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1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our sincere gratitude to our principal for providing us good facilities and proper environment for developing our project and to do it in the required way. We are grateful to our project director for giving us the opportunity to do the project. We are thankful to Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable advice and motivation. We wholeheartedly thank our project instructor Mr. Satya Prakash (Lect. Dept. of Mechanical Engg.), for his valuable advice and support. Also we express our heartfelt thanks to vikaram kumar (HR) for his helpful feedback and timely assistance. We convey our sincere thanks to all other lecturers for their help and encouragement. We thank all our friends who have helped us during the work with their inspiration and cooperation. We truly admire our parents for their constant encouragement and enduring support, which was inevitable for the success of this venture. Once again we convey our gratitude to all those persons who had directly and indirectly influenced on the work. 1
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summer Training report

Jul 09, 2015

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Engineering

Vikash Kumar

mechanical engg
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Page 1: summer Training report

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere gratitude to our principal for providing us good facilities and proper environment for developing our project and to do it in the required way. We are grateful to our project director for giving us the opportunity to do the project. We are thankful to Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering for his valuable advice and motivation.

We wholeheartedly thank our project instructor Mr. Satya Prakash (Lect. Dept. of Mechanical Engg.), for his valuable advice and support. Also we express our heartfelt thanks to vikaram kumar (HR) for his helpful feedback and timely assistance.

We convey our sincere thanks to all other lecturers for their help and encouragement. We thank all our friends who have helped us during the work with their inspiration and cooperation. We truly admire our parents for their constant encouragement and enduring support, which was inevitable for the success of this venture. Once again we convey our gratitude to all those persons who had directly and indirectly influenced on the work.

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2.INTRODUCTION:

Powertrain CoverageIn addition to the 3-year/36,000 mile protection, many of your powertrain components are protected even further with coverage extending to 5 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.

Engine

Engine coverage includes all internally lubricated parts, engine oil cooling hoses, and lines. Also included are all actuators and electrical components internal to the engine (e.g., Active Fuel Management valve, lifter and oil manifold) cylinder head, block, timing gears, timing chain, timing cover, oil pump/oil pump housing, OHC carriers, valve covers, oil pan, seals, gaskets, manifolds, flywheel, water pump, harmonic balancer, engine mount, turbocharger, and supercharger. Timing belts are covered until the first scheduled maintenance interval. Exclusions: Excluded from the powertrain coverage are sensors, wiring, connectors, engine radiator, coolant hoses, coolant, and heater core. Coverage on the engine cooling system begins at the inlet to the water pump and ends with the thermostat housing and/or outlet that attaches to the return hose. Also excluded is the starter motor, entire pressurized fuel system (in-tank fuel pump, pressure lines, fuel rail(s), regulator, injectors, and return line), as well as the Engine/ Powertrain Control Module and/or module programming.

- For trucks equipped with a 6.6L Duramax diesel engine, the diesel engine, except those items listed under “What Is Not Covered” later in this section, is covered for 5 years or 100,000 miles, whichever comes first.

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2. WANTED POSITION 2020

The most profitable in our industry Customers’ closest business partners Captured profitable growth opportunities Proven innovators of energy-efficient transport solutions Global team of high performing people

3. Platinum Fuel Saver

Energy content

From a barrel of oil almost 40% is used to produce gasoline, with the rest used to producea host of products including jet fuel and plastics and many industrial chemicals (The How's and Why's of Replacing the Whole Barrel).

The combustions process of gasoline releases the energy desired. The combustion of thehydrocarbons making up gasoline ideally produces only carbon dioxide, water, and

energy in thefollowing reaction:

2�!�!" + 25�! → 16�0! + 18�!�

Gasoline offers almost 45 MJ/kg. Crude oil has an energy density of 41.9 MJ/kg which is2.7 times that of dried wood. It can be refined into products with an even greater energy densitysuch as diesel fuel, gasoline, and kerosene for instance, which burn much cleaner than coal orcrude oil (Energy Density). With different blends and additives along with the ambienttemperature and season, the energy content can differ about 5%.

