Summer Training Report

Summer Training Report

1 Department of Civil Engineering, KITE

Practical training report

On

Construction of Educational Building

At

Rajasthan State Road Development & Construction Corporation Ltd.

Unit 3, Jaipur

Submitted in partial fulfillment for Degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Civil Engineering

Submitted To: - Submitted By: -

Prof. S.D. Thanvi Akshay Khandelwal

Civil Engg. Department, 12EKTCE007

KITE, Jaipur

Department of Civil Engineering

Kautilya Institute of Technology & Engineering, Jaipur

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

2015-2016



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. V. B. MATHUR (J. EN., RSRDC),

for giving an opportunity to work in this esteemed organization and their timely

advise to understand my goals. I am grateful to Er. Mahesh Sharma, Er. Eshwar

Prasad (Site Engineer) and Prime Infrastructure Ltd. for their invaluable guidance

throughout my internship period.

My sincere thanks to the Department of Civil Engineering, KITE Jaipur for

encouraging and motivating me to explore the practical side of Civil Engineering. I

express my thanks to all those who helped me directly or by the way.

Last, but not the least, I would like to thanks the authors of various research

articles and books I referred.

AKSHAY KHANDELWAL

12EKTCE007



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report entitled “Construction of Trauma Centre and

Medical College” at Pratap Nagar under “Prime Infrastructure Ltd”. Which is being

submitted by Akshay Khandelwal, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

award of the Degree of Bachelor Technology in Civil Engineer, is a record of

student’s own work under mu supervision and guidance.

The work is approved for submission.

Submitted By: - Guidance By:-

Akshay Khandelwal Prof. S.D. Thanvi

Roll no. 12EKTCE007 Civil Engineering Dept.,

B.Tech (7th SEM) Kautilya Institute

of Technology & Engineering,

Jaipur



ABSTRACT

During my training, my study in this construction site includes several aspects

such as Shuttering and types of Shuttering, Reinforcement of steel, Concreting,

Vibrating, Curing and Water Proofing Course, RMC Plant, Indian Patent Flooring

and also the different safety precautions undertaken at the site for the safety of

labour and staff.

In the present modern world, construction usually involves the translation of

designs into reality. In the field of Civil Engineering, construction is a process that

consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure. Far from being a single

activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job

is managed by a project manager, and supervised by a construction manager,

design manager, construction engineer or project architect.

For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, involved

with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider the

environment impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction

site safety, availability of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public

caused by construction delays and bidding, etc.



Content

I. Introduction

II. Objective of the Project

III. About the Project

Location

Construction type

IV. Technical Report

V. Maps & Drawing briefs

VI. Quality Control and Safety Measures

VII. Equipment used at Site

VIII. Curing And Testing Arrangement at Site

IX. Benefits of the Training

X. Conclusion



1. Introduction

Building is a manmade structure having component such as, foundation, wall,

roof, windows, doors etc. that protect and provide shelter human being and

their goods from effect of harsh weather component like rain, sun, wind, dust

etc. and theft. Factories, houses, schools, hospitals etc. are some common

example of buildings.

Buildings are very essential part of human civilization. The art of building

construction is practiced by people from ancient times. Megalithic Temples of

Malta are some of the oldest structure of world, dating back to 3500 to 2500

BC. Sanchi Stupa is the oldest standing structure of India. The material used in

these buildings is mainly clay, stone, timber etc. and construction techniques

adopted are more laborious, slow and less efficient.

In modern world, the construction technique is much more advance and

sophisticated. There are wide range of building products and system which are

aimed primarily at groups of building types and markets. The design process

for building is highly organized and draws upon research establishments that

include study material properties and performance, official codes, safety

standards, accordance of consumer needs. The construction process is also

highly organized, it include the manufactures of various building component

and system, skilled craftsmen, contactors to coordinate the work of craftsmen

and consultants who specialize in construction management, quality control

and insurance.

Classification of buildings

The buildings are generally classified on the basis of the functions they serve.

