Status of Efforts: East and South-East Europe

Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism

Status of Efforts: East and South-East Europe

April 2011

The Fund for Peace is an independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-profit research and educational organization that

works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security. We promote sustainable security through

research, training and education, engagement of civil society, building bridges across diverse sectors, and

developing innovative technologies and tools for policy makers. A leader in the conflict assessment and early

warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on the problems of weak and failing states. Our objective is to create

practical tools and approaches for conflict mitigation that are useful to decision-makers.

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The Fund for Peace Transnational Threats

Threat Convergence Status of Efforts Briefing Number 4

Series Editor

Patricia Taft

Report Written by

Jonas Vaicikonis

The Fund for Peace Publication FFP : TTCVR1111 (Version 11E)

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Introduction & Contents

WMD Nonproliferation Activities 4

Export Control Laws & Projects in Place 5

Counterterrorism Initiatives 6

Antiterrorism Instruments 8

Anti-Money Laundering and

Finance Initiatives 10

U.S. Multilateral Initiatives 11

References 12

About The Fund for Peace 13


East and South-East Europe

Overview

Note This Status of Efforts paper encompasses only those European states that are not NATO member states. For information on NATO, please see the Fund for Peace “Status of International Nonproliferation and Counterterrorism Efforts Within NATO Member States” paper (TTCVR1106), available at: http://www.fundforpeace.org/global/?q=ttcvr1106


WMD Nonproliferation Activities


Belarus

Bosnia & H.

Macedonia

Moldova

Mont.

Russia

Serbia

Biological Toxin Weapons Convention (1972)

State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party

International Atomic Energy Agency CSA/AP CSA CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP CSA/AP

Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)


Joint Convention on the Safety of State Partyent Fuel Management and on the safety of Radioactive Waste Management (1997)

State Party - - - - State Party -

Convention on Nuclear Safety (1994) - - State Party State Party - State Party -

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (2005)

- Signatory - Signatory Signatory Signatory -

Southeast Asian Nuclear Weapons Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty, 1995)

State Party - State Party State Party - State Party State Party

UNSCR 1540 Reports submitted 15 Nov 04 9 Nov 05

3 Dec 04 22 Mar 06

3 Dec 04 20 Jan 06

4 Jan 05 5 Dec 05

6 Jan 05 23 Jan 06

2 Nov 04 30 Aug 05

6 Jan 05 23 Jan 06

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party State Party

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (not yet entered into force)


Chemical Weapons Convention (1993)


Ukraine

28 Oct 04 10 Oct 05

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

CSA/AP

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

Abbreviations: AP: Additional Protocol in Force CSA: Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement in Force



Export Control Laws and Projects in Place

Belarus Belarus is a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that specifically address weapons of mass destruction and penalize the use, transport, possession, or sale of WMD materials. Belarus has offered to advise states on implementing legal frameworks to support UNSCR 1540. It has ratified all 12 of the universal anti-terrorism conventions.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a number of national trade and export control laws that address the import and export of dangerous substances. Its criminal code specifically includes “illicit procurement and disposal of nuclear material” and also criminalizes the transport of dual use items across its borders. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s criminal code was recently amended to include a wider range of items.

FYR Macedonia The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes. It has a limited number of national trade and export control laws and these are currently under review, with the aim of tailoring them to address WMD transportation concerns. The U.S. has given support to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia through its Export Control and Related Border Security Program. This program provided x-ray vans to the local border guards and the vans ended up thwarting an illicit shipment of 882 pounds of cocaine in 2007, the largest drug seizure in Macedonian history.

Moldova Moldova does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address the problem of nuclear material possession and transport. It is currently evaluating its export control laws and the agencies that administer them, seeking to streamline the bureaucracies involved in enforcing its border control and WMD laws.

Montenegro Montenegro does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws that address hazardous materials transport and weapons import and export. But, it does synchronize its list of controlled and dual use items with EU standards, which are based on the Wassenaar Arrange-ment, Nuclear Suppliers Group, and Australia Group norms. Its national criminal code has detailed descriptions of WMD-related crimes and the sentences that each carries. Montenegro is a state party to all of the relevant WMD proliferation instruments. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.