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4. Additives

Gasoline is used in many ways and with that there are different preferred results that canbe obtained by using additives. Dyes are used in gasoline to prohibit the use of gasoline withouta road tax intended for off road usage in on road vehicles. Untaxed Gasoline is dyed, while taxedgasoline is clear or white. Another use for dye is in diesel fuel. Highway diesel fuel is not dyed,while not EPA approved highway diesel is dyed red (Fuel and Fuel Additives ). Detergents areadded to clean engines from carbon build up which will help the startup process and engineefficiency. Fuel stabilizers and antioxidants are used to preserve gasoline and can inhibit gumbuild up in the engine if the vehicle is not used frequently. An important focus in gasolineadditives is to find out what additives enhance gasoline combustion by increasing the pressure atwhich it will combust and to make the gasoline combustion complete and uniform.During WWI, it was found that an inexpensive chemical called Tetra-ethyl lead can be

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added to gasoline to significantly improve its octane rating (EPA). With this additive, cheapergrades of octane can be made usable with this chemical. Tetra-ethyl lead, by increasing theoctane, allowed engine compression to be substantially raised. This leads to an increased vehicleperformance and fuel economy. This lead additive used to increase octane rating enableddevelopment of modern high-compression gasoline engines. Yet in the 1970s lead began to bephased out and banned in the US because of the environmental hazards it posed.

Emissions fromleaded gasoline were producing lead aerosols that covered the earth in a thin layer, which ishighly toxic to living things such as humans. With modern refining technology of gasoline, leadadditives are no longer needed to meet desired octane ratings. Other additives were found to achieve the octane ratings needed without causing harm to vehicles or people.

Oxygenates are fuel additives that are an oxygen-bearing compounds that can enhancegasoline combustion and sometimes achieve higher octane ratings. The use of non-oxygenatedgasoline in cold conditions tends to increase carbon monoxide emissions from vehicles. Theclean air act requires use of oxygenated gasoline, in areas where winter time carbon monoxidelevels exceed federal air quality standards (EPA).

Ethanol is an oxygen-bearing compound that is highly effective in enhancing gasolinecombustion. Ethanol is soluble in gasoline and extends life of our oil reserve. Ethanol is also 115octanes and can boost lower grades of octane to higher desired grades. E15, a 15% blend ofethanol in gasoline, works to increase fuel efficiency by improving fuel combustion by addingoxygen to the reaction ethanol burns, thereby reducing exhaust emissions. “With EPA’s June 15,2012 approval of a number of companies’ misfueling mitigation plans, EPA has acted on each ofthe Clean Air Act steps required to bring E15 to market. Some companies have now met all ofthe Clean Air Act requirements related to E15 and may lawfully introduce E15 into themarketplace.” (EPA)

Methyl Tertiary Butyl ether (MTBE) is another common additive and a fairly simplemolecule that is created from methanol. MTBE does not harm catalytic converters. MTBE isuseful because like ethanol it boosts octane. Unlike ethanol, MTBE is thought to be a

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carcinogenic compound and mixes easily with water (MTBE). If gasoline containing MTBEleaks underground, it can easily contaminate our water wells. However, along with MTBE beingreleased into the environment so are other additives along with the gasoline.

5. Platinum Fuel Saver Framework

The Platinum Fuel Saver is a device that uses a mixture of Platinum, Rhodium andRhenium (Robinson, Method for reduction of pollution from combustion chambers) to allegedlyimprove a car’s miles per gallon by 22% (Platinum 22). The inventor, Barnett Joel Robinson,explains the system in his two patents.The Platinum Fuel Saver was originally produced by the National Fuel SaverCorporation. However, at the time of this writing, the Platinum Fuel Saver is produced and distributed by 1800lessgass.com. In 1991, the Environmental Protection Agency released a report on the claims about the Platinum Fuel Saver. (EPA) The report states that Robinson’sclaim of improved mileage was not seen during the tests. “EPA completed the evaluation based on the information available and our technical assessment of the technology. EPA judged thatthere was no technical basis or appropriate test data to support the claims for a fuel economyimprovement or emission reduction due to the device. Therefore, EPA issued a report concludingthat the device would not have an emission or fuel economy benefit. (EPA)” While this does notnecessarily mean that the Platinum fuel saver did not work as advertised, it does raise somequestions since their website has “has now demonstrated on the EPA Federal Test Procedure a48% increase in miles per gallon” (Platinum 22) but the only known test stated otherwise.

