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Subhas Chandra Bose

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Subhas Chandra BoseFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSubhas Chandra Bose

Subhas Chandra Bose

Born23 January 1897Cuttack,Orissa Division, Bengal Province, India

Died18 August 1945[1]Taipei,Taiwan[1]

NationalityIndian

AlmamaterUniversity of CalcuttaUniversity of Cambridge

KnownforFigure ofIndian independence movement

TitlePresident ofIndian National Congress(1938)Head of State, Prime Minister, Minister of War and Foreign Affairs ofProvisional Government of Free Indiabased in the Japanese-occupiedAndaman and Nicobar Islands(19431945)

Political partyIndian National Congress19211940,Forward Blocfaction within the Indian National Congress, 19391940

ReligionHinduism

Spouse(s)or companion,[2]Emilie Schenkl(secretly married without ceremony or witnesses in 1937, unacknowledged publicly by Bose.[3])

ChildrenAnita Bose Pfaff

RelativesSarmila Bose

Signature

Subhas Chandra Bose(listen(helpinfo); 23 January 1897 18 August 1945(aged48)[1]) was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India, but whose attempt duringWorld War IIto rid India ofBritish rulewith the help ofNazi GermanyandJapanleft a troubled legacy.[4][5][6]The honorificNetaji(Hindustani language: "Respected Leader"), first applied to Bose in Germany, by the Indian soldiers of theIndische Legionand by the German and Indian officials in theSpecial Bureau for Indiain Berlin, in early 1942, is now used widely throughout India.[7]Earlier, Bose had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of theIndian National Congressin the late 1920s and 1930s, rising to become Congress President in 1938 and 1939.[8]However, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions in 1939 following differences withMohandas K. Gandhiand the Congress high command.[9]He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in 1940.[10]Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's independence, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonised peoples and ethnic communities.[11][12]In November 1941, with German funds, a Free India Centre was set up inBerlin, and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A 3,000-strongFree India Legion, comprising Indians captured byErwin Rommel'sAfrika Korps, was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India.[13]During this time Bose also became a father; his wife,[3]or companion,[2]Emilie Schenkl, whom he had met in 1934, gave birth to a baby girl.[3][11]By spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in southeast Asia and changing German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia.[14]Adolf Hitler, during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same, and offered to arrange for a submarine.[15]Identifying strongly with theAxis powers, and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943.[16][17]In Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked inJapanese-heldSumatrain May 1943.[16]With Japanese support, Bose revamped theIndian National Army(INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in theBattle of Singapore.[18]To these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those inBurma, thePhilippinesandManchukuo. Before long theProvisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was formed in the Japanese-occupiedAndaman and Nicobar Islands.[18][19]Bose had great drive and charismacreating popular Indian slogans, such as "Jai Hind,"and the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and even gender. However, Bose turned out to be militarily unskilled,[20]and his military effort was short lived. In late 1944 and early 1945 theBritish Indian Armyfirst halted and then devastatingly reversed the Japaneseattack on India. Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent were killed.[21]The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula, and surrendered with therecapture of Singapore. Bose had earlier chosen not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese, but rather to escape to Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to be turning anti-British. He died from third degree burns received when his plane crashed in Taiwan.[22]Some Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred,[23]with many among them, especially in Bengal, believing that Bose would return to liberate India.[24][25]The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology, especially his collaboration with Fascism.[26]TheBritish Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA,[27][28]charged 300 INA officers with treason in theINA trials, but eventually backtracked in the face both of popular sentiment and of its own end.[29][26][6]Contents[hide] 1Early life: 18971921 2With Indian National Congress: 19211932 3Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl 19331937 4With Indian National Congress 19371940 5In Nazi Germany: 19411943 6In Japanese-occupied Asia 19431945 7Death on 18 August 1945 8Ideology 9Legacy 10References 10.1Notes 10.2Citations 10.3Books citedEarly life: 18971921

Subhas Bose, standing, extreme right, with his large family of 14 siblings inCuttack, ca. 1905.

Jankinath Bose, Subhas Bose's father, was a prominent and wealthy lawyer in Cuttack.

Subhas Bose (standing, right) with friends in England, 1920

Bose as a student in England preparing for hisIndian Civil Serviceentrance examination, ca. 1920. Bose ranked fourth among the six successful entrants.

Subhas Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 (at 12.10 pm) inCuttack,Orissa Division, Bengal Province, to Prabhavati Devi andJanakinath Bose, an advocate.[30]He was the ninth child of a total of fourteen siblings. He was admitted to the Protestant European School like his other brothers and sisters in January 1902. He continued his studies at this school which was run by the Baptist Mission up to the year 1909 and then shifted to theRavenshaw Collegiate School. The day Subhas was admitted to this school, Beni Madhav Das, the then Headmaster of the school, understood how brilliant and scintillating was the genius of this little boy. After securing the second position in the matriculation examination in 1913, he got admitted to thePresidency Collegewhere he studied briefly.[31]His nationalistic temperament came to light when he was expelled for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latter's anti-India comments. He later joined theScottish Church Collegeat theUniversity of Calcuttaand passed his B.A. in 1918 in philosophy.[32]Bose left India in 1919 for England with a promise to his father that he would appear in theIndian Civil Services(ICS) Examination. He went to study inFitzwilliam College, Cambridge, and matriculated on 19 November 1919. He came fourth in the ICS examination and was selected but he did not want to work under an alien government which would mean serving the British. As he stood on the verge of taking the plunge by resigning from the Indian Civil Service in 1921, he wrote to his elder brother Sarat: "Only on the soil of sacrifice and suffering can we raise our national edifice".[33]Finally, he resigned from his civil service job on 23 April 1921 and returned to India.[34]With Indian National Congress: 19211932

Bose at the inauguration of the India Society inPraguein 1926.

Bose at his residence inCalcuttain the late 1920s.

Subhas Bose, GOC (General Officer Commanding) of the Congress Volunteer Corps (in military uniform) with Congress president,Motilal Nehru, who is taking the salute. Annual meeting, Indian National Congress, December 29, 1928.

Subhas Chandra Bose with Congress Volunteers, 1929

He started the newspaperSwarajand took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee.[35]His mentor wasChittaranjan Daswho was a spokesman for aggressive nationalism inBengal. In the year 1923, Bose was elected the President of All India Youth Congress and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress. He was also editor of the newspaper "Forward", founded by Chittaranjan Das.[36]Bose worked as the CEO of theCalcutta Municipal Corporationfor Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.[34]In a roundup of nationalists in 1925, Bose was arrested and sent to prison inMandalay, where he contractedtuberculosis.[37]In 1927, after being released from prison, Bose became general secretary of the Congress party and worked withJawaharlal Nehrufor independence. In late December 1928, Bose organized the Annual Meeting of theIndian National Congressin Calcutta.[38]His most memorable role was as General Officer Commanding (GOC) Congress Volunteer Corps.[38]AuthorNirad Chaudhuriwrote about the meeting:... Bose organized a volunteer corps in uniform, its officers being even provided with steel-cut epaulettes ... his uniform was made by a firm of British tailors in Calcutta, Harman's. A telegram addressed to him as GOC was delivered to the British General in Fort William and was the subject of a good deal of malicious gossip in the (British Indian) press. Mahatma Gandhi being a sincere pacifist vowed to non-violence, did not like the strutting, clicking of boots, and saluting, and he afterwards described the Calcutta session of the Congress as a Bertam Mills circus, which caused a great deal of indignation among the Bengalis.[38]A little later, Bose was again arrested and jailed for civil disobedience; this time he emerged to become Mayor ofCalcuttain 1930.[37]During the mid-1930s Bose travelled in Europe, visiting Indian students and European politicians, includingBenito Mussolini. He observed party organisation and saw communism and fascism in action.[citation needed]In this period, he also researched and wrote the first part of his bookThe Indian Struggle, which covered the country's independence movement in the years 19201934. Although it was published in London in 1935, the British government banned the book in the colony out of fears that it would encourage unrest.[39]By 1938 Bose had become a leader of national stature and agreed to accept nomination as Congress President.Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevarknown for his close friendship with Nethaji Subash Chandra Bose.Illness, Austria, Emilie Schenkl 19331937This articleis in a list format that may be better presented usingprose.You can help by converting this article to prose, ifappropriate.Editing helpis available.(December 2013)

Bose convalescing inBad Gastein, Austria, after surgery in early 1933.

Bose withEmilie Schenkl, in Bad Gastein, Austria, 1936.

Bose in the Himalayan resort town ofDalhousie, India(June 1937), where he was convalescing, receivingMirabehn, a disciple and emissary ofMahatma Gandhi, who had been sent by Gandhi to enquire about his health. From left to right are shown: Bose, Dr. N. R. Dharamvir (Bose's friend and physician), Mirabehn, and Mrs. Dharamvir.

Bose,Indian National Congresspresident-elect, center, in Bad Gastein, Austria, December 1937, with (left to right)A. C. N. Nambiar(who was later to be Bose's second-in-command in Berlin, 19411945), Heidi Fulop-Miller,Emilie Schenkl, and Amiya Bose.

