Stay away from factionsStay away from factions Show disinterest in European affairsShow disinterest in European affairs Set the two term precedentSet.

• Stay away from factionsStay away from factions• Show disinterest in Show disinterest in

European affairsEuropean affairs• Set the two term precedentSet the two term precedent

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Rise in Political Rise in Political PartiesParties

• Although Although speaking speaking against them against them earlier, both earlier, both Madison and Madison and Hamilton Hamilton organize organize factionsfactions

• Hamilton Hamilton takes first takes first stepssteps

• Both the Both the Federalists Federalists and the and the Jeffersonian Jeffersonian Republicans Republicans formedformed

Election of 1796Election of 1796

• Adams (F) wins presidencyAdams (F) wins presidency• Jefferson (R) elected VPJefferson (R) elected VP

• Hamilton retired the Hamilton retired the previous year and took previous year and took much support from the much support from the Federalists with himFederalists with him

1796 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1796 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 71 51.4%

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican

68 49.3%

Thomas Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 59 42.8%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

30 21.7%

Samuel Adams Massachusetts Federalist 15 10.9%

Oliver Ellsworth Connecticut Federalist 11 8.0%

George Clinton New York Democratic-Republican

7 5.1%

Other - - 15 10.9%

Total Number of Electors13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast27

6

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

Adam’s PresidencyAdam’s Presidency

• Often Often undercut undercut (Hamilton, (Hamilton, Jefferson)Jefferson)

• Troubled Troubled relations relations with Francewith France

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

• Adams sends delegates to France Adams sends delegates to France • French demand a bribe before French demand a bribe before

any negotiations take placeany negotiations take place• J. Rep’s want copies of docsJ. Rep’s want copies of docs• Adams turns them over with the Adams turns them over with the

names of X, Y, Z replacing agentsnames of X, Y, Z replacing agents• Adams refuses to pay, popularity Adams refuses to pay, popularity

soarssoars• J.R’s hurt by incidentJ.R’s hurt by incident

Quasi-WarQuasi-War

• In response to the XYZ In response to the XYZ affairaffair

• Undeclared naval war Undeclared naval war between US and Francebetween US and France

• Tensions lowered as Tensions lowered as Britain defeats FranceBritain defeats France

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

• Adams passes four laws that Adams passes four laws that limited speech and writing limited speech and writing anything that could be false anything that could be false or maliciousor malicious

• Designed to silence the Designed to silence the Jefferson RepublicansJefferson Republicans

• Jefferson responds by having Jefferson responds by having VA and KY pass resolutions VA and KY pass resolutions that the states could nullify that the states could nullify “unconstitutional laws”“unconstitutional laws”

• Resolutions later used for the Resolutions later used for the succession of the Southern succession of the Southern statesstates

Tough TimesTough Times

• Adams having difficult Adams having difficult timestimes

• Hamilton divides Hamilton divides Federalists against him Federalists against him with his peace treaty with with his peace treaty with FranceFrance

• Considered resigning and Considered resigning and turning the government turning the government over to Jeffersonover to Jefferson

Election of 1800Election of 1800

• Adams & Pinckney – Adams & Pinckney – FederalistsFederalists

• Jefferson & Burr - Jefferson & Burr - Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

• Adams carries NE statesAdams carries NE states• Jefferson carries S and WJefferson carries S and W

• States follow party interestsStates follow party interests

1800 Election Results (16 states in the Union)1800 Election Results

(16 states in the Union)

Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

Aaron Burr New York Democratic-Republican

73 52.9%

John Adams Massachusetts Federalist 65 47.1%

Charles Pinckney South Carolina Federalist 64 46.4%

John Jay New York Federalist 1 0.7%

Total Number of Electors13

8

Total Electoral Votes Cast27

6

Number of Votes for a Majority

70

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

1800 Election Results (Into the House of Representatives!!)

1 vote for each State

Thomas Jefferson Virginia Democratic-Republican 10 62.5%

Aaron Burr New York

Democratic-Republican 4 25.0%

Blank ------- 2 12.5%

““Revolution of 1800”Revolution of 1800”