7. Platinum Fuel Saver Operation:

Delivery System

Robinson’s first patent described a delivery system, which is used by the Platinum FuelSaver. The delivery system consists of a closed container for water with the platinum solution init that is covered by a thin film of oil (#10 in Figure2). The thin film of oil acts as a means ofcoating the water molecules in the solution to provide proper distribution of the solution to the

8.Lathe machine 6

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Its mainly use for turning, knurling, centring, grooving, drilling etc. it’s very most important tool ( machine tool) because all the mechanical work performed in it. There are many part of lathe machine.

Lathe Components

Tailstock o The tailstock can be used to support the end of the work piece with a centre, or to

hold tools for drilling, reaming, threading, or cutting tapers. It can be adjusted in position along the ways to accommodate different length work pieces. The tailstock barrel can be fed along the axis of rotation with the tailstock hand wheel.

Carriage

The carriage controls and supports the cutting tool. It consists of:

Saddle that slides along the ways.

An apron that controls the feed mechanisms.

Headstock

The headstock is fixed to the bed and is equipped with motors, pulleys and V-belts that supply power to a spindle at various rotational speeds.

BED

The bed supports all major components of the lathe. Beds have a large mass and are built rigidly, usually manufactured from gray or nodular cast iron.

Feed Rod and Lead Screw

The lead screw will cause the apron and cutting tool to advance quickly. This is used for cutting threads, and for moving the tool quickly.

The feed rod will move the apron and cutting tool slowly forward. This is largely used for most of the turning operations.

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Lathe Types:- There are a number of different lathe designs, and some of the most popular are discussed

here.

Engine Lathe It is the basic, simplest and the most versatile lathe. This machine tool is manually

operated that is why it requires skilled operators. Suitable for low and medium production and for repair works.

Turret lathes These machines are capable of carrying out multiple cutting operations on the same work

piece. Several cutting tools are mounted on a tetra-, or hexagonal turret, which replaces the Tailstock. These tools can be rapidly brought into action against the work piece one by

one by indexing the turret

Special Purpose Lathes These lathe machines are used for applications such as railroad wheels, gun barrel and

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rolling mill rolls. The size of the work piece is usually large in these machines.

Tracer Lathes These lathes have special attachments that are capable of turning parts with various

contours. They are also known as duplicating or contouring lathes. The cutting tool follows the path that duplicates the contour of the template.

9.Drilling machine

A drilling machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models. They can perform operations other than drilling, such as countersinking,

Counter boring, reaming, and tapping large or small holes. Because the drilling machines can perform all of these operations, this chapter will also cover the types of drill bits, took, and shop formulas for setting up each operation. Safety plays a critical part in any operation involving power equipment.

Uses of drilling machine :

A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other materials Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting tool is held in the drill press by a chucker Morse taper and is rotated and fed into the work at variable speeds.

Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. They can perform countersinking, boring, counterboring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping Drill press operators must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an acceptable finished product. For instance, a 15-inch drilling machine cans centre-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock. Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the worktable and spindle.

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TYPES OF DRILLING MACHINES:-

There are two types of drilling machines used by maintenance personnel for repairing and fabricating needed parts: hand-feed or power-feed Other types of drilling machines, such as the radial drill press. Numerically controlled drilling machine. Multiple spindle drilling machine, gang drilling machine, and turret drill press, are all variations of the basic hand and power-feed drilling machines. They are designed for high-speed production and industrial shops.

Hand –feed drill machine

The hand-feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machines that are hand-fed by the operator, using a feed handle. So that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through theworkpiece. These drilling machines can be bench or floor mounted.