With Indian National Congress 19371940

Bose, the president-elect of the Indian National Congress, arrives in Calcutta on 24 January 1938 after a two-month vacation in Europe where he had spent one and a half months withEmilie Schenklat the spa resort ofBad Gastein,[40]and had secretly married her on 26 December 1937.[41]

Congress president Bose with Mohandas K. Gandhi at the Congress annual general meeting 1938.

Bose at theLahoreCity Railway Station on 24 November 1938.

Bose arriving at the 1939 annual session of the Congress, where he was re-elected, but later had to resign after disagreements with Gandhi and the Congress High Command.

He stood for unqualifiedSwaraj(self-governance), including the use of force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Mohandas Gandhi, who in fact opposed Bose's presidency,[42]splitting theIndian National Congressparty. Bose attempted to maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The rift also divided Bose and Nehru. Bose appeared at the 1939 Congress meeting on a stretcher. He was elected president again over Gandhi's preferred candidatePattabhi Sitaramayya.[43]U. Muthuramalingam Thevarstrongly supported Bose in the intra-Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all south India votes for Bose.[44]However, due to the manoeuvrings of the Gandhi-led clique in the Congress Working Committee, Bose found himself forced to resign from the Congress presidency.[45]On 22 June 1939 Bose organised theAll India Forward Bloca faction within the Indian National Congress,[46]aimed at consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home state, Bengal. U Muthuramalingam Thevar, who was a staunch supporter of Bose from the beginning, joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose visited Madurai on 6 September, Thevar organised a massive rally as his reception When Subash Chandra Bose was heading to Madurai, on an invitation ofMuthuramalinga Thevarto amass support for the Forward Bloc, he passed through Madras and spent three days at Gandhi Peak. His correspondence reveals that despite his clear dislike for British subjugation, he was deeply impressed by their methodical and systematic approach and their steadfastly disciplinarian outlook towards life. In England, he exchanged ideas on the future of India with BritishLabour Partyleaders and political thinkers likeLord Halifax,George Lansbury,Clement Attlee,Arthur Greenwood,Harold Laski,J.B.S. Haldane,Ivor Jennings,G.D.H. Cole,Gilbert Murrayand SirStafford Cripps. He came to believe that a free India needed socialistauthoritarianism, on the lines of Turkey'sKemal Atatrk, for at least two decades. Bose was refused permission by the British authorities to meet Atatrk atAnkarafor political reasons. During his sojourn in England, only the Labour Party andLiberalpoliticians agreed to meet with Bose when he tried to schedule appointments.Conservative Partyofficials refused to meet Bose or show him courtesy because he was a politician coming from a colony. In the 1930s leading figures in the Conservative Party had opposed evenDominionstatus for India. It was during the Labour Party government of 19451951, with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence. On the outbreak of war, Bose advocated a campaign of mass civil disobedience to protest against ViceroyLord Linlithgow's decision to declare war on India's behalf without consulting the Congress leadership. Having failed to persuade Gandhi of the necessity of this, Bose organised mass protests inCalcuttacalling for the 'Holwell Monument' commemorating theBlack Hole of Calcutta, which then stood at the corner ofDalhousie Square, to be removed.[47]He was thrown in jail by the British, but was released following a seven-day hunger strike. Bose's house in Calcutta was kept under surveillance by theCID.[48]In Nazi Germany: 19411943

Bose greetingHeinrich Himmler(right), the Nazi Minister of Interior, head of theSS, and theGestapo, 1942.

Bose (2nd from left) talking to Himmler and other Nazi officials.

Bose and Himmler continuing their discussion over refreshments.

A photograph from the German Federal Archives, whose caption says, "The ceremony, which took place on the occasion of the founding of the Indian National Provisional Government of Free India Centre at theHotel Kaiserhofin Berlin (16 November 1943), turned out to be a flaming indictment of the British war hunger in India. In addition to numerous leading German personalities, the Japanese ambassador, General Oshima and the Republican-fascist Italy, his excellenceAnfuso, attended the event. Shown here is the Secretary of State in the Foreign Office, Keppler, bringing greetings and wishes of the Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop."

Bose's arrest and subsequent release set the scene for his escape to Germany, viaAfghanistanand the Soviet Union. A few days before his escape, he sought solitude and on this pretext avoided meeting British guards and grew a beard on the night of his escape, he dressed as a Pathan to avoid being identified. Bose escaped from under British surveillance at his house in Calcutta. On 19 January 1941, accompanied by his nephew Sisir K. Bose in a car that is now on display at his Calcutta home.[49][50]He journeyed toPeshawarwith the help of theAbwehr, where he was met by Akbar Shah, Mohammed Shah andBhagat Ram Talwar. Bose was taken to the home of Abad Khan, a trusted friend of Akbar Shah's. On 26 January 1941, Bose began his journey to reach Russia throughBritish India'sNorth West frontierwith Afghanistan. For this reason, he enlisted the help of Mian Akbar Shah, then a Forward Bloc leader in the North-West Frontier Province. Shah had been out of India en route to the Soviet Union, and suggested a novel disguise for Bose to assume. Since Bose could not speak one word ofPashto, it would make him an easy target of Pashto speakers working for the British. For this reason, Shah suggested that Bose act deaf and dumb, and let his beard grow to mimic those of the tribesmen. Bose's guide Bhagat Ram Talwar, unknown to him, was a Soviet agent.[49][50][51]Supporters of theAga Khan IIIhelped him across the border into Afghanistan where he was met by an Abwehr unit posing as a party of road construction engineers from theOrganization Todtwho then aided his passage across Afghanistan viaKabulto the border with Soviet Russia. After assuming the guise of aPashtuninsurance agent ("Ziaudddin") to reach Afghanistan, Bose changed his guise and travelled to Moscow on the Italian passport of an Italian nobleman "Count Orlando Mazzotta". From Moscow, he reached Rome, and from there he travelled to Germany.[49][50][52]Once in Russia theNKVDtransported Bose to Moscow where he hoped that Russia's traditional enmity to British rule in India would result in support for his plans for a popular rising in India. However, Bose found the Soviets' response disappointing and was rapidly passed over to the German Ambassador in Moscow,Count von der Schulenburg. He had Bose flown on to Berlin in a special courier aircraft at the beginning of April where he was to receive a more favourable hearing fromJoachim von Ribbentropand the Foreign Ministry officials at theWilhelmstrasse.[49][50][53]In Germany, he was attached to the Special Bureau for India underAdam von Trott zu Solzwhich was responsible for broadcasting on the German-sponsoredAzad Hind Radio.[54]He founded the Free India Center in Berlin, and created theIndian Legion(consisting of some 4500 soldiers) out of Indian prisoners of war who had previously fought for the British inNorth Africaprior to their capture by Axis forces. The Indian Legion was attached to the Wehrmacht, and later transferred to theWaffen SS. Its members swore the following allegiance to Hitler and Bose: "I swear by God this holy oath that I will obey the leader of the German race and state,Adolf Hitler, as the commander of the German armed forces in the fight for India, whose leader is Subhas Chandra Bose". This oath clearly abrogates control of the Indian legion to the German armed forces whilst stating Bose's overall leadership of India. He was also, however, prepared to envisage an invasion of India via the USSR by Nazi troops, spearheaded by theAzad Hind Legion; many have questioned his judgment here, as it seems unlikely that the Germans could have been easily persuaded to leave after such an invasion, which might also have resulted in an Axis victory in the War.[52]In all, 3,000 Indian prisoners of war signed up for the Free India Legion. But instead of being delighted, Bose was worried. A left-wing admirer of Russia, he was devastated when Hitler's tanks rolled across the Soviet border. Matters were worsened by the fact that the now-retreating German army would be in no position to offer him help in driving the British from India. When he met Hitler in May 1942, his suspicions were confirmed, and he came to believe that the Nazi leader was more interested in using his men to win propaganda victories than military ones. So, in February 1943, Bose turned his back on his legionnaires and slipped secretly away aboard a submarine bound for Japan. This left the men he had recruited leaderless and demoralised in Germany.[52][55]Bose lived in Berlin from 1941 until 1943. During his earlier visit to Germany in 1934, he had metEmilie Schenkl, the daughter of an Austrian veterinarian whom he married in 1937. Their daughter isAnita Bose Pfaff.[56]Bose's party, the Forward Bloc, has contested this fact.[57]In 1943, after being disillusioned that Germany could be of any help in gaining India's independence, he left for Japan. He travelled with the German submarineU-180around theCape of Good Hopeto the southeast of Madagascar, where he was transferred to theI-29for the rest of the journey toImperial Japan. This was the only civilian transfer between two submarines of two different navies in World War II.[49][50]In Japanese-occupied Asia 19431945Main articles:Azad Hind FaujandArzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind

The crew of Japanese submarine I-29 after the rendezvous with German submarine U-180 300 sm southeast ofMadagascar; Bose is sitting in the front row (28 April 1943).