Followings are the types of buildings based on occupancy: -

1. Residential buildings

2. Educational buildings



3. Institutional buildings

4. Assembly buildings

5. Business buildings

6. Mercantile buildings

7. Industrial buildings

8. Storage buildings

9. Hazardous building

Residential Buildings: -

These buildings include any buildings in which sleeping accommodation provide

for normal residential purpose, with or without cooking and dining facilities. It

includes single or multifamily dwellings, apartments, houses etc.

Educational Buildings: -

These includes any building used for schools, collages, or daycare purposes

involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not

covered by assembly buildings.

Institutional Building: -

These include any building used for school, college or day-care purpose involving

assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by

assembly building.

Assembly Building: -

These are the buildings where group of people meet or gather for amusement,

Recreation, social, religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition

halls, museums, places of worship etc.



Business Buildings: -

These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and

records and for similar purpose, offices, banks, professional establishments, court

houses, libraries. The principal function of these building is transaction of public

business and keeping of books and records.

Mercantile Buildings: -

These buildings are used as shops, stores, markets for display a sale of

merchandise either wholesale or retail, offices, shops, storage services facilities

incidental to the sale of merchandise and located in the same building.

Industrial Buildings: -

These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are

fabrication , assembled , manufactured or processed , as assembly plant ,

laboratories ,dry cleaning plants , power plants , pumping stations , smoke

houses, laundries etc.

Storage Buildings: -

These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or

merchandise vehicles and animals, warehouse, cold storage, garage, trucks.

Hazardous Buildings: -

These buildings are used for the storage , handling , manufacture or processing of

highly combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn

with extreme rapidly and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage

handlings , acids or other liquids or chemicals producing flames , fumes and ex

plosive , poisonous , irritant or corrosive gases producing of any material

producing explosive mixture of dust which result in the division of matter into fine

particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.



2. Objective of the Project

A trauma center is a specialized hospital that treats victims of physical trauma i.e.

“Physical trauma is defined as blunt, penetrating or burns injury that requires

immediate medical treatment in order for the person who has sustained such

injury to survive. Most often, these types of injury are the result of falls, auto

accidents, gunshots, stabbings and/or burns.

A trauma center is staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week with a trauma surgery

team that is specially qualified to attend to traumatic injury.

After the patient is stabilized, his/her continuum of care is the responsibility of

the trauma center staff until the patient is released from the trauma center.

Trauma center should fulfill the following objectives: -

To provide high standards of trauma care to the patients in accordance

with international standards. This Trauma center will have full range of

specialists (surgical and non-surgical) and equipment available 24 hours a

day, and will be able to admit high volume of severely injured patients.

It will be a referral center for patients from neighboring regions who will

require specialized trauma management and rehabilitation.

Network all regional Trauma Centers in the state of Rajasthan for all

aspects of trauma care including patient care, data collection and support

the establishment of a National Trauma Registry.

To provide immediate action and care to the severe physical emergency

like road accident, fire burns, serious and typical surgeries.



3. ABOUT THE PROJECT

i. LOCATION:-

The site is situated in Sector-8, Pratap Nagar, Sanganer, Jaipur near

Narayana Multispecialty Hospital. The site has an easy access form the all

the directions. The site can be reached from Tonk Road as well as from

Jagatpura or Goner Road.

ii. CONSTRUCTION TYPE:-

The construction type of building is Fire Resistive, Non-combustible

(Commonly found in high-rise buildings and Group I occupancies). This is

the TYPE 1A construction according to IBC.

The building is a Reinforced Concrete Framed construction. Reinforced

concrete (RC) frames consist of horizontal elements (beams) and vertical

elements (columns) connected by rigid joints as well as further

strengthened as necessary by the introduction of rigid floor membranes

and external walls. These structures are cast monolithically— that is, beams

and columns are cast in a single operation in order to act in unison. RC

frames provide resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through bending

in beams and columns.



ADVANTAGES OF THE FRAMED COSTRUCTION:

1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry – consist of only

columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main structural

elements.

2. Very rigid and stable –able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) and

lateral loads (wind).

3. Reduced dead load –absent of thick shear wall etc. 4.Roofed over at an

earlier stage –every floor slab being finished becomes a cover to protect

the lower floors from sun and rain.

