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STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESSSTATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ( EEG )
A RECORDING OF BRAINWAVE ACTIVITY
amplitude
frequency
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INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL INDCATION OF AROUSAL
LEVELSLEVELSLEVELSLEVELS
Becoming
drowsy and
fall asleep
Awake + relaxed
(eyes closed)
Paying
attention to
the
environment
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DIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEPDIFFERENT TYPES OF SLEEP
SSSS----SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)SLEEP ( SYNCHRONISED)
RESTFULL SLEEP – 4 PHASES:
1. State of drowsiness or
light sleep.3.5 – 7.5 Hz. Easily
aroused but relaxed.
2. Deeper sleep, wave 2. Deeper sleep, wave
frequencies are mixed. Sleep
spindles + k-complexes.
3. Deep sleep, half the
recording consists out of delta
activity.
4. Very deep sleep. half the
recording consists out of delta
activity. Very difficult to arouse.
Confusion.
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D D D D –––– SLEEPSLEEPSLEEPSLEEP
( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)( DESYNCHRONISED)
•Low amplitude and high frequency, same pattern
that characterises wakefulness.
•The type of sleep when dreaming often occurs.
•REM Sleep.•REM Sleep.
•Muscle tone is very low and the sleeper is unable
to move.
•When woken from D-Sleep : instantly awake and
know what is happening in their environment.
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Functions of sleepIt is generally believed that sleep is essential for normal functioning and a lack
thereof can cause stress, which can have negative effects on concentration and coping
ability.
THEORIES ON FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
COGNITIVE THEORY:
•REM Sleep allows the brain to withdraw from the world.
•Reorganise information collected during the day in a meaningful way.•Reorganise information collected during the day in a meaningful way.
NEUROBIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE:
•Based on neuronal networks that support memory.
•Memory information is encoded in the interconnected networks of the cortex.
Information is remembered when triggered by stimulus, from a specific aspect of a
network.
•Networks do not function well with an over-load of information.
•REM Sleep – cleans up networks by deleting unnecessary information.
•People are encouraged to not remember dreams as the contain information which
the brain wishes to expel.
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SLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERSSLEEP DISORDERS
INSOMNIA NARCOLEPSYAn inability to sleep:
1. Not falling asleep
2. Waking up during the night and
not going back to sleep
3. Waking up too early, without
sufficient sleep.
1. Symptoms of sleep that occur
during wakefulness.
2. An overwhelming need to sleep.
3. Can happen at anytime and last
for a few minutes.
CATALEPSY SLEEP APNEASudden collapse when the person
is awake but unable to move.
Triggered by an emotional
experience or sudden movement.
Sleep paralysis – hypnogogic
hallucinations.
Breathing difficulties while sleeping.
Wake up gasping for air.
Sleep is often disrupted and the
person may experience sleep
deprivation.
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HYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSIS
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HYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSISHYPNOSIS
WHAT HYPNOSIS CAN DO
•Generally produces relaxation,
concentration and temporary
changes in behaviour.
•Decreased pain.
WHAT HYPNOSIS CANNOT
DO •No evidence that hypnosis
empowers people beyond what
they are normally capable of.
•Hypnosis cannot improve •Decreased pain.
•Posthypnotic suggestion – the
suggestion to do or experience
something after coming out of a
hypnotised state.
•May experience sensory
experiences that do not
correspond with reality.
•Hypnosis cannot improve
memory, but rather produces new
memories that are in fact false.
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EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOACTIVE
DRUGSDRUGSDRUGSDRUGS
STIMULANTS
Increase alertness
Boost energy
Activity
Produce pleasant feelingsProduce pleasant feelings
Examples:
Amphetamine :
Increase the release of dopamine,
cant reabsorb, effects prolonged.
Cocaine:
Decreases the activity of neurons
that inhibit.
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DEPRESSANTS
Decrease arousal level
Drowsiness
Insensitivity to pain
Examples:
Alcohol : depressing the activity of the
nervous system. Facilitates the effects of
GABA
Sedatives and tranquilisers Sedatives and tranquilisers
(benzodiazepine) :
Help people relax, overcome anxiety.
Also increases the effects of GABA.
Opiates :
Binds opiate receptors and decreases
release of dopamine.
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HALLUCINOGENS
Distorted sensory experiences
Altered states of consciousness
Examples :
LSD : attaches to serotonin
receptors
Marijuana : altered sense of time Marijuana : altered sense of time
and perceptual distortions
Ecstasy + MDMA : stimulant and
hallucinogen
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INHALANTS
Sense of intoxication
Examples :
Glue
Cleaning fluid
Paint