Bose meeting Japanese prime ministerHideki Tjin 1943

Bose speaking in Tokyo in 1943.

Greater East Asia Conferencein November 1943, showing Japanese prime minister Hideki Tj (centre) with heads of various Japan-supported puppet, collaborationist, or provisional regimes, from left to right:Ba Maw(Burma),Zhang Jinghui(Manchukuo),Wang Jingwei(Republic of China, Nanjing), Tojo,Wan Waithayakon(Siam),Jos P. Laurel(Second Philippine Republic), Bose (Provisional Government of Free India).

TheIndian National Army(INA) was the brainchild of Japanese Major (and post-war Lieutenant-General)Iwaichi Fujiwara, head the Japanese intelligence unitFujiwara Kikanand had its origins, first in the meetings between Fujiwara and the president of theBangkokchapter of theIndian Independence League,Pritam Singh Dhillon, and then, through Pritam Singh's network, in the recruitment by Fujiwara of a captured British Indian army captain,Mohan Singhon the westernMalayan peninsulain December 1941; Fujiwara's mission was "to raise an army which would fight alongside the Japanese army."[58][59]After the initial proposal by Fujiwara the Indian National Army was formed as a result of discussion between Fujiwara and Mohan Singh in the second half of December 1941, and the name chosen jointly by them in the first week of January 1942. .[60]This was along the concept ofand with support ofwhat was then known as theIndian Independence League, headed by expatriate nationalist leaderRash Behari Bose. The first INA was however disbanded in December 1942 after disagreements between theHikari Kikanand Mohan Singh, who came to believe that the Japanese High Command was using the INA as a mere pawn and propaganda tool. Mohan Singh was taken into custody and the troops returned to the prisoner-of-war camp. However, the idea of a liberation army was revived with the arrival of Subhas Chandra Bose in the Far East in 1943. In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organisation to Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose was able to reorganise the fledgling army and organise massive support among the expatriate Indian population in south-east Asia, who lent their support by both enlisting in the Indian National Army, as well as financially in response to Bose's calls for sacrifice for the national cause. INA had a separate women's unit, theRani of Jhansi Regiment(named after RaniLakshmi Bai) headed by Capt.Lakshmi Swaminathan, which is seen as a first of its kind in Asia.[61][62]Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for theAzad Hindmovement. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians inBurmaon 4 July 1944, Bose's most famous quote was "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!" In this, he urged the people of India to join him in his fight against the British Raj. Spoken in Hindi, Bose's words are highly evocative. The troops of the INA were under the aegis of a provisional government, the Azad Hind Government, which came to produce its own currency, postage stamps, court and civil code, and was recognised by nine Axis statesGermany, Japan,Italy, theIndependent State of Croatia,Wang Jingwei regimeinNanjing, China, a provisional government of Burma,Manchukuoand Japanese-controlledPhilippines. Recent researches have shown that the USSR too had diplomatic contact with the "Provisional Government of Free India". Of those countries, five were authorities established under Axis occupation. This government participated in the so-calledGreater East Asia Conferenceas an observer in November 1943.The INA's first commitment was in the Japanese thrust towards Eastern Indian frontiers ofManipur. INA's special forces, the Bahadur Group, were extensively involved in operations behind enemy lines both during the diversionary attacks in Arakan, as well as the Japanese thrust towardsImphalandKohima, along with theBurmese National Armyled byBa MawandAung San.Japanese also took possession of Andaman and Nicobar Islandsin 1942 and a year later, the Provisional Government and the INA were established in theAndaman and Nicobar Islandswith Lt Col.A.D. Loganathanappointed its Governor General. The islands were renamedShaheed(Martyr) andSwaraj(Independence). However, the Japanese Navy remained in essential control of the island's administration. During Bose's only visit to the islands in early 1944, when he was carefully screened, by the Japanese authorities, from the local population who[clarification needed]at that time were torturing the leader of the Indian Independence League on the Islands, Dr.Diwan Singh, who later died of his injuries, in the Cellular Jail. The islanders made several attempts to alert Bose to their plight, but apparently without success. Enraged with the lack of administrative control, Lt. Col Loganathan later relinquished his authority and returned to the Government's headquarters in Rangoon.[63][64]On the Indian mainland, an Indian Tricolour, modelled after that of theIndian National Congress, was raised for the first time in the town inMoirang, inManipur, in north-eastern India. The towns of Kohima and Imphal were placed under siege by divisions of the Japanese, Burmese and the Gandhi and Nehru Brigades of INA during the attempted invasion of India, also known as Operation U-GO. However, Commonwealth forces held both positions and then counter-attacked, in the process inflicting serious losses on the besieging forces, which were then forced to retreat back into Burma.When Japanese funding for the army diminished, Bose was forced to raise taxes on theIndian populations of Malaysiaand Singapore. When the Japanese were defeated at the battles of Kohima and Imphal, the Provisional Government's aim of establishing a base in mainland India was lost forever. The INA was forced to pull back, along with the retreating Japanese army, and fought in key battles against the British Indian Army in its Burma campaign, notable in Meiktilla,Mandalay,Pegu, Nyangyu andMount Popa. However, with the fall ofRangoon, Bose's government ceased to be an effective political entity. A large proportion of the INA troops surrendered under Lt Col Loganathan. The remaining troops retreated with Bose towardsMalayaor made forThailand. Japan's surrender at the end of the war also led to the eventual surrender of the Indian National Army, when the troops of the British Indian Army were repatriated to India and some tried for treason.On 6 July 1944, in a speech broadcast by theAzad Hind Radiofrom Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the "Father of the Nation" and asked for his blessings and good wishes for the war he was fighting. This was the first time that Gandhi was referred to by this appellation.[65]His most famous quote/slogan wasGive me blood and I will give you freedom. Another famous quote wasDilli Chalo("On to Delhi)!" This was the call he used to give the INA armies to motivate them.Jai Hind, or, "Glory to India!" was another slogan used by him and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces. Another slogan coined by him was "Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani" (Urdu for "Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice"). INA also used the sloganInquilab Zindabad, which was coined byMaulana Hasrat Mohani.[66]Death on 18 August 1945Main article:Death of Subhas Chandra Bose

The last airplane journeys of Subhas Chandra Boase. Paths of completed flights are shown in blue. On 16 August 1945, he leftSingaporeforBangkok,Siam(now Thailand). On either the 16th itself or on the 17th morning, he flew from Bangkok toSaigon, now Ho Chi Minh City. On the 17 August afternoon, he flew from Saigon toTourane,French Indo-China, now Da Nang, Vietnam. Early next morning at 5 AM, he left Tourane forTaihoku,Formosa, now Taipei, Taiwan. At 2:30 PM on 18 August, he left forDairen,Manchukuo, now Dalian, China, but his plane crashed shorty after take off, and Bose died within a few hours in a Japanese military hospital. Had the crash not occurred the plane would have dropped off Bose at Dairen and proceeded to Tokyo along a flight path shown in red.

TheMitsubishi Ki-21twin-engine heavy bomber (Alliescode nameSally) that Subhas Chandra Bose and Habibur Rahman boarded at Saigon airport around 2 PM on 17 August 1945.

Clipping from Japanese newspaper, published on 23 August 1945, reporting the death of Bose and GeneralTsunamasa Shideiof the JapaneseKwantung Armyin Japanese-occupied Manchuria.

A memorial to Subhas Chandra Bose in the compound of theRenkji Temple, Tokyo. Bose's ashes are stored in the temple in a golden pagoda. Bose died on 18 August 1945. His ashes arrived in Japan in early September 1945; after a memorial service, they were accepted by the temple on 18 September 1945.