5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas –without obstacle between

columns.

6. Flexible utilization of space.

7. Adaptable to almost any shape.

8. Easily altered within limits of frame –regular or non-regular grid system is

very adaptable in spatial arrangement.

9. Offsite preparation possible –especially for prefabricated construction

using precast concrete or structural steel elements.

10. May be designed to accommodate movement 11.Acceptable

distribution of natural light –window openings can be provided easily on

eternal walls.

12. Easy to design structurally including computer design –again, due to

simple geometry.



4. Technical Report

Company Prime Infrastructure Private Ltd.

Client Rajasthan State Road Development & Co-operation

Location Pratap Nagar

Date of Start July 2013

Date of completion February 2016

Number of columns 237

Grade of concrete In slab- M-25 In beam- M-25 In column- M-30

Cement ISI marked Binani Cement(OPC)

Grade of Steel Fe-500 IS: 1786 (HYSD TMT )

Steel bars diameter used 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm

Till 15th December 2015 all the construction work of the building was completed

with flooring. Only painting work was left on the left outer portion and inner

walls.

The sanitary, pipe fitting and electricity/lighting work was running in full swing.

The buildings have independent connections for electricity and water supply and

all the connection work have been completed.

All the floors plan of the trauma centre was symmetrical to each other as well as

from the centre line of plan.

The top floor of the building is protected from rain water entering the joints and

the slab as WATER PROOFING COURSE has been done on the floor and the joints.





The whole building is divided into two blocks:-

i.) Trauma Centre

ii.) Medical College

The contract of Medical College was given to “GLOBAL INFRA. Pvt. Ltd.”

The medical college also was given to RSRDC, Jaipur and its floor is completed till

Aug-15. The tender of the medical college was only till the completion of first

floor. The redistribution of tender was scheduled in Feb-2016.



5. Drawing and Maps Briefing

Plan of Pathology Department

The floor plans of all the five floor are same, so only one floor plan of fifth floor is

attached in the report.

Only the departments are changed on each floor otherwise the whole plan is

same for each floor. Each floor is provided with the particular doctor’s chamber

and the staff. Each department are also provided with their particular laboratories

and equipment handling rooms.



6. Quality Control

It is very important to have a good quality control process on a project.

Depending on the project or the client or executing agent for construction the

Quality Control/Quality Assurance process could be very proscriptive.

Quality control is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a

manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set

of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. On a

construction site usually the contractor (or a third party) is responsible for

performing Quality Control which is ultimately just making sure that they are

completing the work safely and in compliance with the contract.

Quality Assurance is spot checking contract compliance, test results, and

ultimately just making sure that the Quality Control Processes is working. On a

construction site usually the Government or outside third party is responsible for

performing Quality Assurance

It is an overall management plan to guarantee the integrity of Quality Control

Process.

Quality control means rational use of resources.

Quality control procedures implement

i. appropriate mixing,

ii. proper compaction,

iii. correct placement and

iv. adequate curing

Quality control ensures

i. strict monitoring of every stage of concrete production

ii. rectification of faults

iii. Quality control reduces maintenance costs.



Common Mistakes practiced at sites

The cement sand mix in the mortar and brick masonry is made quite early,

prior to its use and in larger quantities than required

The construction materials like sand, bricks, Aggregate etc. are not washed

and are full of deleterious material and dust.

Compaction of bottom strata in foundation work is not carried out.

During concreting of footing, the concrete is poured at a height greater

than 1m.

Generally, trapezoidal footings are resorted to where concrete is never

vibrated.

Reinforced concrete column, being an important part of the structure are

neither mechanically vibrated nor machine mixed.

They are cast in short lifts with increased number of joints.

Cover to reinforcement in column, beams and slabs is insufficient.

No cover to reinforcement in contact of the ground

Misalignment of column at foundation level and rectification at higher

level, leading to eccentric loading.

Reinforced coping at plinth level being an important barrier to dampness is

never densely cast.

Problems Encountered by common mistakes

Cracks in concrete.

Improper bonding between concrete and brick masonry.

Spillage of plaster.

Dampness of walls.

Leakage of slabs.

Cracks in brick masonry.

