Superorder Osteoglossomorpha IB 463 - Ichthyology Blake Bushman Blake Ruebush Blake Ruebush.

SuperorderSuperorderOsteoglossomorphaOsteoglossomorpha

IB 463 - IchthyologyIB 463 - Ichthyology

Blake BushmanBlake Bushman

Blake RuebushBlake Ruebush

TaxonomyTaxonomy•Kingdom - Animalia

•Phylum - Chordata

•Class - Actinopterygii

•Superorder – Osteoglossomorpha

•Order – Hiodontiformes

•Hiodontidae – mooneyes

•Order - Osteoglossiformes

•Osteoglossidae – bony tongues

•Pantodontidae – butterfly fish

•Notopteridae – featherfin knifefishes

•Mormyridae – elephantfishes

•Gymnarchidae

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Considered the living sister group of all Considered the living sister group of all other teleostsother teleostsHiodontiformes – Paraphyletic– Greenwood 1970Greenwood 1970

Osteoglossiformes – Monophyletic Osteoglossiformes – Monophyletic CharacteristicsCharacteristics– Nasal bone gutterNasal bone gutter– 0-2 Uroneural bones0-2 Uroneural bones– 15 or fewer caudal fin rays15 or fewer caudal fin rays

HistoryHistory

Superorder – Greenwood, Rosen, Superorder – Greenwood, Rosen, Weitzman, and Myers 1966Weitzman, and Myers 1966Since 1970 many fossils have been found Since 1970 many fossils have been found on all continents except Antarticaon all continents except AntarticaRelated fossil groups – Lycopteridae and Related fossil groups – Lycopteridae and KuyangichthidaeKuyangichthidaeHiodontiformes – McAllister 1968, Taverne Hiodontiformes – McAllister 1968, Taverne 19791979Most primitive living teleostsMost primitive living teleosts

General FactsGeneral Facts

217 species

Most primitive living teleosts

Live in freshwater

Mostly tropical

DistributionDistribution

All continents except Europe

S.A.S.A.– arapaisua or pirarucu, arapaisua or pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (one Arapaima gigas (one

of the world’s largest freshwater fish)of the world’s largest freshwater fish)

N.A.N.A.– mooneye, mooneye, Hiodon tergisusHiodon tergisus– goldeyegoldeye, Hiodon alosiodes, Hiodon alosiodes

Hiodontidae - Mooneyes

Resemble shad

Lateral line and untoothed keel

No spines, 1 dorsal fin

2 species– goldeye, Hiodon alosoides– mooneye, Hiodon tergisus

Osteoglossidae - bony tongues - bony tongues

S.A., Africa, Asia, AustraliaS.A., Africa, Asia, Australia

Large, thick scalesLarge, thick scales

Bony platesBony plates

Large eyesLarge eyes

Osteoglossidae – arapaima, Arapaima gigasArapaima gigas

Amazon River BasinAmazon River Basin

One of the largest FW One of the largest FW fish in the worldfish in the world

450 cm, 440 lbs450 cm, 440 lbs

Gray with orange Gray with orange speckling near caudal speckling near caudal finfin

Popular food and Popular food and sport fishsport fish

50% of body weight is 50% of body weight is boneless meatboneless meat

Pantodontidae – butterfly fish

West Africa riversWest Africa rivers

Calm water with surface coverCalm water with surface cover

Wing-like pectoral finsWing-like pectoral fins

Jump and glideJump and glide

Average TL 10 cmAverage TL 10 cm

Upturned mouthsUpturned mouths

Notopteridae - - Featherfin knifefishes

Africa and S.E. AsiaAfrica and S.E. Asia

Small dorsal finSmall dorsal fin

Adults – brownAdults – brown

Juveniles – brown with barsJuveniles – brown with bars

Brackish waterBrackish water

Can grow to 61 cmCan grow to 61 cm

Mormyridae – elephant fishes

200 species200 speciesHighly evolved electric Highly evolved electric sensesenseProduces and detects Produces and detects electrical fieldselectrical fieldsMouth extended into a Mouth extended into a trunk trunk NocturnalNocturnalTurbid waters – Nile Turbid waters – Nile River, AfricaRiver, Africa9-50 cm (largest found 9-50 cm (largest found 1.5m)1.5m)