• Because of system, electors split Because of system, electors split votes between Jefferson and Burrvotes between Jefferson and Burr

• Accidentally receive same Accidentally receive same amount of votesamount of votes

• Federalist controlled House tried Federalist controlled House tried making a deal with Burr – he making a deal with Burr – he rejectsrejects

• Federalists give up and accept Federalists give up and accept JeffersonJefferson

• 1212thth Amendment passed for Amendment passed for separate votes for Pres and VPseparate votes for Pres and VP

Major Port CitiesMajor Port Cities

– CharlestonCharleston• Rice, cotton, indigoRice, cotton, indigo

– BaltimoreBaltimore• tobaccotobacco

– PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia• Shipped farm produceShipped farm produce

– New YorkNew York• Merchant headquartersMerchant headquarters

– BostonBoston• Shipbuilding, bankingShipbuilding, banking

American Economy American Economy in 1800in 1800

• Predominantly ruralPredominantly rural• 94% people lived in 94% people lived in

communities of fewer communities of fewer than 2,500 peoplethan 2,500 people

• Crops were grown for Crops were grown for home use rather than for home use rather than for salesale

Growth ofGrowth of American Trade American Trade

• French Revolution initiated French Revolution initiated war between Britain and war between Britain and FranceFrance

• American merchants wanted American merchants wanted to supply both sidesto supply both sides

• ““Re-exported” many goods Re-exported” many goods to other European countriesto other European countries

Jefferson Takes OfficeJefferson Takes Office

• Takes office more low key Takes office more low key than Washington and than Washington and AdamsAdams

• Peaceful transition from Peaceful transition from the Federalists to the the Federalists to the Jeffersonian RepublicansJeffersonian Republicans

Vision for the NationVision for the Nation

• Agrarian RepublicAgrarian Republic– Small family farms clustered Small family farms clustered

together in communitiestogether in communities

– ProblemsProblems• Slave trade grewSlave trade grew• Soil exhaustionSoil exhaustion• Indians forced from landsIndians forced from lands

PromisesPromises

• Cut internal taxesCut internal taxes• Cut size of ArmyCut size of Army• Cut size of NavyCut size of Navy• Reduce government staffReduce government staff• Eliminate national debtEliminate national debt

* All promises were kept!* All promises were kept!

Jefferson’s Peep’sJefferson’s Peep’s

• Against pressure, Jefferson Against pressure, Jefferson allowed many Federalists allowed many Federalists to keep their jobsto keep their jobs

• Did not apply to the Did not apply to the “Midnight Judges”“Midnight Judges”

Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison

• Jefferson refuses to give Jefferson refuses to give appointment to Marburyappointment to Marbury

• Marbury suesMarbury sues• Chief Justice Marshall rules Chief Justice Marshall rules

the judicial branch cannot the judicial branch cannot force the executive to force the executive to deliver the papersdeliver the papers

• Judicial review established Judicial review established by Marshallby Marshall

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

• In 1800, France secretly In 1800, France secretly reacquired the LA territoryreacquired the LA territory

• Napoleon wants to use land to Napoleon wants to use land to help cause in Haitihelp cause in Haiti

• Haiti overthrows the French Haiti overthrows the French and Napoleon wants to selland Napoleon wants to sell

• Jefferson already in talks about Jefferson already in talks about buying New Orleans (up to 10 buying New Orleans (up to 10 mil)mil)

• Napoleon decides to sell entire Napoleon decides to sell entire territory for 15 mil. territory for 15 mil.

Effects of the Louisiana Effects of the Louisiana PurchasePurchase

• Jefferson’s beliefs Jefferson’s beliefs questioned – Const. says questioned – Const. says nothing about buying landnothing about buying land

• Size of US doubledSize of US doubled• Slavery increasesSlavery increases• Native Americans pushed Native Americans pushed

off landoff land

Election of 1808Election of 1808

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

James Madison James Madison Becomes PresidentBecomes President

Dolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly MadisonDolly Madison