They are driven by an electric motor that turns arrive belt on a motor pulley that connects to the spindle pulley. Hand-feed machines are essentially high-speed machines and are used on small workplaces that require holes 1/2 inch or smaller. Normally, the head can be moved up and down on the column by loosening the locking bolts.

Power feed drill machine

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The power-feed drilling machines are usually larger and heavier than the hand-feed. They are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool into the work automatically, usually in thousand them of an inch per revolution. These machines are used in maintenance shops for medium duty work, or work that uses large drills that require power feed.

The power-feed capability is needed for drills or cutting took that are over 1/2 inch in diameter, because they require more force to cut than that which can be provided by using hand pressure. The speeds available on power-feed machine can vary from about 50 RPM to about 1,800 RPM. Thus lower speeds allow for special operations, such as counter boring, Countersinking, and reaming.

10.Vertical mini drilling / milling machine This Mini Milling/Drilling Machine is capable of machining metal and non metallic stock

by cutting, drilling, and milling. It can cut circular surfaces, both inside and out, cones, mill planes or grooves, and other cutting functions depending on the tools used. The machine consists of the following main components as shown in the photo below.

o

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Specification of mini vertical milling / drilling machine table

ITEM DESCRIPTION Motor 4/5 HP Speed ranges 0 ~ 1100 low RPM and 0 ~ 2500 high

RPM Spindle R-8 Taper Chuck JT33 Taper; 7/64 to 1/2 inch capacity End mill capacity 1/2 inch Face mill capacity 1 inch Drill capacity 1/2 inch Power consumption 120 VAC, 60 Hz, single phase Weight 115 lbs.

11. WELDING

Welding is a fabrication process used to join materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, together. During welding, the pieces to be joined (the work pieces) are melted at the joining interface and usually a filler material is added to form a pool of molten material (the weld pool) that solidifies to become a strong joint.

In contrast, Soldering and Brazing do not involve melting the work piece but rather a lower-melting-point material is melted between the work pieces to bond them together.

Welding Terminology

There is some special technical vocabulary (or language) that is used in welding. The basic terms of the welding language include:

Filler Material: When welding two pieces of metal together, we often have to leave space between the joint. The material that is added to fill this space during the welding process is known as the filler material (or filler metal). Two types of filler metals are commonly used in welding are welding rods and welding electrodes.

Welding Rod: The term welding rod refers to a form of filler metal that does not conduct an electric current during the welding process. The only purpose of a welding rod

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is to supply filler metal to the joint. This type of filler metal is often used for gas welding.

Electrode:In electric-arc welding, the term electrode refers to the component that conducts the current from the electrode holder to the metal being welded. Electrodes are classified into two groups: consumable and non-consumable.

Consumable electrodes not only provide a path for the current but them also supply filler metal to the joint. An example is the electrode used in shielded metal-arc welding.

Non-consumable electrodes are only used as a conductor for the electrical current, such as in gas tungsten arc welding. The filler metal for gas tungsten arc welding is a hand fed consumable welding rod.

Flux: Before performing any welding process, the base metal must be cleaned form impurities such as oxides (rust). Unless these oxides are removed by using a proper flux, a faulty weld may result. The term flux refers to a material used to dissolve oxides and release trapped gases and slag (impurities) from the base metal such that the filler metal and the base metal can be fused together. Fluxes come in the form of a paste, powder, or liquid. Different types of fluxes are available and the selection of appropriate flux is usually based on the type of welding and the type of the base metal.

Types of Welding

There are many different types of welding processes and in general they can be categorized as:

Arc Welding: A welding power supply is used to create and maintain an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point. In such welding processes the power supply could be AC or DC, the electrode could be consumable or non-consumable and a filler material may or may not be added.