Largest cerebellum of any Largest cerebellum of any fish (human ratio)fish (human ratio)Large learning capacityLarge learning capacityPlay behavior

Gymnarchidae

Tropical Africa, Nile RiverTropical Africa, Nile River

Elongate bodyElongate body

No anal, caudal, or pelvic finsNo anal, caudal, or pelvic fins

Wave-like motionWave-like motion

Average size 90 cmAverage size 90 cm

150 cm max.150 cm max.

Electric organElectric organ

Anatomy / Sensory SystemsAnatomy / Sensory Systems

HiodontiformesHiodontiformes– Large eyesLarge eyes– No scales on headNo scales on head– No spines in finsNo spines in fins

OsteoglossiformesOsteoglossiformes– Well-developed teeth on tongueWell-developed teeth on tongue– Primary bite between tongue and Primary bite between tongue and

parasphenoid (roof of mouth)parasphenoid (roof of mouth)– Caudal fin rays – no more than 17-18Caudal fin rays – no more than 17-18

Anatomy / Sensory SystemsAnatomy / Sensory Systems

Osteoglossidae - - Arapaima – Emit pheremones from head to signal danger

to larvae– Surface every 10-20 minutes for respiration

ReproductionReproduction

MOST REPRODUCE DURING RAINY SEASON

Hiodontidae – semibuoyant eggs, drift in streams

Osteoglossomorpha – mouthbrooders and nest Osteoglossomorpha – mouthbrooders and nest buildersbuilders

– Arapaima – eggs and larvae guarded by male and occasionally by female for up to 14 weeks

ReproductionReproduction

Pantodontidae – non-guarding, open water sub-stratum egg scatterers; 80-220 eggs

Notopteridae – eggs laid in small clumps of vegetatin, 1,200-3,000 eggs

Mormyridae – male protects eggs and larvae, 30-200 eggs in a nest

Gymnarchidae – guard eggs

Predator – Prey InteractionsPredator – Prey Interactions

Mormyridae – small crustaceans, insect larva, other invertebrates

Notopteridae – insects, crustaceans, and small fishes

Pantodontidae – surface feeders – insects, insect larva, crustaceans, small fishes

Hiodontidae – aquatic insects, invertebrates, small fishes

Predator – Prey InteractionsPredator – Prey Interactions

Osteoglossidae – arapaima – fish, birds, small mammals (very opportunistic)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A82Pa4AeSPQ v=A82Pa4AeSPQ

Conservation ConcernsConservation Concerns

Osteoglossidae – arapaima– Some areas of the Amazon are being

overfished– Large fish scarce – likely due to larger fish

being harvested more frequently

Popular Aquarium SpeciesPopular Aquarium SpeciesSouth American arowanaSouth American arowana African flying fishAfrican flying fish

Notopterid featherfinsNotopterid featherfinsMormyrdi elephant fishesMormyrdi elephant fishes

Interesting FactsInteresting Facts

Osteoglossidae - - Arapaima

– Scales are sold as fingernail files (6 cm Scales are sold as fingernail files (6 cm long)long)

– Bony tongue is used to prepare dried Bony tongue is used to prepare dried guarana guarana

Notice Large Scales

Review Questions 1Review Questions 1

When do most Osteoglossomorpha When do most Osteoglossomorpha spawn?spawn?

On what continents are On what continents are Osteoglossomorpha found?Osteoglossomorpha found?

What is significant about the brain of What is significant about the brain of the the Mormyridae (elephant fishes)?

Review Questions 2Review Questions 2

Describe the fins of Gymnarchidae and how they move through the water.

What are the concerns about future What are the concerns about future arapaima populations?arapaima populations?