In the consensus of scholarly opinion, Subhas Chandra Bose's death occurred from third-degree burns on 18 August 1945 after his overloaded Japanese plane crashed in Japanese-occupiedFormosa(nowTaiwan).[67][23]However, many among his supporters, especially in Bengal, refused at the time, and have refused since, to believe either the fact or the circumstances of his death.[68][24][25]Conspiracy theories appeared within hours of his death and have thereafter had a long shelf life,[1]keeping alive various martial myths about Bose.[6]InTaihoku, at around 2:30 PM as the bomber with Bose on board was leaving the standard path taken by aircraft during take-off, the passengers inside heard a loud sound, similar to an engine backfiring.[69][70]The mechanics on the tarmac saw something fall out of the plane.[71]It was portside engine, or a part of it, and the propeller.[71][69]The plane swung wildly to the right and plummeted, crashing, breaking into two, and exploding into flames.[71][69]Inside, the chief pilot, copilot and Lieutenant-GeneralTsunamasa Shidei, the Vice Chief of Staff of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who was to have made the negotiations for Bose with the Soviet army in Manchuria,[72]were instantly killed.[71][73]Bose's assistantHabibur Rahmanwas stunned, passing out briefly, and Bose, although conscious and not fatally hurt, was soaked in gasoline.[71]When Rahman came to, he and Bose attempted to leave by the rear door, but found it blocked by the luggage.[73]They then decided to run through the flames and exit from the front.[73]The ground staff, now approaching the plane, saw two people staggering towards them, one of whom had become a human torch.[71]The human torch turned out to be Bose, whose gasoline-soaked clothes had instantly ignited.[73]Rahman and a few others managed to smother the flames, but also noticed that Bose's face and head appeared badly burned.[73]According to Joyce Chapman Lebra, "A truck which served as ambulance rushed Bose and the other passengers to the Nanmon Military Hospital south of Taihoku."[71]The airport personnel called Dr. Taneyoshi Yoshimi, the surgeon-in-charge at the hospital at around 3 PM.[73]Bose was conscious and mostly coherent when they reached the hospital, and for some time thereafter.[74]Bose was naked, except for a blanket wrapped around him, and Dr. Yoshimi immediately saw evidence of third-degree burns on many parts of the body, especially on his chest, doubting very much that he would live.[74]Dr. Yoshimi promptly began to treat Bose and was assisted by Dr. Tsuruta.[74]According to historianLeonard A. Gordon, who interviewed all the hospital personnel later,"A disinfectant,Rivamol, was put over most of his body and then a white ointment was applied and he was bandaged over most of his body. Dr. Yoshimi gave Bose four injections ofVita Camphorand two ofDigitaminefor his weakened heart. These were given about every 30 minutes. Since his body had lost fluids quickly upon being burnt, he was also givenRinger solutionintravenously. A third doctor, Dr. Ishii gave him a blood transfusion. An orderly, Kazuo Mitsui, an army private, was in the room and several nurses were also assisting. Bose still had a clear head which Dr. Yoshimi found remarkable for someone with such severe injuries.[75]Soon, in spite of the treatment, Bose went into a coma.[75][71]A few hours later, between 9 and 10 PM (local time) on Saturday 18 August 1945, Subhas Chandra Bose, aged 48, was dead.[75][71]Bose's body was cremated in the main Taihoku crematorium two days later, 20 August 1945.[76]On 23 August 1945, the Japanese news agency Do Trzei announced the death of Bose and Shidea.[71]On 7 September a Japanese officer, Lieutenant Tatsuo Hayashida, carried Bose's ashes to Tokyo, and the following morning they were handed to the president of the Tokyo Indian Independence League, Rama Murti.[77]On 14 September a memorial service was held for Bose in Tokyo and a few days later the ashes were turned over to the priest of theRenkji TempleofNichiren Buddhismin Tokyo.[78][79]There they have remained ever since.[79]Among the INA personnel, there was widespread disbelief, shock, and trauma. Most affected were the young Tamil Indians from Malaya and Singapore, both men and women, who comprised the bulk of the civilians who had enlisted in the INA.[26]The professional soldiers in the INA, most of whom were Punjabis, faced an uncertain future, with many fatalistically expecting reprisals from the British.[26]In India theIndian National Congress's official line was succinctly expressed in a letterMohandas Karamchand Gandhiwrote toRajkumari Amrit Kaur.[26]Said Gandhi, "Subhas Bose has died well. He was undoubtedly a patriot, though misguided."[26]Many congressmen had not forgiven Bose for quarrelling with Gandhi and for collaborating with what they considered wasJapanesefascism.[26]The Indian soldiers in the British Indian army, some two and a half million of whom had fought during theSecond World War, were conflicted about the INA. Some saw the INA as traitors and wanted them punished; others felt more sympathetic. TheBritish Raj, though never seriously threatened by the INA, was to try 300 INA officers for treason in theINA trials, but was to eventually backtrack in the face of its own end.[26]IdeologyBose advocated complete unconditional independence for India, whereas theAll-India Congress Committeewanted it in phases, throughDominionstatus. Finally at the historicLahoreCongress convention, the Congress adoptedPurna Swaraj(complete independence) as its motto. Gandhi was given rousing receptions wherever he went after Gandhi-Irwin pact. Subhas Chandra Bose, travelling with Gandhi in these travels, later wrote that the great enthusiasm he saw among the people enthused him tremendously and that he doubted if any other leader anywhere in the world received such a reception as Gandhi did during these travels across the country. He was imprisoned and expelled from India. Defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again.Bose was elected president of theIndian National Congressfor two consecutive terms, but had to resign from the post following ideological conflicts withMohandas K. Gandhiand after openly attacking the Congress' foreign and internal policies. Bose believed that Gandhi's tactics of non-violence would never be sufficient to secure India's independence, and advocated violent resistance. He established a separate political party, theAll India Forward Blocand continued to call for the full and immediate independence of India from British rule. He was imprisoned by the British authorities eleven times. His famous motto was: "Give me blood and I will give you freedom".His stance did not change with the outbreak of theSecond World War, which he saw as an opportunity to take advantage of British weakness. At the outset of the war, he left India, travelling to theSoviet Union,Nazi GermanyandImperial Japan, seeking an alliance with each of them to attack the British government in India. With Imperial Japanese assistance, he re-organised and later led theAzad Hind FaujorIndian National Army(INA), formed with Indianprisoners-of-warand plantation workers fromBritish Malaya, Singapore, and other parts of Southeast Asia, against British forces. With Japanese monetary, political, diplomatic and military assistance, he formed theAzad Hind Governmentin exile, and regrouped and led theIndian National Armyin failed military campaigns against the allies atImphalandin Burma.His political views and the alliances he made with Nazi and other militarist regimes at war with Britain have been the cause of arguments among historians and politicians, with some accusing him of fascist sympathies, while others in India have been more sympathetic towards therealpolitikthat guided his social and political choices.Subhas Chandra Bose believed that theBhagavad Gitawas a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British.[80]Swami Vivekananda's teachings on universalism, his nationalist thoughts and his emphasis on social service and reform had all inspired Subhas Chandra Bose from his very young days. The fresh interpretation of the India's ancient scriptures had appealed immensely to him.[note 1]Many scholars believe that Hindu spirituality formed the essential part of his political and social thought throughout his adult life, although there was no sense of bigotry or orthodoxy in it.[81]Subhas who called himself a socialist, believed that socialism in India owed its origins to Swami Vivekananda.[82]As historian Leonard Gordon explains "Inner religious explorations continued to be a part of his adult life. This set him apart from the slowly growing number of atheistic socialists and communists who dotted the Indian landscape.".[83]Bose's correspondence (prior to 1939) reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of, and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany.[84]However, he expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods (though not the racial ideologies) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s, and thought they could be used in building an independent India.[47]Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.[85]The pro-Bose thinkers believe that his authoritarian control of theAzad Hindwas based on political pragmatism and a post-colonial recovery doctrine rather than any anti-democratic belief.[citation needed]However, during the war (and possibly as early as the 1930s), Bose seems to have decided that no democratic system could be adequate to overcome India's poverty and social inequalities, and he wrote that a socialist state similar to that of Soviet Russia (which he had also seen and admired) would be needed for the process of national re-building.[86]Accordingly, some suggest that Bose's alliance with the Axis during the war was based on more than just pragmatism, and that Bose was a militant nationalist, though not a Nazi nor a Fascist, for he supported empowerment of women, secularism and otherliberalideas; alternatively, others consider he might have been using populist methods of mobilisation common to many post-colonial leaders.[47]Bose never liked the Nazis, but when he failed to contact the Russians for help in Afghanistan, he approached the Germans and Italians for help. His comment was that if he had to shake hands with the devil for India's independence he would do that.[citation needed]LegacyOn 23 August 2007,Japanese Prime Minister,Shinzo Abevisited the Subhas Chandra Bosememorial hallinKolkata.[87][88]Abe said to Bose's family:-The Japanese are deeply moved by Bose's strong will to have led theIndian independence movementfrom British rule. Netaji is a much respected name in Japan.[87][88]However, in India, some believe that Bose was not given the due respect that he deserved. Infosys Technologies founder-chairmanN. R. Narayana Murthy, delivering the annual Netaji oration, said, "We have not paid him due respect. It is time this is corrected." Adding, "If only Netaji had participated in post-independence nation buildingSubhas Chandra Bose's political viewswere in support of complete freedom forIndiaat the earliest, whereas most of the Congress Committee wanted it in phases, through a Dominion status.[1]Even though Bose andMohandas K. Gandhihad differing ideologies, the latter called Bose the "Prince among the Patriots" in 1942. Bose admired Gandhi, recognising his importance as a symbol of Indian nationalism; he called him "The Father of Our Nation" in a radio broadcast from Rangoon in 1944, in which he stated that "I am convinced that if we do desire freedom we must be prepared to wade through blood",[2]a statement somewhat at odds with Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence. Thus, although they shared the goal of an independent India, by 1939 the two had become divided over the strategy which should be used to achieve Indian Independence, and to some degree the form which the post-Independence state should take: Gandhi was hostile toindustrialisation, whilst Bose saw it as the only route to making India strong and self-sufficient (in this he may have been influenced, like many other Indian intellectuals of the time, by reports of the success of theSovietfive-year plans).Jawaharlal Nehrudisagreed with Gandhi on this point as well, though not over the tactics of protest.