The most common types of arc welding are:

Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):

A process that uses a coated consumable electrode to lay the weld. As the electrode melts, the (flux) coating disintegrates, giving off shielding gases that protect the weld

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area from atmospheric gases and provides molten slag which covers the filler metal as it travels from the electrode to the weld pool. Once part of the weld pool, the slag floats to the surface and protects the weld from contamination as it solidifies. Once hardened, the slag must be chipped away to reveal the finished weld.

Fig no. 5 (shielded metal arc welding)

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW): A process in which a continuous and consumable wire electrode and a shielding gas (usually an argon and carbon dioxide mixture) are fed through a welding gun.

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): A process that uses a no consumable tungsten electrode to produce the weld. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by a shielding gas, and a filler metal that is fed manually is usually used.

o Gas Welding: In this method a focused high temperature flame generated by gas combustion is used to

melt the work pieces (and filler) together. The most common type of gas welding is Oxy-fuel welding where acetylene is combusted in oxygen

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Fig no. 6 (gas welding)

o Resistance Welding: Resistance welding involves the generation of heat by passing a high current (1000–

100,000 A) through the resistance caused by the contact between two or more metal surfaces where that causes pools of molten metal to be formed

At the weld area.

(Fig. of resistance welding)

o Solid-State Welding: In contrast to other welding methods, solid-state welding processes do not involve the

melting of the materials being joined. Common types of solid-state welding include; ultrasonic welding, explosion welding, etc.

12. What are Gear Trains?

o As the name indicates it is the train of gears. When more than one gear is arranged together for transmitting torque or power from one system to another system then the arrangement is called a gear train. The size of the gear trains can be very small (in a wristwatch) to very large (in an industrial gear box).The arrangement of the

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gear train depends upon the amount of torque to be transmitted, the orientation of the input and the output shafts, and the size of the gear box.

Types of Gear Trains

Simple Gear Trains: In this type of gear train, only a pair of gears is engaged with each other. The input and the output shaft are necessarily being parallel to each other.

o As the gear reduction ratio increases, the size of the gear train also increases, and this is one of the limitations of using simple gear trains for large reduction ratio.

o

Compound Gear Train: More than one gear is fixed to one shaft for the compound gear train.You can see from the above picture that a compound gear train is actually combination of more than one simple gear train. For large reduction ratios, compound gear trains are preferred over simple gear trains.

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Reverted Gear Train: This is also a kind of compound gear train. Here, the input shaft and output shaft are collinear to each other.

Variable Gear Train: Variable gear train is a compound gear train, which has a

variable gear reduction ratio. These types of gear trains are used widely in automobile manual transmission systems. See the above two pictures to understand how the gear reduction ratio can vary from 1:2 to 1:5. The variable gear train is often coupled with a clutch. The clutch is activated while shifting the gear from one ratio to another one. The

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reason why most automobiles use this gear train is because of its ability to achieve variable gear ratio without increasing complexity or decreasing efficiency.

Sun and Planet Gear Trains : Here, different gears are arranged in a cyclic manner instead of the linear manner. That’s why this arrangement is also known as epicyclic gear train. The sun and planet gear train is constructed using a big gear at center (sun) and few small surrounding gears (planet) typically. However, more complex types of epicyclic gears are also used, where the compound gears and ring gears are used in the gear train.

Gear designe and engg data for differential gear

Description: AGMA Fine Pitch Tolerances for Gears, Critical Scuffing Temperature for Gears, Gear Application, Gear Pitch Conversions, Gear and Tooth Component Illustration, Gear Formula, Gear Terminology and

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Definitions, Gears Lubrication General, Gear Type and Overview, Gears Wear, Failure and Lubrication, Gear Pitting and Lubrication, Gear Lubricant Characteristics and Viscosity, more..

Using the Car Gears

Essentially the rule is: The higher your speed the higher your gear, the lower your speed the lower your gear

1st is lowest and 5th or 6th is highest

Before you read through the next section imagine for a moment you're on a bicycle

When you first move off you have to put a lot of energy into making your bicycle move, but as you pick up speed you gradually reduce the energy needed to maintain your higher speed.

