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Spm Science Notes 2013 Paper 1

Jul 06, 2018

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    ANDREW CHOO EXAM TIPS

    SPM 2013 SCIENCE EXTRA NOTE FOR PAPER I

    FORM 4 CHAPTER 2 BODY COOERDINATION

    2.2 Human Nervous System  

    3. Spinal Cord

    i.  Protected by vertebral column.

    ii.  Inside is grey matter consists of cell

    bodies.

    iii. Outside is white matter consists of nerve

    fibres (axons).

    iv. Spinal Corda. Connect the brain with the rest of the

    body parts if damage would be

    paralyzed.b. Control reflex actions.

    4. Synapse

    i.  to connect two neurones together:

    a. sensory neurone to relay neurone

    b. relay neurone to motor neurone.

    ii.  A tiny space that allow impulse to travel

    chemically from one neuron to another in

    one direction.

    7. Voluntary actions 

    Stimuli↓  

    Receptor (nose, ear, skin, eye, tongue)

    ↓  

    Sensory neurone

    ↓  

    Brain (central nervous system)

    ↓  

    Motor neurone

    ↓  

    Effectors (muscle / gland)

    ↓  

    Response

    8. Neurone / nerve cell

    - Is the basic functional unit of the nervous

    system.

    - To receive and transmit nervous impulses.

    a. Sensory neurones SPM 10 

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    different situations.

    - Controlled by the

    cerebrum.

    - Controlled by the

    medulla

    oblongata or

    spinal cord.

    - Can be quickened orslowered down.

    - Can’t be quickenedor slowered down

    - eg: writing,

    speaking, reading

    and dancing. 

    - eg: heartbeat,

    breathing,

    yawning,

    respiration

    digestion, growing. 

    2.6 Human Brain SPM 06/10/11/12 

    1.  Protected by cranium.

    2.  Outer layer is grey matter which consists ofcell bodies for the growth of the brain.

    3.  Inside is white matter which consists of nerve

    fibers (axons).

    4.  The brain is highly folded to increase the

    surface area to pack more neurons.

    5.  Divided into right and left cerebral

    hemispheres which control opposite side of

    the body movements.

    6.  a. Cerebrum(biggest part)

    - Voluntary actionseg: Speaking, reading, walking, thinking,

    swimming

    b. Receptor 

    ↓  

    Sensory neurone

    ↓  

    Central neurone (Brain)

    ↓  

    Motor neurone

    ↓  

    Effectors (Muscle / Glands)

    Cerebrum consist of: SPM 06/09 i. Sensory area  Touch, sight, smell,

    taste, hearing

    ii. Motor Area Movement of muscle

    iii. Association

    area Thinking, speech

    memory, reasoning,

    imagination.

    c. Cerebellum SPM 11 -Maintaining body posture, equilibrium or

    body balancing. Control contraction and

    relaxation of muscles.

    d. Medulla Oblongata  

    -Controls in involuntary actions, e.g.

    heartbeat, breathing, circulation of blood,

    peristalsis, swallowing, growing,

    digestion and respiration.

    - If injured, the person will die.

    7.

     Body Coordination

    Nervous system Endocrine system

    a. SIMILARITY 

    i.  Carry out body’s responses towards stimuli.

    ii.  Both involve four component; stimulus, receptor, effector and response.

    iii.  Coordinate all body activities and responses

    iv.  Ensure survival of life

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    b. DIFFERENCES

    i.  Consists of the brain, spinal cord and

    neurons / nerves.

    ii.  In the form of electric impulses.

    iii.  Comes from inside and outside the body.

    iv.  Fast and often does not last long.v.  Normally localized like the organs and

    glands

    vi.  No feedback mechanism.

    i.  Consists of endocrine / ductless glands and

    hormones in blood.

    ii.  In form of chemicals known as hormones.

    iii.  Comes from inside the body.

    iv.  Most of them are slow and long lasting.v.  Normally widespread and covers the whole

    body.

    vi.  Has feedback mechanism and response.