Bose was accused of collaborating with the Axis, after he fled to Germany in 1941 and offered Hitler an alliance. He criticized theBritishduring World War II, saying that while Britain was fighting for the freedom of the European nations underNazicontrol, it would not grant independence to its own colonies, including India. It may be observed that along with Nehru, Bose had organized and led protest marches against the Japanese invasion ofManchuriain 1931, and of China itself in 1938, when he was Congress president[citation needed]. In 1937 he published an article attacking Japanese imperialism in the Far East, although he betrayed some admiration for other aspects of the Japanese regime.[3]Bose's earlier correspondence (prior to 1939) also reflects his deep disapproval of the racist practices of and annulment of democratic institutions in Nazi Germany.[4]He also, however, expressed admiration for the authoritarian methods (though not the racial ideologies) which he saw in Italy and Germany during the 1930s, and thought they could be used in building an independent India.[5]Nevertheless, Bose's tenure as Congress Party President (193839) did not reflect any particular anti-democratic or authoritarian attributes.Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Anton Pelinka and Leonard Gordon have remarked that Bose's skills were best illustrated at the negotiating table, rather than on the battlefield.

Subhash Chandra Bose andMuhammed Ali Jinnahof theMuslim Leagueseen here togetherAt the Tripura Congress session of 1939, he demanded giving the British Government a six-month deadline for granting independence and of launching a mass civil disobedience movement if it failed to do so. He believed that "... the country was internally more ripe for a revolution than ever before and that the coming international crisis would give India an opportunity for achieving her emancipation, which is rare in human history."[6]Bose's judgment in allying with the Japanese has been questioned, as many argue[who?]that he would have been unable to ensure an independent India had he ridden to power on Japanese bayonets, and was in danger of being turned into a puppet ruler like Pu-yi, the last Chinese Emperor inManchukuo. In 1943Rash Behari Bosehad urged this on him during his last visit to Subhas Bose in Singapore, pointing out that the Japanese had claimed right of conquest in Manchuria and would do so in India, whilst Quit India had shown that this would not be accepted by the Indian Nation.[7]Nevertheless, given theIndian National Army's (INA) overwhelming dependence on Japanese military support, he would have been in a weak position. Bose also seems to have ignored theappalling treatmentmeted out by the Japanese to the Asian inhabitants of the lands they conquered as part of the Greater East Asian Co-prosperity sphere, which included the forcible recruitment of labour from the overseas Indian population to build projects such as theBurma Railway, and massacres of Malayan Chinese in Singapore where he spent most of the war.[8]Bose has been branded as a fascist in some quarters.[who?]Others believe that Bose had clearly expressed his belief that democracy was the best option for India.[9][dubiousdiscuss]

Statues of Bose andMohandas K. Gandhiat a center inGuntur.Had either of the alliances he forged during the war resulted in Indian independence in the manner he envisaged, it would have been at the cost of an Allied defeat in the Second World War, a price that some Indians would argue is too high: Gandhi himself, in the immediate aftermath of the war, said that Bose had been "foolish in imagining, that by allying himself with the Japanese and the Germans, who were not only aggressive Powers, but also dangerous Powers, he could get Indian freedom".[10]The alternative of non-violent protest within India espoused by Gandhi and the rest of Congress ultimately led to British withdrawal, albeit at the expense of the partition of the country along communal lines. Even before 1939, Congress had securedpolitical concessionsfrom the British in the form of elected provincial assemblies, and an agreement that the British taxpayer would foot the bill for Indian re-armament.[11]Although it was rejected by Congress at the time, the 1942Cripps mission's offer of full independence after the war could be considered the point at which the British departure became inevitable.[12]Britain's weakness after the war, and domestic political pressure on the Labour Government also made British withdrawal more likely. Publicly at least, Bose never believed that this would happen unless they were driven out by force: as late as 1944, three years prior to independence, he announced that "I am honestly convinced that the British Government will never recognise India's demand for independence".[13]Nirad Chaudhuriconsidered it a backhanded tribute to Bose that the Congress tricolour and the Muslim League green flag flew together for the last time during themutiny of the Indian navy in Bombayunleashed in 1946 partly at anger within the Navy at the trial of INA officers by the British.[14]Judith Brown argues that the Mutiny of the Indian Navy was a minor factor in the British decision to leave compared to domestic political pressure, American hostility to any continuation of theRaj, and the breakdown of almost all networks of support and collaboration brought about by thirty years of Congress agitation. By 1946 over 50% of the members of the Indian Civil Service were Indians, and even Churchill recognised that the offer of independence made by the Cripps Mission in 1942 could not now be withdrawn.[15]In this interpretation concerns over the loyalty of the military were only one factor amongst many amidst the general breakdown in authority: nor, it could be argued, did all this necessarily stem from the activities of Bose and the INA. The prospect of communalism infecting the armed forces worried the British just as much.[16]Bose was considered a patriot even by some of his rivals in the Congress. Gandhi himself wrote that Bose's "... patriotism is second to none",[17]and he was moved to proclaim after Bose's disappearance that he was a "prince among patriots" - a reference, in particular, to Bose's achievement in integrating women and men from all the regions and religions of India in the Indian National Army.[18]Bose wanted freedom for India at the earliest opportunity, and to some extent, he didn't care who he had to approach for assistancePreface Subhash Chandra Bose was one of India's greatest freedom fighter. He was the founder of the Indian National Army, popularly known as 'Azad Hind Fauj'. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose had visited London during pre-independence period to discuss the future of India, with the members of the Labor party. His sudden disappearance from Taiwan, led to surfacing of various theories, concerning the possibilities of his survival.Life of Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January, 1897 in Cuttack (Orissa) to Janakinath Bose and Prabhavati Devi. Janakinath Bose was one of the successful lawyer in Cuttack and received the title of "Rai Bahadur". He, later became a member of the Bengal Legislative Council.

Subhash Chandra Bose was a very intelligent and sincere student but never had much interest in sports. He passed his B.A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal as a student. He also adored Vivekananda as his spiritual Guru.Start of the opposition to British by Subhash Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose decided to take revenge, after reading so many incidents about the exploitation of the fellow Indians by the British. In 1916, Subhash reportedly beat and thrashed one of his British teachers E F Otten. The professor made a racist remark against the Indian students. As a result, Subhash Chandra Bose was expelled from the Presidency College and banished from Calcutta University. The incident brought Subhash in the list of rebel-Indians. In December 1921, Bose was arrested and imprisoned for organizing a boycott of the celebrations to mark the Prince of Wales's visit to India.Subhash Chandra Bose in Britain for ICS and return to IndiaSubhash Chandra Bose at young age

Subhash Chandra Bose's father wanted him to become a civil servant and therefore, sent him to England to appear for the Indian Civil Service Examination. Bose was placed fourth with highest marks in English. But his urge for participating in the freedom movement was intense that in April 1921, Bose resigned from the coveted Indian Civil Service and came back to India. Soon, he left home to become an active member of India's independence movement. He, later joined the Indian National Congress, and also elected as the president of the party.Subhash Chaandra Bose with Congress Subhash Chandra Bose worked under the leadership of Chittaranjan Das, an active member of Congress in Calcutta. It was Chittaranjan Das, who along with Motilal Nehru, left Congress and founded the Swaraj Party in 1922. Subhash would regard Chittaranjan Das as his political guru.

While Chittaranjan Das was busy in developing the national strategy, Subhash Chandra Bose played a major role in enlightening the students, youths and labors of Calcutta. He was eagerly waiting to see India, as an independent, federal and republic nation.Subhash Chandra Bose Vs. Congress In freedom struggle congress was large organisation. Subhash Chandra Bose became a strong leader in Congress and he made brave attempt to mould the entire party differently. Congress party was always lenient and never in a position to oppose. Saubhashbabu outrightedly opposed this behaviour. This opposition was against Gandhis philosophy. Therefore Mahatma Gandhi and other leaders were hurt and since then they opposed him.

Congress party had undertaken a deed of opposing his every thoughts, insulting him and cut down his wings of high flyer. In this manoeuvre of congress many of times he felt suffocated. Once there was a picture of Subhash Chandra Bose against entire congress party. It was first election of congress that time. Usually closer aide of Mahatma Gandhi used to get elected; but this time Subhash Chandra Bose got elected with higher votes. This insulted Gandhi group, which lead to their less interest of thinking towards parties campaign for independence.

In order to acknowledge outside support and get freedom he went till Germany, Japan when it was period of 2nd world war! He decided to induce soldiers from outside to get freedom. Nehru at that time said If Subhash would bring soldiers from outside and enter India, then I would be the first person to take sword in hand and oppose him. so much he disgust Subhash.Formation of Azad Hind Fauj by Subhash Chandra BoseNetaji with Azad Hind Fauj

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was against rendering any kind of help to the British during the World War II. He warned them so. The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state governments resigned in protest.

Subhash Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the 11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British could do nothing except locking him in the prison.

It was in 1941, that Subhash Chandra Bose suddenly disappeared. The authorities did not come to know for many days that he was not in his Barrack (the house in which he was being guarded). He traveled by foot, car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves amongst the British and electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were challenging the British in many ways.