If you brake and slow down you have to increase the energy to get you going again

You can apply the same logic to the gears in your car

Just imagine going round a corner on a bicycle, you'd slow down on the approach and then use more energy to increase your speed once you'd straightened up in your new road

Need more acceleration on a bicycle?

Then pedal harder

Need more acceleration in a car?

Then use a lower gear to make the engine work harder

OK, what do the gears actually do?

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1ST GEAR: Think of this gear as. "When I first move". The engine has to work hard to move the car, you and your passengers from a stationary position

2ND GEAR: OK, 1ST gear got you going, so does the engine need to work quite so hard now that it's got you moving? That's 2ND gear

3RD GEAR: As your speed increases and the car picks up even more momentum, the car doesn't need to work quite so hard as it did in 2ND gear. That's 3RD gear

4TH GEAR: Now you've got your speed up to a suitable level, let's say 30mph. Your engine doesn't need to work quite so hard to maintain this chosen speed. That's 4TH gear

5TH GEAR: This one causes confusion. Some engines run happily in 5TH gear at 30mph, others struggle

6TH GEAR: gear is best used when you have a constant speed that your engine is happy with

Gears allow a car to be driven with the minimum strain on the engine. Modern cars usually have five forward and one reverse gear, although some cars now have a sixth forward which gives greater fuel economy when driving at higher speeds over longer distances.

To change gear in a car:

Release the accelerator pedal and at the same time press the clutch pedal down.

Remove your left hand from the steering wheel, cup it around the gear knob and move the lever gently but positively from one position to another.

Return your left hand to the steering wheel.

Release the clutch pedal slowly and simultaneously apply power by pressing down on the accelerator pedal.

Whilst changing gear you must always keep your eyes on the road. The sound of the engine can tell you when you need to change gear. As you accelerate the engine will come to sound whiny and take on a higher pitch. This is because the engine is reaching its limits for the gear you are in. When you hear this you should change up.

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Remember:

The low gears provide lots of acceleration but run out of steam before the vehicle is moving very quickly.

The high gears provide the speed but not the acceleration.

For a smooth ride you should avoid "snatching" (changing gear with too much force). To make the gear change smoother, let the gearshift pause for a second as it crosses the neutral zone.

On your driving test the examiner will expect you to:

Choose the right gear for the speed you need to travel at, and for the road conditions you face.

Change gear smoothly, safely and under control.

Return your hand to the steering wheel once you have changed gear.

Don't look at the gear lever while changing gear.

Don't coast with the clutch pedal down or the gear lever in neutral.

Block changing

You don't have to use the gears in exact sequence. Where appropriate, you can miss a gear. This is called block changing. Say you are driving at 60mph but have to brake and slow the car to 20mph. Here you wouldn't have to change down through the gears but could go from fifth to third, or even to second. Likewise, you can block change up, while accelerating you could change from third into fifth, a method which helps save fuel. Block changes also reduces wear on the clutch as it is used less often.

Selecting a lower gear whilst accelerating

Lower gears provide greater power and acceleration. Sometimes you will need to change to a lower gear because you need a burst of power and acceleration, for example when overtaking.

The engine brake

When you remove your foot from the accelerator the engine automatically slows the car, this is known as the engine brake. In high gears this effect is hardly noticeable but in low gears the engine brake is much more noticeable and is an effective way of slowing the car.

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Driving downhill

You should select a lower gear when driving downhill, so the engine brake helps to control your speed.

FIRST - The gear giving the greatest power but lowest speed. Used for moving off, manoeuvres and negotiating hazards.

SECOND - Used for slow speed situations such as roundabouts and junctions, for moving off downhill and for increasing speed after moving off.

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THIRD - Used for driving uphill, through a hazard at speed and where a greater degree of power is needed than fourth will allow.

FOURTH - Low power but the greatest speed range. Used for most driving situations at and over 30 mph where there are no hazard to negotiate.

FIFTH - Lowest power, highest speed. Used for high speed cruising on dual carriageways, motorways and other such open roads.