    6. Drug Abuse (Excessive use of drug)

    a.  Drugs is a chemical substance that can

    influence the function of the nervous

    system and the mind.

    b.  Types of drugs:

    i. Stimulantsii. Depressants

    iii. Hallucinogeniv. Opiates

    c.  Effects of drug abuse on healthi.  Poor physical and mental health.

    ii.  Affect the respiratory system, nervous

    system, immune system and internal

    organ such as liver and the heart.

    iii.  Lost of appetite and malnutrition.

    iv.  High risk at contracting HIV/Hepatitis

    B because of sharing contaminated

    needles.

    v.  Suffer of vomiting, disease like

    pheumonia, bronchitis and flu as the

    immune system become weakened.

    7.  Alcohol SPM 03/06 

    a. Such as ethanol, a psychoactive substances

    which influences the central and peripheral

    nervous system.

    b. Ethanol is produced by fermentation 

    process of glucose by yeast.

    Energy 

    dioxideCarbonEthanolGlucose Yeast

    +

    +    →   

    c.  Effect of excessive consumption of

    alcohol on body coordination.

    i.  Effect the brain – loss of memory,

    poor judgment of distance, double

    vision, loss of self-control and slurred

    in speech.

    ii.  Slow down the nervous system,

    coordination and movement slows

    down and become clumsy.

    iii.  Blockage in blood capillaries resulting in unconsciousness.

    iv.  Dehydration due to freaquent urine.v.  Malnutrition because of loss of

    appetite.

    vi.  Cause obesity, heart disease, liver/

    cirrhosis, gastritis/ulcers.

    vii.  Retard of foetus or birth defect.

    8. The importance of avoiding excessive

    consumption of alcohola. Damage to the health.

    b. Causes accidents.

    c. Contribute to crimes, suicide or spousal

    abuse.

    d. Leads to a breakdown in the family unity

    and causing social problems.

    9. Importance of a sound and healthy mind

    a. The mind controls how we think, feel and 

    react. 

    b. Healthy mind enables a person to think

    rationally, choose between the good and the

    bad, fair judgments to solve problems,

    generate new ideas and lead a happy and

    fulfilling life.

    c. Factors that influence the mind :i.  Excessive consumption of alcohol

    ii.  Drug abuse

    iii.  Hormonal imbalance

    iv.  Mental stress(insufficient of sleep,

    mental anguish , overwork and sadness)

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    v.  Brain injury (cause memory loss, nausea,

    giddiness and disability)

    vi.  Physical health, mental health, emotional

    health, spiritual health and social

    activities.

    FORM 4 CHAPTER 3 HEREDITY AND VARIATION1. Chromosomes 

    a. Small thread-like structures exist in pairs which contain genes / DNA.

    b. Located in the nucleus of a cell.

    c. A human being has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 chromosomes) which made of acid (DNA) and

    protein.

    2. Genes (DNA) 

    a. are base unit of hereditary materials located on chromosomes, which determine characteristics 

    of a person.

    b. exist in pairs.

    c. Genes / DNA

    Dominant Recessive

    -  called dominants traits which show the

    characteristic /traits when paired with a

    dominant or a recessive gene.

    TT = tall

    Tt = tall

    - which show recessive traits when both genes

    are recessive.

    tt = short

    4. a. Type of chromosomes (46)

    Autosomes Sex

    22pairs 1pairs

    = 44  = x / y

    Autosome Sex Total

    Male 44 +  xy = 46

    Female 44 +  xx  = 46

    b. Chromosomes in Gametes 

    sperm = 22 + x / 22 + y ovum = 22 + x

    c.

    5. Sex determination- by the chromosome in

    sperm-  The probability of having a male or female

    child is the 50% because half of the sperms

    carry y chromosome and half of other

    sperms carry x chromosome (Ratio 1 : 1)

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    9. Mutation  

    a. is the sudden change to the structure of genes or number of chromosomes

    b. can be caused by mutagen such as

    i.  chemical substances (e.g. pesticide, nicotine in cigarettes, drugs, nitrogenous acid,

    preservatives, colouring or artificial sweetener)

    ii.  radiation (gamma ray, ultraviolet, x-ray)iii.  temperature (too high or low)

    c. Advantages 

    i.  cause variation to enable organism to adapt to the environment (more resistant to diseases,

    weather or pollutant)

    ii.  creation of new species.

    d. Disadvantages 

    - cause diseases (colour blindness, haemophilia, anaemia or klinefelter’s syndrome, polydactyl

    trait)

    Hereditary Diseases caused bye. Mutation Gene   f. Mutation Chromosomes  

    -  change in the structure a gene in

    the chromosomes x of the

    recessive gene by mutagen.