ReferencesReferences"Featherfin Knifefish." "Featherfin Knifefish." Animal-WorldAnimal-World. 3 Sept. 2007. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://animal-. 3 Sept. 2007. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://animal-world.com/encyclo/fresh/knifefish/featherfinknifefish.php>. world.com/encyclo/fresh/knifefish/featherfinknifefish.php>. Fenner, Bob. "The Elephantfishes, family Mormyridae, In Aquariums." Fenner, Bob. "The Elephantfishes, family Mormyridae, In Aquariums." Wet Web MediaWet Web Media. 15 Sept. 2008 . 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.wetwebmedia.com/fwsubwebindex/mormyrids.htm>. <http://www.wetwebmedia.com/fwsubwebindex/mormyrids.htm>. "Freshwater butterflyfish." "Freshwater butterflyfish." WikipediaWikipedia. 8 July 2008. 16 Sept. 2008 . 8 July 2008. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freshwater_butterflyfish>. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freshwater_butterflyfish>. Froese, Rainer. "Gymnarchus niloticus." Froese, Rainer. "Gymnarchus niloticus." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008.. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008.Kirschbaum, Frank. "Osteoglossiformes." Kirschbaum, Frank. "Osteoglossiformes." Answers.comAnswers.com. 15 Sept. 2008 . 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.answers.com/topic/osteoglossiformes>. <http://www.answers.com/topic/osteoglossiformes>. Li, Guo-Qing and Wilson, Mark V. H. 1999. Early divergence of Hiodontiformes sensu stricto in East Asia and Li, Guo-Qing and Wilson, Mark V. H. 1999. Early divergence of Hiodontiformes sensu stricto in East Asia and

phylogeny of some Late Mesozoic teleosts from China. Mesozoic Fishes 2 – Systematics and Fossil phylogeny of some Late Mesozoic teleosts from China. Mesozoic Fishes 2 – Systematics and Fossil Record, G. Arratia & H.-P. Schultze (eds.): 369-384.Record, G. Arratia & H.-P. Schultze (eds.): 369-384.

Helfman, Gene S., Collette, B.B., and Facey, DE. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Inc.Helfman, Gene S., Collette, B.B., and Facey, DE. 1997. The Diversity of Fishes. Blackwell Science, Inc."Mormyridae." "Mormyridae." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 4 Oct. 2004. The Polistes Corporation. . 4 Oct. 2004. The Polistes Corporation. 15 Sept. 2008 15 Sept. 2008 <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=mormyridae>. <http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20o?search=mormyridae>. Ortañez, Kareen A., ed. "Notopterus notopterus." Ortañez, Kareen A., ed. "Notopterus notopterus." Discover LifeDiscover Life. 24 July 2008. 18 . 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 Sept. 2008 <http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=notopterus+notopterus&b=fb799<http://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=notopterus+notopterus&b=fb799 0>.0>.Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr. 1991. Freshwater Fishes. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr. 1991. Freshwater Fishes. Peterson Field Guides, Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 36.Company. p. 36."Pantodontidae." "Pantodontidae." High Beam EncyclopediaHigh Beam Encyclopedia. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1o8-. 16 Sept. 2008 <http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1o8-pantodontidae.html>. pantodontidae.html>. Peters. "Pantodon buchholzi." Peters. "Pantodon buchholzi." Fishbase.netFishbase.net. 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 . 24 July 2008. 18 Sept. 2008 <http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2075>. <http://www.fishbase.org/summary/speciessummary.php?id=2075>. PicturesPictureshttp://www.funebooks.com.sg/images/arowanas/arowana_001.jpghttp://www.funebooks.com.sg/images/arowanas/arowana_001.jpghttp://www.lanzarote.fr/imagenes/flyingfish.jpghttp://www.lanzarote.fr/imagenes/flyingfish.jpghttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?go=http://www.fishbase.org/Photos/ThumbnailsSummary.php%3FIDhttp://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?go=http://www.fishbase.org/Photos/ThumbnailsSummary.php%3FID%3D4519%3D4519http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gymnarchus_niloticus005.JPGhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Gymnarchus_niloticus005.JPG