The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose military and other help to fight the British. Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Netaji Bose had struck alliance with Germany and Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the East would help his countrymen in freedom struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Kiel canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the Atlantic, the Middle East, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber dingy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. These soldiers were united by another great revolutionary Rash Behari Bose. Rash Behari handed over them to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Netaji Bose called it the Indian National Army (INA) and a government by the name "Azad Hind Government" was declared on the 21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British and were renamed as Swaraj and Shaheed islands. The Government started functioning.

Subhash Chandra Bose wanted to free India from the Eastern front. He had taken care that Japanese interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and communications were managed by Indians only. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their 'free' motherland. Some lay down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were now inside India and were determined to drive out the British! Delhi Chalo (Let's march to Delhi) was the war cry.

The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to surrender.Effect of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose's earlier visits to England During his sojourn to England, he met with the leaders of British Labor Party and political thinkers including Clement Attlee, Arthur Greenwood, Harold Laski, G.D.H. Cole, and Sir Stafford Cripps. Bose also discuss with them about the future of India. It must also be noted that it was during the regime of the Labor Party (1945-1951), with Attlee as the Prime Minister, that India gained independence.Disappearance of Subhash Chandra Bose Although it was believed that Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose died in a plane crash, his body was never recovered. There have so many theories been put forward regarding his abrupt desertion. The government of India set up a number of committees to investigate the case and come out with truth.

In May 1956, the Shah Nawaz Committee visited Japan to look into the situation of Bose's assumed death. Citing their lack of political relations with Taiwan, the Centre, did not seek for the assistance from their government. The reports of Justice Mukherjee Commission, tabled in Parliament on 17 May, 2006 said, "Bose did not die in the plane crash and the ashes at Renkoji temple are not his". However, the findings were rejected by the government of India.Subhas Chandra Bose: The Afterlife of Indias Fascist LeaderByHugh Purcell| Published inHistory TodayVolume: 60 Issue: 112010DECOLONISATIONPOLITICALINDIAThe intriguing death of an Indian holy man in 1985 suggested that he was none other than Subhas Chandra Bose, the revolutionary and nationalist who, it is officially claimed, died in an air crash in 1945. The truth, however, is harder to find, as Hugh Purcell discovers.Mohandas K. Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose at the Indian National Congress annual meeting in Haripura in 1938On September 16th, 1985, in a dilapidated house in Faizabad, formerly the capital of Oudh province in India, a reclusive holy man known as Bhagwanji or Gumnami Baba (the saint with no name) breathed his last. Locals had long suspected that he was none other than Subhas Chandra Bose (1897-1945), the Indian quasi-Fascist leader who in the 1930s had advocated a violent revolution against the British Empire to gain total independence for India.The Second World War had enabled him to practise what he preached and his Indian National Army had fought with the Japanese in Burma attempting to drive the British out of the subcontinent.Although Netaji (Great Leader) Bose was reported killed in an air crash in August 1945, while trying to escape to the Soviet Union, many believed then and continue to believe now that, helped by his Japanese allies, he faked his death, reached Russia and returned to India many years later to lead the secret life of a hermit. Surprisingly for a poorsadhu(mystic) the saint with no name left behind many trunks of possessions and in 1986, realising that these might solve the mystery once and for all, Boses niece Lalita obtained a high court order for an inventory to be made of their contents. Among the 2,673 items indexed, Lalita claimed she saw letters in her uncles handwriting and family photographs. Gumnami Babas belongings were re-packed in 23 boxes and sent to the District Treasury.This was the latest but by no means the last of the dramas attending the fate of Bose. During the previous 40 years the Indian government had been forced to set up two inquiries into his death (the Nawaz Khan Committee in 1956 and the G.D. Khosla Commission 1970-74) and, although both confirmed the reported story that he died in an air crash, the rumours persisted. In 1999, reluctantly, but under pressure from Boses home state of Bengal in particular, the Indian government appointed Justice M.K. Mukherjee to launch a vigorous inquiry ... to end the controversy ... over the reported death of [Bose] in 1945.On November 26th, 2001, Mukherjee drove up to the District Treasury in his official white Ambassador car. A large crowd had gathered to watch the boxes being opened. They included theHindustan Timesjournalist Anuj Dhar who described to me what happened: out came a pair of German binoculars, a Corona typewriter, a pipe (taken away for DNA but without result), a Rolex watch Netajis watch, gasped a spectator in awe a box of five teeth (also taken away but found not to belong to Bose) and a pair of silver, round-rimmed spectacles. Clearly, Gumnami Baba had been an extraordinary man. It was his collection of books that was most thought-provoking. Bear in mind that Bose had received an English education (finishing at Cambridge University) and, in the eyes of the British, had committed war crimes against them possibly escaping to the Soviet Union; then appreciate, for example,Gullivers Travels, P.G. WodehousesThe Inimitable Jeeves, the scarcely availableInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East,The History of the Freedom Movement in India,The Last Days of the Raj,Moscows Shadow Over West Bengaland SolzhenitsynsThe Gulag Archipelago. This could not be the bedtime reading of a typical sadhu. Either he had been an obsessive collector of Bose memorabilia, or someone had added to his possessions posthumously as a hoax, or he really was Bose. Some of the books had writing in the margins that Anuj Dhar submitted to an expert. He issued a certificate that the handwriting belonged to Bose, but the Indian government promptly appointed an expert of its own who disagreed.In his inquiry report, completed in 2006, Justice Mukherjee was categoric. He concluded: Netaji Bose is dead [a safe bet as he would have been 109]. He did not die in the plane crash as alleged and the ashes in the Japanese temple in Tokyo [maintained by the Indian government since 1945] are not of Netaji. He was more narrowly legalistic about the Faizabad connection:In the absence of any clinching evidence to prove that Bhagwanji/Gumnami Baba was Netaji the question whether he died in Faizabad on September 16th,1985, as testified by some of the witnesses, need not be answered.Nevertheless, caught off guard in a TV interview in January 2010, Mukherjee can clearly be heard saying that he thinks Bhagwanji and Bose may well be the same person. This probably did not impress the Indian government which had already dismissed the Mukherjee Report as unreliable. Why have these rumours persisted for so long? Why do they continue to divide well-educated Indians, including Boses own extended family? And why for many less educated Bengalis has Bose assumed the semi-divine status of a sadhu? There are several reasons.In the first place, Bengal needs Netaji now more than ever. Bose, twice Mayor of Calcutta (Kolkata) in the 1930s, was the one great Bengali national and international politician of the last 75 years. A recent opinion poll of Indian students ranked him second only to Gandhi and above Nehru as the greatest Indian statesman of the 20th century. He has become a legendary figure. Taxi drivers in Kolkata discussing the appalling roads or flooded pavements of their town will say, If only Netaji was still alive! A play staged there last year was based on the premise that Bose returned to