Settlement of foundation and walls.



Causes of Mistakes

Causes for poor quality can be summarized as: -

Ignorance

Poor materials

Poor design

Poor detailing

Poor workmanship

Improper quantity of cement

Improper concrete mix

Excess water

Inadequate compaction

Substandard forms

Inadequate curing

Inadequate cover

Poor construction practices

Poor supervision

Lack of technical knowledge



Cycle for assuring quality

1. PLAN:- In any quality assuring process PLAN is the foremost important

step. While planning we have to include all the components in a

construction site which needs to be checked for their quality assurance.

2. DO:- In this step we survey the construction site for its quality assurance

and control.

3. CHECK:- In this step we check the components for its quality either at the

site or in a laboratory. The component is taken from site to the laboratory

at the site itself or at the nearest possible place to check its quality.

4. ACT:- In this step the decision is made aacording to the test performed at

the component whether to make any changes or not.



RELATION BETWEEN QUALITY AND COST

With the increase of quality of design, cost increase is exponential but value

addition initially increases, but starts saturating at of some point. Hence the

optimum cost is arrived when slope of both the curves is same



6.2 SAFETY MEASURES

ALL OF OUR SAFETY RULES MUST BE OBEYED. FAILURE TO DO SO MAY RESULT IN

A BIZARE ACCIDENT AT SITE.

1. Keep your mind on your work at all times. No horseplay on the job. Injury

or termination or both can be the result.

2. Personal safety equipment must be worn as prescribed for each job, such as:

safety glasses for eye protection, hard hats at all times within the confines of

the construction area where there is a potential for falling materials or tools,

gloves when handling materials, and safety shoes are necessary for

protection against foot injuries.

3. Precautions are necessary to prevent sunburn and to protect against burns

from hot materials.

4. If any part of your body should come in contact with an acid or caustic

substance, rush to the nearest water available and flush the affected part.

Secure medical aid immediately.

5. Watch where you are walking. Don't run.

6. The use of illegal drugs or alcohol or being under the influence of the same

on the project shall be cause for termination. Inform your supervisor if taking

strong prescription drugs that warn against driving or using machinery.



7. Do not distract the attention of fellow workers. Do no engage in any act

which would endanger another employee.

8. Sanitation facilities have been or will be provided for your use. Defacing or

damaging these facilities is forbidden.

9. A good job is a clean job, and a clean job is the start of a safe job. So keep

your working area free from rubbish and debris.

10. Do not use a compressor to blow dust or dirt from your clothes, hair, or

hands.

11. Never work aloft if you are afraid to do so, if you are subject to dizzy spells,

or if you are apt to be nervous or sick.

12. Never move an injured person unless it is absolutely necessary. Further

injury may result. Keep the injured as comfortable as possible and utilize job

site first-aid equipment until an ambulance arrives.

13. Know where firefighting equipment is located and be trained on how to use

it.

14. Lift correctly - with legs, not the back. If the load is too heavy GET HELP. Stay

fit. Control your weight. Do stretching exercises. Approximately twenty

percent of all construction related injuries result from lifting materials.

15. Nobody but operator shall be allowed to ride on equipment unless proper

seating is provided.



16. Do not use power tools and equipment until you have been properly

instructed in the safe work methods and become authorized to use them.

17. Be sure that all guards are in place. Do not remove, displace, damage, or

destroy any safety device or safeguard furnished or provided for use on the

job, nor interfere with the use thereof.

18. Do not enter an area which has been barricaded.

19. If you must work around power shovels, trucks, and dozers, make sure

operators can always see you. Barricades are required for cranes.

20. Never oil, lubricate, or fuel equipment while it is running or in motion.

21. Before servicing, repairing, or adjusting any powered tool or piece of

equipment, disconnect it, lock out the source of power, and tag it out.

22. Barricade danger areas. Guard rails or perimeter cables may be required.

23. Trenches over five feet deep must be shored or sloped as required. Keep out

of trenches or cuts that have not been properly shored or sloped. Excavated

or other material shall not be stored nearer than two feet from the edge of

the excavation. Excavations less than 5 ft may also require cave in protection

in some instances.