    -  eg.

    a. albinismb. haemophilia (blood unable

    to clog)

    c. anaemia. 

    d. colour blindness (unable todifferentiate between red and

    green)

    -  changes in the number of chromosomes by mutagen.

    i.  eg. Down’s syndrome (has small eyes and square

    face) (47 chromosomes) presence of one extra

    chromosomes at the 21st pair of chromosome.

    ii.  Klinefelter’s syndrome (has small testis and

    sterile) (47 chromosomes) presence of one extra x 

    ( 44 + xxy) chromosome at the sex chromosome

    ( xxy in the male)

    iii.  Turner’s syndrome (45 chromosomes) lacks one x chromosome ( xo in the female) (44 + ox).

    10. Genetic Engineering is to improve the quantity and quality of Crops / livestock

    a.  In Medicine - to identify heredity / sex – linked disease.

    b.  In Agriculture- : i. Improve the quality of breeds

    ii. Bring in new species with higher resistance to disease or pests or environment

    iii. Increase production

    11. Medicine  

    - Most heredity disease like colour blindness, haemophilia and albinism are caused by recessive

    genes or sex linked genes (x chromosomes).

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    12. Agriculture 

    a. Selective breeding or cross-bred to produce new varieties which have better characteristics.

    Example :

    i.  Oil palm Pisifera and Dura to produce Tenura which bear more fruits, thinner shell and moreoil content.

    ii.  Artificial insemination where good semen from male animal is placed into the body offemale animal for fertilization

    iii. Embryo transfer of good breed to the uterus of a female animal.iv. Cloning of produce offspring that similar to its parents.

     Genetically modified food

    Advantages  Disadvantages Body Health

    -  Food containing certain nutrients required by

    the body can be produced

    Better quality of crops and livestock-  Better quality of crops and livestock can be

    produced. Quantity can be increased

    -  Crop and livestock that grow faster can be

    produced.

    Conservation of environment

    -  The use of pesticides can be reduced with the

    Nutritional value of food

    -  Genetically modified food may not have

    the same nutritional value

    Effects of new genes-  New genes in food may be transferred in

    human body. Such genes may affect

    functions of human cell.

    Long –term effects

    -  New species of crops and livestock which

    adapt better to the change in the

    environment might cause authentic

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    production of crops which have high

    resistance to disease or pests.

    species to become extinct.

    FORM 4 CHAPTER 4 MATTER AND SUBSTANCES

    1.  Matter 

    -  Has mass and occupies space

    -  Exists in the states of solids, liquids and gases.

    2.  Kinetic theory of matter states that 

    a.  matter is made up of tiny and discrete particles.

    b.  particles always moving in random motion and collide against one another (Brownian

    movement).

    c.  the moving energy of particles is called the kinetic energy of particles.

    d.  kinetic energy influence by the temperature of the matter. (Temperature↑= kinetic energy ↑)

    e.  particles in an element are similar

    3. SPM 10 

    SPM 10

    Solid Liquid Gas

    - Particles are arranged closely 

    and orderly in fixed

    positions.

    - Cannot be compressed.

    - Vibrates at their fixed

    positions.- Attraction forces are very

    strong 

    - Kinetic energy is very low 

    - Particles are not orderly

    arranged

    - Cannot be compressed.

    - Particles keep contact with one

    another with spaces between

    particles.- Move freely 

    - Attraction forces is weak. 

    - Kinetic energy is higher. 

    - Particles are further

    apart - Move freely in random

    in all direction.

    - Attraction force is very 

    weak and compressible.- Kinetic energy is the

    highest.

    4. Sublimation 

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    -  process where solid changes to gas or gas to solid without going through the liquid.

    -  e.g. iodine, dry ice, ammonium chloride

    and naphthalene.

    5. Diffusion 

    -  can occur because particles move into the

    space in between the particles of solids,

    liquids and gases.

    -  eg: when 50 3cm of ethanol and 50 3cm  of

    distilled water are mixed, only 98 3cm  of

    mixture are obtained. This is because the

    ethanol and water particles occupy each

    other spaces between the particles.