India after Independence. Forward Bloc, the political party he founded in 1939 after he was forced to resign the presidency of the Indian National Congress for advocating violent revolution, still exists under his name, campaigning for a form of national socialism. Associations with Bose distract from the diminished status of Kolkata today: no longer the political or economic capital of India but the centre of a partitioned state.The afterlife notion also persists because Netajis real life encourages conspiracy theorists. When the story of Boses death in 1945 reached Viceroy Wavell he said: I suspect it very much. It is just what should be given out if he meant to go underground. In 1946 Gandhi claimed that inner voices were telling him Subhas is still alive and biding his time somewhere. Bose certainly had form as an escaper. He spent his life moving easily, sometimes secretly, from country to country. In 1941 he escaped from British house arrest in Calcutta and reached Afghanistan from where, aided by the Italian ambassador and disguised as an Italian businessman Orlando Mazzota, he travelled up through central Asia to Moscow and from there to Berlin. Soon Britons and Indians could hear his propaganda broadcasts stirring up revolt against the British Empire and boasting about his Indian Legion, a body of soldiers trained by and intended to fight alongside the German Wehrmacht. In 1943, discouraged by Hitlers lacklustre support for Indian independence and aware that the theatre of war where he needed to pit his troops was now the Far East, he travelled half-way round the world under water by first German and then Japanese submarine to Japan. Admired there, he received official support and set up his 50,000-strong Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army (INA), recruited largely from Indian soldiers of the British Empire Army who had been captured by the Japanese in their successful offensive of 1942.If Netaji became a mystic in his afterlife then this too had a precedent in his former life. Always ascetic and distant from personal relationships (although in 1937 he probably married his Austrian secretary with whom he had a child, Anita, in 1942), he was a student of Ramakrishna, the 19th-century Bengali mystic whose followers believe was an incarnation of God. As a student Bose left home in search of the religious life. In his unfinished autobiographyIndian Pilgrimhe wrote of this time: The desire to find a guru grew stronger and stronger within me ... We looked up as many sadhus as we could and I returned home a wiser man.The enduring mystery of the death of Bose arises above all from the circumstances of his disappearance. The facts are these. In May 1945 Slims 14th Army pushed the Japanese 33rd Army, supported by the INA, out of Burma. For the INA (referred to dismissively by the British as JIFS Japanese Infiltrated Soldiers) it was an ignominious rout, exposing Boses hopeless idealism as a war leader. On August 10th a Russian army began its offensive through Manchuria. From the seas and skies the American navy and air force pounded Japan, culminating with the atomic bombs on August 6th and 9th. On August 14th Japan surrendered.Bose, whose political acumen was a lot sharper than his military knowledge, realised that the Cold War was the new world war and that Russia could be Indias one remaining ally in its fight for freedom. He had already made contact with the Soviet embassy in Tokyo (in November 1944) and on August 16th at a meeting in Bangkok, Major General Isoda Saburo, head of the Hikari Kikan, or Japanese liaison with the INA, agreed to try to get Bose into Manchuria as the first step to reaching Moscow. The last photo of Netaji alive or dead shows him at Saigon airport on August 17th, 1945. Five days later, on August 23rd, the Japanese News Agency announced the death of Bose:He was seriously injured when his plane crashed at Taihoku airfield [Taipei, then in Formosa, now in Taiwan] at 14.00 hours on August 18th. He was given treatment in a hospital in Japan [sic] where he died at midnight.On September 7th Colonel Habibur Rahman, Boses sole INA travelling companion who said he had survived the plane crash and described how Netaji had died, arrived in Tokyo carrying an urn of ashes. They were placed in Renkoji temple and an announcement was made: Netaji chale gaye (Netaji has gone). But in the absence of a body the controversy began. It intensified the following year when an Indian journalist, Harin Shah, visited Taipei and obtained, so he thought, the medical and police reports on the death of Netaji and the certificate issued permitting cremation. When these were translated into English all these documents referred to one Okara Ichiro who had died of heart failure on August 19th and had been cremated. When Harin Shah pointed this out, according to the Mukherjee report:The Formosan clerks ... said the Japanese officer accompanying the dead body, under whose instruction they acted, told them that for state reasons, the particulars of the person had to be kept confidential.Was the death of Netaji faked so that he could escape possible execution by the British as a traitor and take his fight for Indian independence unimpeded to Russia? There was a precedent. Subhas nephew Pradip Bose, a well-known writer in Delhi, recalls meeting Dr Ba Maw, President of Burma, in Rangoon in 1962: He told me that the Japanese had announced his death in an air crash [in early 1945], while he was actually hiding in Japan [to escape the British].It was to resolve the question of a possible hoax and to quell rumours of reported sightings of Bose in India and elsewhere that the first two inquiries were launched in 1956 and 1970. What is convincing about their conclusions is that the several Japanese eye-witnesses of the air crash and death of Bose who gave evidence at both inquiries agreed about what they saw and stuck to their version of events over nearly 20 years. As Justice Khosla said in his summing up:I am not prepared to accept the contention that the entire military organisation of Japan had entered into a conspiracy to put forward a false story in order to cover up Boses escape, still less 11 [and now 25] years later when the trial of war criminals was over, when nothing could be gained by telling lies. Such a hypothesis just does not make sense.Conspicuous among the eyewitnesses was Dr Taneyoshi Yoshimi, first interviewed in Stanley Gaol, in Hong Kong in 1946 by British Intelligence (the document is in the British Library), who claimed that he treated Bose and signed his death certificate, giving the cause of death as burns of the third degree. However the death certificate, if it ever existed, has disappeared. That is the trouble with long-held conspiracies; one fact begets a counter fact. Justice Mukherjee reports that he was shown a death certificate for Chandra Bose signed by Dr Yoshimi, but it was dated 1988, clearly a photocopy, and the aged Dr Yoshimi said he did not have a good memory of it.What is equally convincing about Justice Mukherjees report is that, taking a rigorous approach that approves of primary documents and abhors circumstantial evidence, he finds that there is absolutely nothing to go on. There is no pictorial or written evidence of the crash in the Taipei airfield log, or in the local newspapers or held by the Taiwan government; there are no death certificates or cremation certificates for Bose and several others who are supposed to have died with him. Attempts by Mukherjees team to remove some of the ashes from Renkoji temple for DNA testing were unsuccessful, though it is doubtful whether such tests would have worked anyway. Mukherjee concluded:a) There is no satisfactory evidence of the plane crash; on the contrary, the story given out in that respect is rather improbable.b) In the absence of any contemporaneous record in the hospital, the Bureau and/or the crematorium, the oral account of the witnesses of Netajis death and cremation cannot be relied on to arrive at a definitive finding; andc) A secret plan was contrived to ensure Netajis safe passage, to which Japanese military authority and Habibur Rahman were parties.When the Congress Party has been in power it has always refused requests to return the ashes to India. In fact Boses admirers believe the Congress Party will never allow the truth about their hero to be known because it is the party of the Nehru family and Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964) and Subhas Bose were bitter rivals. Some go further and believe that Prime Minister Nehru conspired with the Russians to prevent Bose returning to India after Independence because he felt threatened by him; hence the cover-up.