Russia Russia is a member of all multilateral export control regimes, except for the Australia Group. It is active in fighting WMD proliferation, especially through Russian-led initiatives within the CIS. Russian national trade and export laws are extensive and cover many WMD smuggling contingencies. Russia is prepared to offer assistance to states looking to fulfill their obligations for UNSCR 1540. As a successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia possesses stocks of chemical weapons, which it has been steadily destroying as part of its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Serbia Serbia does not participate in any multilateral export control regimes, though it has a number of national trade and export control laws which address WMD possession and transport, especially chemical weapons. Borders that are outside inhabited areas are policed by the Serbian military, though efforts are under way to transfer these responsi-bilities to the police. Serbia has received assistance from the UK on revising its export control laws to meet its obligations under UNSCR 1540. Both Serbia and Montenegro aspire to join all five multilateral export control regimes.

Ukraine Ukraine participates in all five multilateral export control regimes. It has extensive national trade and export control laws that focus on stopping WMD proliferation that pay particular attention to countering terrorism. Ukraine participates in the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative. The U.S. National Nuclear Security Administration has conducted export control training programs in Ukraine since 2004 and are expected to continue.


Counterterrorism Initiatives


Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 1624

UNSCR 1373 Reports submitted


UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities

Belarus 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1 20 Jun 2002 Add. 1 21 Mar 2003 29 Mar 2004 19 Ap 2005 10 Mar 2006 Add. 1

10 Mar 2006 • Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in a workshop for legal experts of CSTO Member States on the criminal law aspects of the implementation of the Universal counter-terrorism Instruments, (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).

• Participated in a workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism and regional experiences in promoting international cooperation against terrorism for the members of the Commonwealth of Independ-ent States (Moscow, Russia, November 2005).

• Participated in a seminar on legal instruments to prevent terrorism in the Baltic States (Vilnius, Lithuania, November 2003).


31 Dec 2001 27 Sep 2002 22 Sep 2003 19 Nov 2004 4 Apr 2006

4 Apr 2006 • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).

• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, November 2006).

• Participated in the expert workshop on international cooperation on counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against transnational crime (Zagreb, Croatia, March 2005).

FYR Macedonia 31 Dec 2001 19 Sep 2002 27 Oct 2003 10 Aug 2005

- • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).



Moldova 8 Jan 2002 19 Sep 2002 10 Oct 2003 20 Jan 2006

22 Jun 2006 • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).

• Participated in a workshop on the Implementation of the Universal Instruments against Terrorism. Organized in cooperation with the CIS Executive Committee and co-funded by the OSCE (Minsk, Belarus, January 2008).

• Participated in the second expert workshop on international counter-terrorism, corruption, and the fight against organized crime (Bucharest, Romania, Nov. 2006).


UNSCR 1373 & 1624*


Pursuant to U.N. Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 1624



UNODC Terrorism Prevention Branch activities

Montenegro 7 Feb 2008 - • Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).



Russia 27 Dec 2001 Add. 1 6 Aug 2002 27 Aug 2003 13 Feb 2006

30 Jun 2006

• Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).

• Participated in a subregional workshop for legal experts of CSTO member states on the implementation of universal counter-terrorism instruments (Moscow, Russia, October 2007).


• Participated in a regional workshop on the legislative implementation of universal instruments against terrorism for Central Asian and neighboring countries (Tashkent, Uzbekistan, April 2005).


Serbia 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002 10 Jun 2004 21 Aug 2006

29 Sep 2006 21 Aug 2006

• Participated in a workshop for Central and South-Eastern Europe on Cooperation Against Terrorism and Organized Crime, organized with the OSCE (Budapest, Hungary, November 2008).



Ukraine 31 Dec 2001 13 Sep 2002 13 Nov 2003 1 Nov 2004 8 May 2006

See: 8 May 2006



Counterterrorism Initiatives


Antiterrorism Instruments


Belarus

Bosnia & H.

Macedonia

Moldova

Mont.

Russia

Serbia

Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft (1963)


Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)


Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1971)


Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Inter-nationally Protected Persons, includ-ing Diplomatic Agents (1973)


International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages (1979)


Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1980)


Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Con-vention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation (1988)


Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988)


Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Conti-nental Shelf (1988)


Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detec-tion (1991)

State Party State Party State Party State Party - Signatory State Party

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)


Ukraine

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

State Party

Antiterrorism Instruments


Belarus

Bosnia & H.

Macedonia

Moldova

Mont.