    6. Brownian motion 

    -  Is random movement example shown by

    smoke particles or pollen grains when

    knocked about by air particles.

    7. Changes in the state of matter SPM 05 

    Graph about heating of substance Graph about cooling of substance

    7b. c.

     AB -  The particles absorb heat and

    vibrate faster. Kinetic energy

    increases and the temperature rise.

    PQ -  The particles release heat. The kinetic

    energy decrease and the temperature

    drop.

     BC -  Melting point (fix temperature

    when solid becomes liquid) 

    -  The solid particles have enough

    energy to break away from the

    rest. The temperature does not

    rise because the energy

    absorbed is used to break the

    force of attraction between thesolid particles to form liquid

    particles.

    QR -  Condensation point

    -  The gas particles lose energy and

    become nearer to form liquid. The

    temperature does not drop because

    the energy is released to increase

    the force of attraction between the

    gas particles to form liquid

    particles.

    CDSPM

    05

    -  Completely melt and the kinetic

    energy increase causing the

    temperature to rise.

     RS -  Completely become liquid and the

    kinetic energy decrease causing the

    temperature to drop.

     DESPM

    05 

    -  Boiling point (fix temperature

    when liquid becomes gas) 

    -  The liquid particles have enough

    energy to break away from the

    rest. The temperature does not

    ST -  Freezing point

    -  The liquid particles begin to arrange

    themselves orderly and turn into

    solid.

    -  The temperature does not drop

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    rise because energy is absorbed

    to break the force of attraction

    between the liquid particles toform gas particles.

    because the energy is released to

    pull the liquid particles together toform solid particles.

     EF -  Completely boiled to become gas.

    The kinetic energy increasescause the temperature to rise.

    TU -  Completely solidify into solid state,

    -  The temperature drops to roomtemperature because the kinetic

    energy decrease.

    8. Atom (a basic unit of all matter) SPM 09

    - all matter consists of tiny units called atoms

    Subatomic Charge Relative mass

    Proton +ve 1 unit

    Neutron neutral 1 unit

    Electron -ve 1/1840 unit

    9. a. Neutral atom is the number of protons equal to the number of electron

    b. Ions are atoms which have charges.

    i.  Positive ion = atom which losses of electrons (Number of electron < proton)

    ii. Negative ion = atom which receives more electrons (Number of electron > proton)

     

    14. a. Characteristic or Properties of Metals and Non-Metals SPM 12 

    15. a. Experiment: To study the effect of impurities on the freezing point of distilled water.

    Metal Non-Metal SPM 12 

    a.  Shinny and lustrous 

    b.  Ductile; can be pulled into a wire. 

    c.  Malleable; can be beaten into thin sheet because atoms in

    metal can slide over one another easily. 

    d.  Tensile; very strong because of strong metallic bonding. 

    e.  Good conductor of electricity because of free electrons. 

    f.  Good conductor of heat. SPM 08 

    g.  Very dense because atoms in metal are closely packed. h.  Very high boiling and melting points because of very strong

    atomic / metallic bonding.

    i.  e.g. iron, gold, copper, aluminium, zinc.

     j.  Aluminium is used as food wrapper . 

    k.  Gold is used to make jewellery because malleable (easily slide

    over one another), shinny and non-rusting.  

    a. Dull

    b. Brittle or fragile and breaks

    easily

    c. Not malleable

    d. Weak and snaps easily

    e. Insulator

    f. Poor conductor of heat

    g. Low densityh. Low boiling or melting

    points because of weak

    Van der Waal force.

    i.  e.g. sulphur, glass,

    chlorine, sulphur.

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    i. VariablesManipulated : presence of salt 

    Constant : volume of distilled water

    Responding : reading of the thermometer / freezing point

    ii. Definition of distilled water – Distilled water is pure water that freeze at 00

    Ciii. Definition of impure water – Water that contain dissolve substances that freeze at -2 0 C

    iv. Inference : Salt can lower the freezing point of distilled water. 

    v.

    vi.

    Conclusion : Impurities can affect the freezing point of distilled water.

