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STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Weebly · 2019-09-11 · STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG ) A RECORDING OF BRAINWAVE ACTIVITY amplitude frequency.

Aug 06, 2020

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Page 1: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS - Weebly · 2019-09-11 · STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG ) A RECORDING OF BRAINWAVE ACTIVITY amplitude frequency.

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )

A RECORDING OF BRAINWAVE ACTIVITY

amplitude

frequency

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INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL

LEVELSLEVELSLEVELSLEVELS

Becoming

drowsy and

fall asleep

Awake + relaxed

(eyes closed)

Paying

attention to

the

environment

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEP

SSSS----SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)

RESTFULL SLEEP – 4 PHASES:

1. State of drowsiness or

light sleep.3.5 – 7.5 Hz. Easily

aroused but relaxed.

2. Deeper sleep, wave 2. Deeper sleep, wave

frequencies are mixed. Sleep

spindles + k-complexes.

3. Deep sleep, half the

recording consists out of delta

activity.

4. Very deep sleep. half the

recording consists out of delta

activity. Very difficult to arouse.

Confusion.

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D D D D –––– SLEEPSLEEPSLEEPSLEEP

( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)

•Low amplitude and high frequency, same pattern

that characterises wakefulness.

•The type of sleep when dreaming often occurs.

•REM Sleep.•REM Sleep.

•Muscle tone is very low and the sleeper is unable

to move.

•When woken from D-Sleep : instantly awake and

know what is happening in their environment.

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Functions of sleepIt is generally believed that sleep is essential for normal functioning and a lack

thereof can cause stress, which can have negative effects on concentration and coping

ability.

THEORIES ON FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP

COGNITIVE THEORY:

•REM Sleep allows the brain to withdraw from the world.

•Reorganise information collected during the day in a meaningful way.•Reorganise information collected during the day in a meaningful way.

NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:

•Based on neuronal networks that support memory.

•Memory information is encoded in the interconnected networks of the cortex.

Information is remembered when triggered by stimulus, from a specific aspect of a

network.

•Networks do not function well with an over-load of information.

•REM Sleep – cleans up networks by deleting unnecessary information.

•People are encouraged to not remember dreams as the contain information which

the brain wishes to expel.

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SLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERS

INSOMNIA NARCOLEPSYAn inability to sleep:

1. Not falling asleep

2. Waking up during the night and

not going back to sleep

3. Waking up too early, without

sufficient sleep.

1. Symptoms of sleep that occur

during wakefulness.

2. An overwhelming need to sleep.

3. Can happen at anytime and last

for a few minutes.

CATALEPSY SLEEP APNEASudden collapse when the person

is awake but unable to move.

Triggered by an emotional

experience or sudden movement.

Sleep paralysis – hypnogogic

hallucinations.

Breathing difficulties while sleeping.

Wake up gasping for air.

Sleep is often disrupted and the

person may experience sleep

deprivation.

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HYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSIS

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HYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSIS

WHAT HYPNOSIS CAN DO

•Generally produces relaxation,

concentration and temporary

changes in behaviour.

•Decreased pain.

WHAT HYPNOSIS CANNOT

DO •No evidence that hypnosis

empowers people beyond what

they are normally capable of.

•Hypnosis cannot improve •Decreased pain.

•Posthypnotic suggestion – the

suggestion to do or experience

something after coming out of a

hypnotised state.

•May experience sensory

experiences that do not

correspond with reality.

•Hypnosis cannot improve

memory, but rather produces new

memories that are in fact false.

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EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE

DRUGSDRUGSDRUGSDRUGS

STIMULANTS

Increase alertness

Boost energy

Activity

Produce pleasant feelingsProduce pleasant feelings

Examples:

Amphetamine :

Increase the release of dopamine,

cant reabsorb, effects prolonged.

Cocaine:

Decreases the activity of neurons

that inhibit.

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DEPRESSANTS

Decrease arousal level

Drowsiness

Insensitivity to pain

Examples:

Alcohol : depressing the activity of the

nervous system. Facilitates the effects of

GABA

Sedatives and tranquilisers Sedatives and tranquilisers

(benzodiazepine) :

Help people relax, overcome anxiety.

Also increases the effects of GABA.

Opiates :

Binds opiate receptors and decreases

release of dopamine.

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HALLUCINOGENS

Distorted sensory experiences

Altered states of consciousness

Examples :

LSD : attaches to serotonin

receptors

Marijuana : altered sense of time Marijuana : altered sense of time

and perceptual distortions

Ecstasy + MDMA : stimulant and

hallucinogen

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INHALANTS

Sense of intoxication

Examples :

Glue

Cleaning fluid

Paint