One thing is certain if Bose did die in the air crash then he succeeded posthumously in his fight for Indias independence. Immediately after the war the British put on trial for treason in the Red Fort of Delhi three leaders of the INA, symbolically a Hindu, a Muslim and a Sikh. This caused uproar, not least among soldiers of the British Indian Army who only a short time before had been fighting their fellow Indians in the Burmese jungle. The war was over; it was Indias time for freedom now. Netaji was hailed as a martyr. To avoid further martyrs the British virtually acquitted the defendants, letting them off with the lightest sentences, and concluded that the time had come for the British to quit India too. On August 15th, 1947, almost two years after Boses reported death, India and Pakistan became free nations.Over the next few years rumours were rife that Bose had reached Russia. An India Office document marked Secret of May 2nd, 1946 includes this report from a Miss Hanchet:The D.I.B. [Director of Intelligence Bureau in India] mentioned the receipt from various places in India of information that Subhas Bose was alive in Russia. In some cases circumstantial details have been added. Consequently he is not more than 90 per cent sure that Subhas is dead.A stenographer, Sham Lal Jain, deposed before the Khosla Commission that Pandit Nehru asked him to make typed copies of a hand-written note that said Bose had reached Russia via Dairen [Manchuria]. He also alleged that Nehru asked him to type a letter to British Prime Minister Attlee that Bose, your war criminal, has been allowed to enter Russian territory by Stalin. According to theHindustan Timesof March 4th, 2001, Justice Mukherjee asked for this correspondence (when on a visit to London) but was told that the British Government will declassify Bose documents only after 2021 if the Indian Government so desires.Netaji watchers report further circumstantial evidence that Bose was sent to the Gulag. In 2000, an Indian engineer, Ardhendu Sarkar, said he had worked in the Ukraine in the 1960s for a German engineer, Zerovin, who had known Bose in Berlin and had come across him again in 1948 after being sent to a camp in Siberia for indoctrination. Sarkar reported the meeting between Zerovin and Bose to the Indian Embassy in Moscow, after which he was suddenly recalled to India. Others reported to the Khosla Commission that the Indian ambassador to the USSR in the early 1950s, Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, had seen Bose in Siberia.The most persistent voice of the Bose in Russia group belongs to a Professor of International Affairs at Kolkatas Jadhavpur University, Dr Purabi Roy who specialises in Indo-Russian relations. She is convinced that Bose arrived in Russia and possibly died there because she dismisses any sadhuinFaizabad connection. She also related to me word-of-mouth evidence, the most plausible of which came from her colleague in the Russian Institute of Oriental Studies, former USSR General Alexander Kolesnikov. He told her that he had seen a file that noted the minutes of a Politburo meeting of August 1946 when Voroshilov, Mikoyan, Molotov and others discussed whether Bose should be allowed to stay in the Soviet Union. Dr Roys attempts to see this file ended in failure, however. At her urging, the Mukherjee Commission went to the Russian Federation, visited six archives and interviewed four witnesses though not Kolesnikov who was ordered abroad on the eve of his appearance. The archives drew a blank and the witnesses refuted what Dr Roy claimed they had told her. Not surprisingly, Justice Mukherjee concluded that the assertion of Dr Roy regarding Netajis presence in Russia cannot be acted upon. However, she claims a book to be published this winter, will vindicate her position.During the 1950s and 60s other stories about Netaji contended that he never left India but remained in hiding disguised as a peripatetic sadhu. We are in a position to judge the truth of these not only because of the evidence of the first inquiries but also because of the research of Boses biographer Leonard Gordon. He traced the supposed wanderings of Bose round India between 1948 and 1959 through the publications of theSubhasbadi Janata, a propaganda organisation under Major Satya Gupta, a former political ally of Netaji. According to this, Netaji attended Gandhis cremation in 1948 after which he roamed India three times doing tapasa, or penance, to save mankind. Gordon has exposed some of this account as fraudulent and believes the rest is myth. He is convinced Bose died on August 18th, 1945. He has no time for the Mukherjee report, though his biography was written some time before it came out, and he also believes that Professor Roy should put up her evidence or shut up.The mystery of what happened to Netaji Bose will remain until the Indian Government opens some 100 classified files on the subject; and allows files in Russia and Britain to be opened also. Anuj Dhar and theHindustan Times, convinced of a government cover-up, have been campaigning for this through their website www. MissionNetaji.org. The response of the Indian Government is revealing:The disclosure of the nature and contents of these documents would hurt the sentiments of the people at large and may evoke widespread reactions. Diplomatic relations with friendly countries may also be adversely affected if the said documents are disclosed.Justice Mukherjee complained at length in his Report (itself hard to obtain) about the lack of government disclosure and the many obstructions of officials he encountered when he was conducting his inquiry. Pradip Bose agrees that the only way to solve the Bose mystery is for the government censorship to end and the files to be opened. He asks why, if his uncle did die in the air crash, the government does not allow his ashes to be brought back from Japan with the great national honour that he fully deserves?Meanwhile, in Bengal a cult called the Santan Dal is still waiting for Netaji to appear again. Its members rioted outside a cinema in Kolkata in 2005 when a biopic ofNetaji The Forgotten Heroshowed, accurately, that Bose had a sexual relationship with a western woman. There is no doubt that to many Bengalis, at least, Bose has assumed a semi-divine persona. One of many letters discovered in the Faizabad trunks said:Crores [many millions] of Indians have put their eyes upon you. One day the Lord will himself salvage the sorrow of the people, the evil will be destroyed and God will prevail. You are our God in human form.Bose saw his struggle as a moral crusade. The British Empire was evil and he was fighting for the good, in epic terms that Indians love Give me your blood and I will give you freedom, was his cry. In a country where the lines between mortality, sainthood and the divine are finely drawn, why not bring back the epic hero, Netaji, as a symbolic figure to achieve a Divine Age on earth?Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose was one of those who sacrificed their lives in the freedom movement of India. He was known for his dynamic personality and courage and was the role model of numerous young people of his time. Hence, on his birthday centenary, and in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the independence of India, it is appropriate to pay our tribute to this glorious son of India.Subhas Chandra Bose was born in Cuttack, Orissa, in 1897. His father was a famous lawyer. Subhas was highly disciplined from his childhood days and had a burning desire to see India free. In his school days, when he chose to observe the first anniversary of Khudiram Bose, a martyr who was hung in 1910, the British government listed him in their black book.Subhas Bose was a born leader. People were always ready to risk their lives on his call. He was brilliant in studies but intolerant of prejudices against India. When his English teacher at Presidency College (Calcutta), Mr. Otton, made negative remarks about Indians in his classroom, he protested. He successfully organized a strike, demanding a public apology from the teacher. Consequently, Subhas was expelled but was happy that he stood up for a right cause.After leaving the college, Subhas devoted time in social work. People advised him to go back to the college and complete his studies. With considerable effort he gained admission into the Scottish Church College of Calcutta. Here he joined the National Cadet Corps of the University in order to prepare himself for the battle against the British. Upon the completion of his college education, Subhas went to England and passed the civil service examination with merit. He then decided to dedicate his life for the fight of Indias freedom.Subhas was in favor of armed revolution in order to drive out the British. Mahatma Gandhi was then the leader of Indian Politics, and a supporter of nonviolence. Though Gandhi disagreed with Subhas path to freedom, he suggested Subhas to join Chittaranjan Das, who was then the leading politician of Bengal. The British, at that time, extended self rule to the Indians and allowed them to democratically elect their leaders in such civilian administrations as municipality. Chittaranjan Das founded the Swaraj party and Subhas worked hard in its landslide victory for the election of municipal seats of Calcutta Corporation (1924). Subhas became the chief executive and Chittaranjan Das, the mayor of Calcutta.Soon Subhas introduced khadi, a home-made cloth, as the official dress in place of British mill-made clothes. This was a direct protest of the British policy of making clothes in England for the Indian market. Use of khadi was banned. Subhas protested and sent volunteers to jail. At this time a European was killed and Subhas was blamed for that. He was arrested and sent to Mandalay jail in Burma, notorious for its unhealthy conditions.Public revolted for keeping Subhas in jail without a trial. Looking into the worsening mood, British government released Subhas unconditionally. Unfortunately, he contracted tuberculosis while in jail. Subhas took some time to recover while planning out his future strategy. Chittaranjan Das had died and Subhas took over the Swaraj party. He began to organize volunteers, making the government uneasy. Finally Subhas was arrested once again. But the people of Calcutta made him the Mayor and the British had to release him.Soon after, Subhas declared the observance of independence day with a public meeting on January 26, 1931. The government declared it illegal. Subhas defied the orders and was badly beaten by the police. He was then taken to jail, where his health deteriorated. The government got concerned and released him on the condition that he would stay outside India. Subhas traveled to different parts of Europe to promote the cause of Indias freedom through lectures.Subhas entered India when he was elected the President of All India Congress in 1938. He, however, resigned in 1939, because of his strong differences with Gandhi and Nehru. The British were then deeply involved in war. Subhas suggested an armed revolution which did not receive any political support. He then formed the Forward Bloc party and declared to destroy the Holwell Monument of Calcutta, that stood as a symbol of British rule in India. He was arrested again. In jail, Subhas started to fast until death. He was finally released from the jail but he was restricted to his residence in Calcutta.Subhas made a daring escape from his residence and went first to Germany by road, and then to Japan in a submarine. He was trying to negotiate an armed attack on the British-owned India. Keeping this in view, Subhas organized the Indian National Army with the soldiers of the prisoners of war (POW) and declared the formation of Azad Hind Government on October 21, 1943. Subhas army hoisted the national flag of India in Kohima, Assam, which was in the British territory, on March 18, 1944. When Japan surrendered on August 16, 1945, Subhas could not continue his struggle. He decided to go underground and left in a war plane for an undisclosed destination on August 17, 1945. It is now speculated that the plane crashed on the sea due to lack of fuel.Subhas Chandra BoseFile:Subhas Bose.jpgMen, money and materials cannot by themselves bring victory or freedom. We must have the motive-power that will inspire us to brave deeds and heroic exploits.Subhas Chandra Bose(23 January 1897 18 August 1945) was a freedom fighter in theIndian independence movementwho believed in violent resistance to British colonial rule, and founded theIndian National Army, an armed Indian nationalist force.During theSecond World Warhe founded an army of Indian soldiers, previously part of theBritish Indian Army, imprisoned by the Japanese. Having rallied them from Japanese internment camps as well as other Southeast Asian villages, Bose's Indian National Army, allied and funded by Japan and the Axis powers, fought the British Indian Army. With the defeat ofJapan, the Indian National Army was disintegrated.He coined the nationalist phrase"Jai Hind"which later achieved popularity as a patriotic salutation in independent India. He labeled Mahatma Gandhi the 'father of the nation'. In India, he is widely respected and hailed as a patriot and national hero, who stood against the British colonial forces.Quotes[edit] "Reality is, after all, too big for our frail understanding to fully comprehend. Nevertheless, we have to build our life on the theory which contains the maximum truth.We cannot sit still because we cannot, or do not , know the Absolute Truth." As quoted inAn Indian pilgrim: an unfinished autobiography(1997) by himsel, Sisir Kumar Bose, and Sugata Bose, p. 124 "You will readily understand my mental condition as I stand on the threshold of what the man-in-the-street would call a promising career.There is much to be said favour of such a service. It solves once for all what is paramount problem for each of usthe problem of bread and butter.One has not to go face life with risk or uncertainty as to success or failure. But for a man of my temperament who has been feeding on ideas which might be called eccentricthe line of least resistance is not the best to follow. Life loses half its interest if there is no struggleif there are no risks to be taken. The uncertainties of life are not appalling to one who has not, at heart, worldly ambitions. Moreover , it is not possible to serve one's country in the best and fullest manner if one is chained to the Civil Service . In short , national and spiritual aspirations are not compatible with obedience to Civil Service Examinations." In a letter to his elder brother Sarat Chandra Bose on 22 September 1920, as quoted inLife and times of Subhas Chandra Bose, as told in his own words(1978) by himself, p. 83 "It is only on the basis of undiluted Nationalism and of perfect justice and impartiality that the Indian Army of Liberation can be built up." In his address to the Indian National Army on becoming its Supreme Commander on 26 August 1943, as quoted inIndia Calling(1946) by himself and R. I. Paul, p. 52 "When we stand, the Azad Hind Fauz has to be like a wall of granite; when we march, the Azad Hind Fauz has to be like a steamroller." In his address to the Indian National Army on becoming its Supreme Commander on 26 August 1943, as quoted inFormation and growth of the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj)(1946) by Durlab Singh, p. 25 "Give me blood and I will give you freedom!"

"India is calling Blood is calling to blood. Get up, we have no time to lose. Take up your arms! we shall carve our way through the enemy's ranks, or if God wills, we shall die a martyr's death. And in our last sleep we shall kiss the road that will bring our Army to Delhi. The road to Delhi is the road to Freedom.Chalo Delhi(March to Delhi)." As quoted inIndia Calling(1946) by himself and R. I. Paul, p. 5