Russia

Serbia

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Ter-rorism (1999)


International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Ter-rorism (2005)


Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material

State Party Signatory State Party State Party Signatory State Party State Party

Protocol of 2005 to the Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of maritime navigation

- - - - - - -

Protocol of 2005 to the Protocol for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of fixed platforms located on the continental shelf

- - - - - - -

Ukraine

State Party

State Party

State Party

-

-



Anti-Money Laundering and Finance Initiatives

International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Financing

Implementation of FATF 40+9 recommendations

Belarus State Party Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Group on Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism, an FATF-style organization in Central Asia, which it joined in 2004. It has been a member of the Egmont Group since 2007. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2000 and was amended in 2010. Belarus was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 22 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special recommendations.1


State Party Bosnia and Herzegovina is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Bosnia and Herzegovina originally passed its first AML/CFT law in 2004 and passed an updated law in 2009. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2005. Bosnia and Herzegovina was found to be “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in implementing 30 of the 40 recommendations and in 7 of the 9 special recommendations.2

FYR Macedonia State Party The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2004. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 25 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.3

Moldova State Party Moldova is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML legislation has been in force since 2001, and efforts to implement its CFT legislation continue. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 29 of the 40 recommendations, and in 8 of 9 special recommendations.4

Montenegro State Party Montenegro is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. Its AML/CFT legislation came into force in 2008. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2005. Montenegro was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 13 of the 40 recommen-dations, and in 5 of 9 special recommendations.5

Russia State Party Russia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It is also a member of FATF, the Eurasian Group, and the Egmont group. Russia was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 18 of the 40 recommendations, and in 6 of 9 special recommenda-tions.6

Serbia State Party Serbia is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2003. Its AML/CFT legislation has been in force since 2009. It was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 19 of the 40 recommenda-tions, and in 7 of 9 special recommendations.7

Ukraine State Party Ukraine is a member of MONEYVAL, an organization under the auspices of the Council of Europe, designed to strengthen European anti-money laundering laws. It has been a member of the Egmont group since 2004. Ukraine was rated “partially compliant” or “non-compliant” in 24 of the 40 recommendations, and in 9 of 9 special recommendations.8


U.S. Multilateral Initiatives


Container Security Initiative

Proliferation Security Initiative

Megaports Initiative (National Nuclear

Security Administration)

Belarus - Participant -

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Participant -

FYR Macedonia - Participant -

Moldova - Participant -

Montenegro - Participant -

Russia - Participant -

Serbia - Participant -

Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative

-

-

-

Moldova’s joint action plan is currently being drafted

-

-

-

Ukraine - Participant Joint action plan signed in 2006 (See NSOI Ukraine fact sheet9)

-


Endnotes


References

• National Reports to the UN Security Council 1540 Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/1540/nationalreports.shtml

• US Container Security Initiative: http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/trade/cargo_security/csi/

• FATF 40 Recommendations on Money Laundering: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/28/0,3343,en_32250379_32236930_33658140_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF 9 Recommendations on Terrorist Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/document/9/0,3343,en_32250379_32236920_34032073_1_1_1_1,00.html

• FATF Typologies Report on Proliferation Financing: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/dataoecd/14/21/41146580.pdf

• International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: http://www.un.org/law/cod/finterr.htm

• US Megaports Initiative: http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/programoffices/internationalmaterialprotectionandcooperation/s-1

• Proliferation Security Initiative: http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c10390.htm

• UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee: http://www.un.org/sc/ctc/

• UN Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/index.html

Useful URL Links

1. Belarus’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.eurasiangroup.org/Belarus.php.

2. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%

282009%2942Rep_BIH3_en.pdf.

3. FYR Macedonia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282008%

2921Rep-MK3_en.pdf.

4. Moldova’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282007%

2918Rep-MDA3_en.pdf.

5. Montenegro’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%

2910Rep-MNE_en.pdf.

6. Russia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282008%2923Rep-

RUS3_en.pdf.

7. Serbia’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%

2929Rep_SER3_en.pdf.

8. Ukraine’s latest evaluation report can be found at http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/moneyval/Evaluations/round3/MONEYVAL%282009%294Rep-

UKR3_en.pdf.

9. URL located at http://www.nsoi-state.net/media/pdf/Ukraine%20fact%20sheets.pdf

The Fund for Peace is an

independent, nonpartisan, 501(c)(3) non-

profit research and educational organization

that works to prevent violent conflict and

promote sustainable security.

We promote sustainable security through

research, training and education, engagement

of civil society, building bridges across

diverse sectors, and developing innovative

technologies and tools for policy makers.

A leader in the conflict assessment and early

warning field, the Fund for Peace focuses on

the problems of weak and failing states. Our

objective is to create practical tools and

approaches for conflict mitigation that are

useful to decision-makers.

The Fund for Peace offers a wide range of

initiatives focused on our central objective:

to promote sustainable security and the

ability of a state to solve its own problems

peacefully without an external military or

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