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REVERSE - A high powered gear used for driving the vehicle backwards.

on your test, when changing gears, the examiner will expect you to: Use the controls smoothly and correctly

Balance the accelerator and clutch to move away smoothly

Accelerate evenly

Avoid stalling the car

Choose the right gear and change in good time before a hazard

Brake gently and in good time

Know how and when to apply the hand brake

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On your driving test, when steering a car, the examiner will expect you to:

Hold the steering wheel at either the ten-to-two or quarter-to-three position.

Steer smoothly and at the correct time.

Avoid crossing your hands over one another when turning.

Avoid letting the wheel spin back through your hands when straightening up.

Avoid weaving in and out between parked cars.

Obey lane markings.

You should keep both hands on the steering wheel all the time the car is moving unless operating another hand control or giving a signal. You should never take both hands off the wheel whilst the vehicle is moving.

To steer a straight course, look well ahead - you will always tend to go where you are looking. You must be able to operate the main controls without looking at them, and away from the road. Looking down to locate any such controls will result in the vehicle wandering from side to side.

Pull Push Steering

o To turn the car you should use the 'push-pull' method. This means feeding the steering wheel through your hands so that one hand is always gripping the wheel. For example, to turn right, pull the steering wheel downwards with your right hand and at the same time slide your left hand down the rim so that both hands end up at the same height on the wheel. Then change the grip to your left hand and push the wheel further round, at the same time allowing your right hand to slide up the rim of the wheel. You may need to repeat these steps according to the angle through which the front wheels need to turn.

o

Dry Steering

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o Turning the steering wheel when the car isn't moving is called dry steering. This is something you should try and avoid as it puts undue strain on the steering mechanism and causes premature wear to the front tyres. If carrying out a low speed manoeuvre, such as turning in the road, you should get the car moving before you start to steer.

Steering Lock

When you turn the steering wheel as far as it will go it is at full lock. This is the maximum angle the front wheels will reach. On full lock the car's turning circle is at it's smallest.

Safety Tip

When removing a hand from the steering wheel to operate other controls such as the radio, always make sure you are steering straight ahead, as steering around a bend with only one hand on the steering wheel makes it much more difficult to accurately steer the car.

Power-Assisted Steering (PAS)

Nearly all cars have PAS fitted as standard. It makes steering a car a lot easier as less physical effort is needed to turn the steering wheel. It is especially useful when manoeuvring a car at low speeds, so is a great help when parking in tight spaces etc.

13.MY ROLL IN COMPANY:

Record the no. of machine open

Find out region to opening the machine

To find out the solution of problem by help of supervisor

Record the tools used in the dissemble the machine

Record the equipment change the machine

Help the machine assembling process

To check gear teeth, oiling level grease

Clean the different internal part of machine

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To check the fault of machine with group work

Basic cleaning the machine

Keep knowledge of opened machine etc.

14.REASION FOR TRAINING:

To apply theoretical knowledge in industries

To improve the technical skills

To improve the knowledge about different machine

To take the information of industry working method

Taking the idea about group working

To improve the knowledge about tools used in the maintenance section

To changing the theoretical knowledge into industry practically work

Improvement of personal skills

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15.FEATURE OF COMPANY

The good marketing demand of the machine parts which making this company

Improvement the size of company

Making market value and position of this company.

16.MY WORK

I have keep record about all machine operation

Component used in the machine

Cleaning the machine

To help the assembling and dissembling the machine

Changing the component of machine

Record the machine Para meter

Keep the name of internal machine parts

Check the strength of machine parts

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Keep the production record etc.

17.CONCLUSION

o Hence I have completed my summer training, so I am satisfying my complete working method. In the treading period I am taking lot of information about practically in my related field. Very large improvement of knowledge about machine which are used in the company, cleared the practically problems. In the training period uses tools which different types.

The obtained results show good for me it’s so helpful for me & my career.

I have studied & worked in these all the machining operation that’s so important for me.

18.REFERENCE

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All figure are taking www.piatinumchevrolet.com All theoretical data are taking by company manuals All tables are taking by hand file of production department of this company

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