24. Use the "four and one" rule when using a ladder. One foot of base for every

four feet of height.



7. Equipment used at site

In a construction project various type of equipment are used at site to ensure the

quality control of material, to provide elegance to super structure, to lift the

heavy precast component and other construction material such as concrete, steel

bars etc. , to place the precast component with precision, to reduce manmade

mistakes and labour cost. Thus use of equipment accelerate the whole project.

In order to increase work efficiency, it is essential for people to be aware of the

different types of equipment and their specific uses also just to initiate and

further the improvement of work.

There are so many equipment used in the construction area. These equipment

are dedicated to bring ease and convenience for people to have in their work. It is

a fact that not all work can be done by man alone. It is essential for people and

construction workers to improve their work and have convenience and

improvement with the help of equipment.

Bulldozer: -



The bulldozer is a very powerful crawler that is equipped with a blade. The term

bulldozer is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term

actually refers to a tractor that is fitted with a dozer blade. Often times,

bulldozers are large and extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give

them amazing ground mobility and hold through very rough terrain. Wide tracks

on the other hand, help to distribute the weight of the dozer over large areas,

therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or muddy ground.

Bulldozers have great ground hold and a torque divider that’s designed to convert

the power of the engine into dragging ability, which allows it to use its own

weight to push heavy objects and even remove things from the ground. Due to

these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear obstacles, shrubbery and remains of

structures and buildings.

The blade on a bulldozer is the heavy piece of metal plate that is installed on the

front. The blade pushes things around. Normally, the blade comes in 3 varieties:

1. A straight blade that is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be

used only for fine grading.

2. A universal blade, or U blade, which is tall and much curved, and features large

side wings to carry more material around.

3. A combination blade that is shorter, offers less curvature, and smaller side

wings.

Backhoe Loader: -

Also referred to as a loader backhoe, the backhoe loader is an engineering and

excavation vehicle that consists of a tractor, front shovel and bucket and a small

backhoe in the rear end. Due to the small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are

common with small construction projects and excavation type work. Originally

invented in Burlington Iowa back in 1857, the backhoe loader is the most

common variation of the classic farm tractor. As the name implies, it has a loader

assembly on the front and a backhoe attachment on the back.



Anytime the loader and backhoe are attached it is never referred to as a tractor,

as it is not normally used for towing and doesn’t normally have a PTO. When the

backhoe is permanently attached, the machine will normally have a seat that can

swivel to the rear to face the backhoe controls. Any type of removable backhoe

attachments will normally have a separate seat on the attachment itself. Backhoe

loaders are common and can be used for many tasks, which include construction,

light transportation of materials, powering building equipment, digging holes and

excavating, breaking asphalt, and even paving roads .You can often replace the

backhoe bucket with other tools such as a breaker for breaking and smashing

concrete and rock. There are some loader buckets that offer a retractable bottom,

which enable it to empty the load more quickly and efficiently.

Tower Crane: -

Tower cranes are a common fixture at any major construction site. They're pretty

hard to miss -- they often rise hundreds of feet into the air, and can reach out just

as far. The construction crew uses the tower crane to lift steel, concrete, large



tools like acetylene torches and generators, and a wide variety of other building

materials.

Ready Mix Concrete Plant: -

Ready mix concrete plant is responsible to provide undisturbed flow of concrete

to the construction site, so as the concreting can be done right after the

shuttering and reinforcement work is completed. A ready-mix concrete plant

consists of silos that contain cement, sand, gravel and storage thanks of additives

such as plasticizers, as well as a mixer to blend the components of concrete.

These components are gravity fed into the preparation bin. The quality of

concrete can be maintained only if the formulation is carefully administered. The

water dosage in particular must be very precise and the mixing itself must remain

continuous and consistent. To accommodate all of these constraints concrete

plants have been generally automated to ensure reliability throughout the

manufacturing process.



Concrete Pump: -

A concrete pump is a machine used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping.

There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is

attached to a truck or longer units are on semi-trailers. It is known as a boom

concrete pump because it uses a remote-controlled articulating robotic arm

(called a boom) to place concrete accurately. Boom pumps are used on most of

the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high

volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing boom.

