are generally observed6
NORMAL MICELLESINVERSE MIICELLES77Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the temperature of the system is greater than the critical micelle temperature, or Kraft temperature.Kraft temperature: (Kraft Point)Temperature above which, certain surfactants show a marked increase in solubilizing power.In a micelle, the hydrophobic tails flock to the interior in order to minimize their contact with water, and the hydrophilic heads remain on the outer surface in order to maximize their contact with water .
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Mechanism of Action
Surfactants can work in three different ways:
(a) Roll-up mechanism: The surfactant lowers the fabric/solution interfacial tensions and in this way lifts the stain of the fabric.
(b) Emulsification: The surfactant lowers the oil solution interfacial tension and makes easy emulsification of the oil.
(c) Solubilization: Through interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in a solvent (water), a substance spontaneously dissolves to form a stable and clear solution10ROLL UP MECHANISM11The surfactant lowers the oil/solution and fabric/solution interfacial tensions and in this way lifts the stain of the fabric.
Emulsification
12The surfactant lowers the oil-solution interfacial tension and makes easy emulsification of the oily soils possible.
SOLUBILIZATIONThrough interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in a solvent (water), a substance spontaneously dissolves to form a stable and clear solution.
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hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
Griffin described Hydrophilic-lipophilic balancescale for surfactantIt is the measure of the degree to which a surfactant ishydrophilcorlipophilic. The HLB system is particularly useful to identify surfactants for oil and water emulsification. It is an arbitrary scale from 0 to20 depicting the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic balance of a surfactant.
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ANIONIC SURFACTANTS1.Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS)Chemical formulaNaC12H25SO4Molar mass288.372 g/molAppearancewhite or cream-colored solidOdorodorlessDensity1.01 g/cm3Melting point206C (403F; 479K)Refractive Index1.46116SensitivityIt has been shown to irritatethe skin of the face, with prolonged and constant exposure. In animal studies SLS appears to cause skin and eye irritationInteraction with fluorideSLS in toothpaste may decrease the effectiveness offluorideat preventingdental caries(cavities).Taste alterationSodium lauryl sulfate temporarily diminishes perception of sweetness17APPLICATIONSSLS is a highly effectivesurfactantand is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues.It can be used to aid inlysingcellsduringDNA extractionand for unraveling proteins inSDS-PAGEPharmaceutically as pre-operative skin cleaner having bacteriostatic actionComponent of emulsifying wax.182. Docusate sodium
Brandnames- Aqualax, Calube, Colace, Colace Micro-Enema, Correctol Softgel Extra GentleInteractions- Docusate should not be used in addition to mineral oil as the emulsifier will result in mineral oil being absorbed rather than functioning as a lubricant for the bowel walls, possibly resulting inforeign body granulomasApplications- It is used as anexcipientin the production oftablets(as alubricant) andsuspensions(as an emulsifier). Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is used as asurfactantin a wide range of applications, often under the name Aerosol-OT
19ANIONIC SURFACTANTBRAND NAMEAlkyl ether phosphatesEMPIPHOS DF seriesDEHSCOFIX 904, 905SURFONIC PE seriesALKANATE P seriesHunstsman International, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAlkyl ether surfactant, ethoxylated ROH sulfonateAvanel S 150 CGNAvensa Chemicals, GurgaonAlkyl ether surfactantAvanel S 74Avensa Chemicals, Gurgaon
20CATIONIC SURFACTANTS1.CetrimideAPPLICATION: Antimicrobial preservative in eye drop -0.005% w/vAntisepetic in skin burns and wounds-0.1-1% Used as shampoo to remove scale in seborrhea-1-3%w/wUsed as cleanser and disinfectant for hard contact lensesIngredients of cetrimide emulsifying wax and o/w cream eg. Cetrimide cream INCOMPATIBILITY:- anionic surfactant , citrate, non ionic surfatants in high concentrationTOXICITY:- ingested orally cause nausea , vomitting , muscle paralysisBRAND NAME :- cetrimide powder
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2.BENZYLKONIUM CHLORIDE
APPLICATION:- Antimicrobial preservative in ophthalmic 0.01-0.02%w/vNasal 0.002-0.02% Parentral 0.01%INCOMPATIBILITY:- anionic surfactant, citrate, non ionic surfactant in high conc.TOXICITY:- ototoxicity-applied to ear skin- hypersensitivity on prolonged contactbronchocontriction- in asthamatic in nebulizer solution
2223CATIONIC SURFACTANTSBRAND NAMECOMPANYAlkyl dimethylamines and alkyl amidopropylaminesEMPIGEN A seriesRemfry & SagarAttorney AddressMillenium Plaza, Sector 27, Gurgaon 122002.Quaternised amine ethoxylatesALGENE WFHunstsman International, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaQuaternary ammonium compoundsALGENE seriesEMPIGEN BAC seriesEMPIGEN BCC seriesEMPIGEN BCM seriesEMPIGEN CM seriesEMPIGEN HBC seriesRemfry & SagarAttorney AddressMillenium Plaza, Sector 27, Gurgaon 122002.
Non-Ionic Surfactants 1. Polyoxyethylene Alkyl EthersCategory: Emulsifying agent, penetration enhancer, solubilizing agent and wetting agentIncompatibilities :Presence of strong electrolyte can adversely affect the physical stability of emulsion containing it.Discolouration or precipitation with iodides, mercury salts, phenolic substances, salicylates, sulfonamides.Incompatible with drugs like benzocaine and oxidizable drugsAntimicrobial efficiency of some phenolic preservative is reduced due to hydrogen bondingIrritation observed at more than 20% concentrationBrands: Cetomacrogol 1000,Cresmer 1000; 25, Volpo CS25, Procol CA-2, Lipocol C-10, Brij 700242.Sorbitan Fatty Acid EstersCategory: Dispersing agent, emulsifying agent (1-10%) , nonionic surfactant, solubilizing agent, suspending agent,wetting agent (0.1-3%)Gradual soap formation seen with strong acid or baseNo known incompatibilities and only occasional hypersensitivity cases have been reported. Daily intake 25mg/kgBrands: Tego SML, Dehymuls SMO, Lamesorb SMS, Protachem STS25NONIONIC SURFACTANTSBRAND NAMEAlkyl polysaccharidesALKADET seriesECOTERIC seriesZauba Technologies & Data Services Private LimitedNo 1/10, II FloorNear Gate No 9APMC Yard, YeshwanthpurBangalore - 560 022Alkylamine ethoxylatesDEHSCOFIX 947DEHSCOFIX 990EMPILAN A seriesSURFONIC T seriesTERIC 16M seriesHunstsman International, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAmine oxidesEMPIGEN O seriesOXAMIN seriesHunstsman International, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaAlcohol EthoxylateLutensol XP 70Ramanand Kidarnath International, Karnataka.
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GENERAL APPLICATIONSSurfactants in suppository bases Many of these bases can be used for for both water Eg) soluble and oil soluble drugs. polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters (tween), polyoxyethylene stearates, and the sorbitan fatty acid esters (Span).
Pharmaceutical adjuvantsThey are added to the drugs asFoaming agents- eg. Shampoos and Lather Shaving Cream to stabilize the foam.27Emulsifying agentsWhen oil is added in water containing surfactant, the oil is surrounded by surfactant
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Wetting agents29
Detergents30
Surfactants for contact lens cleaningSurfactants act as cleansers, which emulsify accumulated oils, lipids and inorganic compounds over contact lenses. Surfactant agents are utilized either with in a mechanical washing device or by placing several drops of the solution on the lens surface and gently rubbing the lens back and forth.
31REFERENCESHand book of excipients
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THANK YOU33
