Stratergic vs opreating planning

• 1. Strategies, Policies andPlanning Premises

2. Strategy

• A companys strategy consists of the competitive moves, internal operating approaches, and action plans devised by management to produce successful performance.

• Strategy is managements game plan for running the business.

• Managers need strategiesto guideHOW the organizations business will be conducted and HOW performance targets will be achieved.

3. Levels of Strategy 4. Levels of Strategy

• Corporate-level Strategy

• The set of strategic alternatives that anorganization chooses from as it manages its operations simultaneously across several industries and several markets.

• 2. Business-level Strategy

• How the organization conducts business in a particular industry.

• Functional-level Strategy

• Strategy developed for specific functional areas

• such as marketing, finance, and so forth.

5. CorporateStrategy BusinessStrategies Functional Strategies LevelsofStrategy-Making 6. BCG Matrix* Relative Market Share Market Growth Rate Low High High Low Stars Cash Cows ? Question Marks Dogs 7. BCG Market Share/Market Growth Matrix 8. What is Strategic Planning? Strategic planning is a systematic process through which an organization agrees on and builds commitment among key stakeholders to priorities that are essential to its mission and are responsive to the environment.Strategic Planning guides the acquisition and allocation of resources to achieve these priorities. 9. Strategic Planning vs. Operational Planning Strategic Planning formulation What, where ends vision effectiveness risk Operational Planning implementation how means plans efficiency control 10. Three Big Strategic Questions

• Where Are We Now?

• Where Do we Want to Go?

• How Will We Get There?

11. Strategic Planning Process

• Developing a Vision and a Mission

• Assessment

• Setting Objectives

• Crafting a Strategy

• Implementing and Executing Strategy

• Evaluating Performance, Reviewing the Situation and Initiating Corrective Action

12. Strategic Planning First Stage of Strategic Planning may involve: Futures Thinking Thinking about what the business might need to do 1020 years ahead Strategic Intents Thinking about key strategic themesthat will informdecision making 13. Strategic Planning The Vision Communicating to all staff where the organisation is going and where it intends to be in the future Aims and Objectives: Aims long term target Objectives the way in which you are going to achieve the aim 14. Strategic Analysis Constantly evaluate their position Strategic analysis includes different methods of assessing the current position of the business in the market place Two basic methods: InternalExternal 15. Internal Audits Productivity Efficiency Costs Other Internal Data Labour turnover, absenteeism Customer satisfaction surveys Quality proceduresCash flow statements Sales trends Skills auditStrengths and weaknesses analysis Core competencies 16. External Audits General business environment Inflation, competitiveness, unemployment/employment, growth, consumer spending Competitors PESTfactors Political e.g. change of governmentEconomic Trends in economic growth, inflation, etc. Social-changed outlook, age structure of population, etc. Technological 17. SWOT Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Vision & Mission An organizations fundamental purpose Good Strategies SWOT Analysis To formulate strategies that support the mission Those that support the mission and:

• exploit opportunities and strengths

• neutralize threats

• avoid weaknesses

Internal Analysis Strengths (distinctive competencies) Weaknesses Threats External Analysis Opportunities 18. Strengths Strengths Those things that you do well, the high value or performance points Strengths can be tangible: Loyal customers, efficient distribution channels, very high quality products, excellent financial condition Strengths can be intangible: Good leadership, strategic insights, customer intelligence, solid reputation, high skilled workforce 19. Weaknesses Weaknesses Those things that prevent you from doing what you really need to do Since weaknesses are internal, they are within your control Weaknesses include: Bad leadership, unskilled workforce, insufficient resources, poor product quality, slow distribution and delivery channels, outdated technologies, lack of planning, . . . 20. Opportunities Opportunities Potential areas for growth and higher performance External in nature marketplace, unhappycustomers with competitors, better economic conditions, more open trading policies, . .Timing may be important for capitalizing on opportunities 21. Threats Threats Challenges confronting the organization, external in nature Threats can take a wide range bad press coverage, shifts in consumer behavior, substitute products, new regulations, . . .The more accurate you are in identifying threats,the better position you are for dealing with the sudden ripples of change 22. FiveForces ModelofCompetition Substitute Products (of firms in other industries) Suppliers of Key Inputs Buyers Potential New Entrants Rivalry Among Competing Sellers 23. Porters Five Competitive Forces

• Threat of new entrants

• Competitive rivalry

• Threat of substitute products

• Power of buyers

• Power of suppliers

24. Gap Analysis Vision Assessment Gap = Basis for Long-Term Strategic Plan 25. Setting Objectives

• The purpose is to convert the mission into Specific Performance Targets

• Yardsticks for tracking company progress and performance.

• Should be set at levels that require stretch and disciplined effort .

26. Crafting a Strategy 27. GenericStrategies

• Porters Generic Strategies

• Differentiation strategy

• An organization seeks to distinguish itself from competitors through the quality of its products or services. Developing an image perceived as unique

• Overall cost leadership strategy

• An organization attempts to gain competitive advantage by reducing its costs below the costs of competing firms.

• Focus strategy

• An organization concentrates on a specific regional market, product line, or group of buyers.

28. Types of Strategy Market Dominance Achieved through: Internal growth Acquisitions mergers and takeovers New product development: to keep ahead of rivals and set the pace Contraction/Expansion focus on what you are good at (core competencies) or seek to expand into a range of markets? Global seeking to expand Global operations 29. Strategy Implementation

• Technology

• Human Resource

• Reward System

• Decision Process

30. Characteristic of the Good Strategy Implementation

• An ongoing exercise

• Proper Communication

• Contingency Plan

• Emphasis on Organisation Culture

• Regular Review

• Importance of Planning

31. DECISION-MAKING 32. What is Decision-Making?

• Decision making

• The process of choosing a course of action for dealing with a problem or opportunity.

33. Types of Decisions

• Programmed decisions.

• Involve routine problems that arise regularly and can be addressed through standard responses.

• Nonprogrammed decisions.

• Involve nonroutine problems that require solutions specifically tailored to the situation at hand

34. Decision environments

• Certain environments.

• Risk environments.

• Uncertain environments.

35.

• Certain environments.

• Exist when information is sufficient to predict the results of each alternative in advance of implementation.

• Certainty is the ideal problem solving and decision making environment.

36. Risk environments

• Exist when decision makers lack complete certainty regarding the outcomes of various courses of action, but they can assign probabilities of occurrence.

• Probabilities can be assigned through objective statistical procedures or personal intuition.

37.

• Uncertain environments.

• Exist when managers have so little information that they cannot even assign probabilities

• .

• Uncertainty forces decision makers to rely on individual and group creativity to succeed in problem solving.

• Also characterized by rapidly changing:

• External conditions.

• Information technology requirements.

38. Classical Vs. Behavioral Decision Theory

• Classical decision theory.

• Views the decision maker as acting in a world of complete certainty.

• Behavioral decision theory.

• Accepts a world with bounded rationality and views the decision maker as acting only in terms of what he/she perceives about a given situation.

39. Classical decision theory

• The classical dec