The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck or placed

on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted

concrete pump. This pump requires steel or flexible concrete placing hoses to be

manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together

and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps normally

pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller

volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and

single family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.



Other Tools: -

Compactors: -

If the site of the concrete slab is to be prepped with a sub base of any type, a

compactor helps settle the stone or aggregate into position.

Levels: -

Both the sub base and slab surface must be level. A standard long-line level, or a

laser level, will let you verify that the slab is completely to spec before pouring

and after.

Tape measures: -

Concrete forms and slab depth need the same “measure twice, pour once”

verification as any other material on the job site. They are also useful for testing

placement and mapping.

Moisture retarders: -

Moisture or vapor retarders are used to prevent water vapor from intruding on a

finished concrete slab. They are generally placed directly under on grade or below

grade slabs.

Saws: -Reciprocating saws, circular saws or grinders can be necessary to cut rebar

or forms on the jobsite. They can also be necessary if a problem develops under

the slab and a portion of the concrete has to be removed after it has set and

dried.

Shovels: -

Shovels help distribute concrete around the jobsite to fill in gaps left during the

pour process or for smaller applications. Square-ended shovels generally work

better for concrete; rounded ones spread concrete unevenly.

Rakes: -

Using a rake is the quickest way to begin getting the freshly-poured concrete

spread more uniformly into place. Garden rakes work but concrete rakes (also



called “come along” rakes) have a more scooped blade for more easily pre-

leveling new concrete. Concrete rakes also have a tine on the back of the blade to

help lift rebar or mesh into position before the concrete begins to harden.

Tampers: -

Tampers are used with low slump concrete to push the aggregate below the slab

surface. There are types that are used standing on the wet concrete, or roller

types that can be used from the slab edge.

Vibrators: -

Concrete vibrators help release trapped air pockets and excess water from the

concrete mix to prevent possibly compromising problems in medium to high

slump concrete.

Screeds: -

Screeds come in a variety of sizes and can be a specific tool (also called straight

edges or bump cutters), or can be simple flat pieces of dimensional lumber. The

purpose of a screed is to smooth concrete after it has been moved into place by

scraping away any excess from the slab surface.

Bull floats: -

Bull floats are wide-bladed tools on a long (possibly telescoping handle) that

provide the first pass for leveling ridges and filling voids in the concrete after the

screed work has been done.

Magnesium floats: -

Magnesium floats (or mag floats) are smaller handheld floats typically used to

float slab edges or to use for finish work on smaller slabs.

Trowels: -

Trowels also help smooth concrete surfaces for their finish coats before being left

to dry. Hand-troweling is common for smaller slabs, or power trowels are often

preferred for large slabs. There are varying types of trowels for specific concrete

work.

Float blades and troweling blades: -



A variety of blade types is available for floats and power trowels, each designed to

accomplish different finishes. Some care must be taken during the troweling stage

not to burnish the surface and prolong drying time.

Groove cutter/jointer tool: -

For certain job types, grooving the surface also helps prevent cracking or excess

damage from shrinkage as the concrete dries or during use.

Edger: -

An edger is a tool designed to round exposed concrete edges for a smooth finish.

Polishers: -

After the slab has dried sufficiently, polishers can be used to produce a surface

finish effect, from a gentle smoothing of the surface for traction and safety to a

mirror-like shine for an aesthetic finish.

Grinders: -

Grinding can also be used for aesthetic effects like a distressed finish, or is also

sometimes necessary if a slab surface has been over-trowelled and excess

moisture is sealed inside the slab.

Dust collection systems: -

When grinding, polishing, drilling or sawing concrete, a dust collection system

helps clear the work area and protect the health of the onsite workers.

Thermo-hygrometers: -

Ambient conditions play a big role in determining drying time. A thermo-

hygrometer helps monitor both temperature and relative humidity in the space

around the concrete slab and inform potential remediation methods to speed

drying time.

Hammer drills or rotary drills: -

Placing concrete anchors or doing relative humidity (RH) testing require drilling

into a cured concrete slab. Hammer drills (or rotary drills) make the process easier



by combining rotation with “percussion” – a pounding motion that breaks up the

concrete faster for easier installation. And don’t forget the right bits for the job,

too.

Concrete moisture meters: -

Concrete moisture meters can provide handy “spot checks” of drying slabs.

However, care must be taken to remember that they, like the hood method or the

calcium chloride method, only provide an indication of surface conditions.

Relative humidity (RH) test kit: -

For an accurate indication of the internal moisture condition of a drying slab, RH

testing with in situ probes provides effective internal moisture measurement.

Backed by ASTM F2170, RH testing can provide necessary moisture data for

concrete and flooring installers alike and prevent possible moisture-related

problems down the road.



8. Curing and test arrangement at site

Curing: -

There are various methods of curing. The adoption of a particular method will

depend upon the nature of work and the climatic conditions. The following

methods of curing of concrete are generally adopted.

1. Shading of concrete work: -

The object of shading concrete work is to prevent the evaporation of water from

the surface even before setting. This is adopted mainly in case of large concrete

surfaces such as road slabs. This is essential in dry weather to protect the

concrete from heat, direct sun rays and wind. It also protects the surface from

rain. In cold weather shading helps in preserving the heat of hydration of cement

thereby preventing freezing of concrete under mild frost conditions. Shading may

be achieved by using canvas stretched on frames. This method has a limited

application only.

2. Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags: -

This is a widely used method of curing, particularly for structural concrete. Thus

exposed surface of concrete is prevented from drying out by covering it with

hessian, canvas or empty cement bags. The covering over vertical and sloping

surfaces should be secured properly. These are periodically wetted. The interval

of wetting will depend upon the rate of evaporation of water. It should be

ensured that the surface of concrete is not allowed to dry even for a short time

during the curing period. Special arrangements for keeping the surface wet must

be made at nights and on holidays.

3. Sprinkling of water: -

Sprinkling of water continuously on the concrete surface provides an efficient

curing. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs. The concrete should be allowed to

set sufficiently before sprinkling is started. The spray can be obtained from a



perforated plastic box. On small jobs sprinkling of water may be done by hand.

Vertical and sloping surfaces can be kept continuously wet by sprinkling water on

top surfaces and allowing it to run down between the forms and the concrete. For

this method of curing the water requirement is higher.

4. Ponding method: -

This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces such

as floors, roof slabs, roads and air field pavements. The horizontal top surfaces of

beams can also be ponded. After placing the concrete, its exposed surface is first

covered with moist hessian or canvas. After 24 hours, these covers are removed

and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along the pavements. The

area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water is filled between the

ponds. The filling of water in these ponds is done twice or thrice a day, depending

upon the atmospheric conditions. Though this method is very efficient, the water

requirement is very heavy. Ponds easily break and water flows out. After curing it

is difficult to clean the clay.

5. Membrane curing: -

The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing.

Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of

water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven

days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing. A membrane will

prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete. The membrane can be either

in solid or liquid form. They are also known as sealing compounds. Bituminized

water proof papers, wax emulsions, bitumen emulsions and plastic films are the

common types of membrane used.

Whenever bitumen is applied over the surface for curing, it should be done only

after 24 hours curing with gunny bags. The surface is allowed to dry out so that

loose water is not visible and then the liquid asphalt sprayed throughout. The

moisture in the concrete is thus preserved. It is quite enough for curing.



This method of curing does not need constant supervision. It is adopted with

advantage at places where water is not available in sufficient quantity for wet

curing. This method of curing is not efficient as compared with wet curing

because rate of hydration is less. Moreover the strength of concrete cured by any

membrane is less than the concrete which is moist cured. When membrane is

damaged the curing is badly affected.

6. Steam curing: -

Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted. With these methods of

curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.

These methods can best be used in pre-cast concrete work. In steam curing the

temperature of steam should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the

absence of proper humidity (about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon. In case

of hot water curing, temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.

At this temperature, the development of strength is about 70% of 28 days

strength after 4 to 5 hours. In both cases, the temperature should be fully

controlled to avoid non-uniformity. The concrete should be prevented from rapid

drying and cooling which would form cracks.



Test Arrangements

Slump Test: -

This is a site test to determine the workability of the ready mixed concrete just

before it’s placing to final position inside the formwork, and is always conducted

by the supervisor on site. However in mid of concreting process , should the site

supervisor visually finds that the green concrete becomes dry or the placement of

concrete has been interrupted , a re-test on the remaining concrete should be

conducted in particular of the pour for congested reinforcement area

Compacting factor test: -

This is a site test to determine the consistency or workability of concrete and is

conducted in the lab or on site .Nowadays, this test is commonly replaced by the

Slump Test to determine the workability of the green concrete

California Bearing Ratio: -

The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test is a simple strength test that compares the

bearing capacity of a material with that of a well-graded crushed stone (thus, a

high quality crushed stone material should have a CBR @ 100%).

The CBR rating was developed for measuring the load-bearing capacity of soils

used for building roads. The CBR can also be used for measuring the load-bearing

capacity of unimproved airstrips or for soils under paved airstrips. The harder the

surface, the higher the CBR rating. A CBR of 3 equates to tilled farmland, a CBR of

4.75 equates to turf or moist clay, while moist sand may have a CBR of 10. High

quality crushed rock has a CBR over 80. The standard material for this test is

crushed California limestone which has a value of 100.

Compression test: -

The Compression Test is a laboratory test to determine the characteristic strength

of the concrete but the making of test cubes is sometimes carried out by the



supervisor on site. This cube test result is very important to the acceptance of

insitu concrete work since it demonstrates the strength of the design mix.

Rebound hammer: -

Rebound hammer test is done to find out the compressive strength of concrete by

using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311 (Part 2) – 1992.The rebound of an elastic

mass depends on the hardness of the surface against which its mass strikes. When

the plunger of the rebound hammer is pressed against the surface of the

concrete, the spring-controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such a rebound

depends upon the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and

therefore the rebound is taken to be related to the compressive strength of the

concrete. The rebound value is read from a graduated scale and is designated as

the rebound number or rebound index. The compressive strength can be read

directly from the graph provided on the body of the hammer.

Ultrasonic pulse velocity: -

This test is done to assess the quality of concrete by ultrasonic pulse velocity

method as per IS: 13311 (Part 1) – 1992.The method consists of measuring the

time of travel of an ultrasonic pulse passing through the concrete being tested.

Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality is good in terms

of density, uniformity, homogeneity etc.



9. Benefits of Training

i.) Increase Productivity: - Speaking to additional manpower allows you

to take advantage of short-term support.

ii.) Enhance Perspective:- The training enhances the perspective of the

trainee of everything going around him/her in construction.

iii.) Communication Skills: - training inproves the communication skills of

the trainee with the labour and the employees controlling the site.

iv.) Professionalism: - training improves the professionalism in the

trainee as gets to know more about his/her field.

v.) Creativity and Innovation: - the trainee becomes creative and

innovative and new ideas generate in his/her mind. A whole new

perspective opens in front of him/her.

vi.) Diversity: - Diversity training usually includes explanation about how

people have different perspectives and views, and includes

techniques to value diversity.

vii.) Safety: - Safety training is critical where working with heavy

equipment, hazardous chemicals, repetitive activities, etc.,

viii.) Quality Initiatives: - initiatives such as total quality management,

quality circles, benchmarking, etc., require basic training about

quality concepts, guidelines and standards for quality, etc



10. Conclusion

The main aim of this practical training project is to investigate

how a structure is constructed within its desired properties. We

get knowledge about the basic & advanced technique of the

building construction as well as saw the challenges which a Civil

Engineer have to face during the construction i.e. labour problems

cost management environment challenges. We cleared out many

doubts regarding the construction. We had seen ready mix plant

machine at the site, how it functions and maintenance. From

installation to mixing and pumping done by the machine in

monitored by the experienced engineers at the site. We have

seen how top-down construction is done in congested areas

where destruction to the environment construction is safety

precautions.

During the period of 2 months (60days) all the company staff

helped us a lot to provide all the information about any query. So

we are grateful to all the staff of Rajasthan State Road

Development Co-operation and Prime Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. For

their kind support.

Thank You

Summer Training Report

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