    Definition of freezing point: is the reading of the thermometer. 

    b. Pure Substances SPM 03/05 

    i.  Distilled water is pure water because it does not contain any dissolve substance or foreign

    matter. 

    ii.  The boiling point of pure water is 100 0 C and melting point is 0 0 C. 

    iii.  However impurities such as salt can increase the boiling point to 102 0 C and lower the

    melting / freezing point to -2 0 C. iv.  Ice-cream hawkers add salt into the ice box to lower the melting point of ice to prevent the ice

    cream from melting too quickly. 

    v.  Workers add salt on the road during winter to prevent the snow from melting too quickly.

    16. Experiment : To study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water SPM 10 

    i. Variables

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    Manipulated : presence of salt 

    Constant : volume of distilled water

    Responding : reading of the thermometer / boiling point

    ii. Definition of distilled water – Distilled water is pure water that boil at 100 0C

    iii. Definition of impure water – Water that contain dissolve substances that boil at 102 0 C

    iv. Inference : Salt can increase the boiling point of distilled water. v. Conclusion : Impurities can affect the boiling point of distilled water. 

    17. a. Purifying Substances

    Distillation (to obtain pure liquid)  

    -  Is the process of  boiling the liquid and condensing the vapour into pure liquid.

    Liquid Gas Liquid

     Distillation of ethanol

     Note: Mixture of water and alcohol can be separated by distillation as they have different boiling point. (Alcohol has lower boiling point than water)

    b. Crystallisation (to obtain pure solid / salt / sugar) SPM 04 -  Is forming of pure sugar crystal from a hot saturated solution of a sugar when it is cooled.

    -  e.g. mining salt (sodium chloride) from sea water / obtaining sugar from sugar solution / solid

    copper sulphate.

    Obtaining pure salt crystal

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    FORM 4 CHAPTER 5 ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

    1. a. Physical change (changes in

    appearances) SPM 05 

    b. Chemical change (changes in chemical properties)

    SPM 05 

    - No new substance formed

    - Chemical property remains the

    same

    - Reversible

    - Little energy is required

    - Alters the form / appearance

    - Examples:  

    i.  melting, condensation

    ii.  boiling, sublimation

    iii.  solubility, freezing

    iv.  evaporation, dissolvingv.  crystalisation

    vi.  distillation

    - Form new substance

    - Different from original

    - Involves absorption / release of heat

    - Irreversible

    - Plenty of energy required

    - Chemical property changes

    - Examples:  

    i. Burning of paper / petrol / magnesium /

    aluminium

    ii. Rusting of iron / respiration

    iii. Change in colour of sliced apple / digestioniv. Neutralization, decomposition

    v. Heating iron with sulphur

    vi. Heating copper carbonate / zinc carbonate

    vii. Putting calcium into water

    2. Heat change in Chemical Reaction SPM 09 

    a. Exothermic reaction 

    (releasing heat to form bond)b. Endothermic reaction

    (absorb heat to break bond) 

    - Surrounding temperature increase

    -Examples: Temperature of the solution rise when

    Sodium hydroxide crystals dissolve into water

    i.  magnesium ribbon is burned in air

    ii.  calcium hydroxide or zinc reacts with dilute

    hydrochloric acid

    iii. concentrated sulphuric acid is dissolved in

    water

    -Absorb heat to break bonds.

    -Surrounding temperature lowered

    -Examples: 

    i.  solid Ammonium Chloride is

    dissolved in water

    ii.  solid Potassium Nitrate dissolved

    in water

    iii. reaction of Zinc and Copper

    Sulphate

    3. Reactivity Series of Metals a.

    Very

    reactive

    Potassium

    Sodium

    Calcium

    Magnesium

    Aluminium

    React withwater

    React with

    steam

    to produce

    alkali +

    hydrogen

    Less

    reactive

    Zinc

    Iron

    Lead

    Tin

    Copper

    React with acid

    →  salt + hydrogen

    React with oxygen

    →  metal oxide

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    Non-

    reactive

    Mercury

    Silver

    Platinum

    Gold

    Free pure elements

    b. Metal  + Water / steam  →  Alkali  + Hydrogen Magnesium + Water →   Magnesium hydroxide + Hydrogen

    Aluminium + Steam →  Aluminium oxide + Hydrogen

    * more reactive metal produce more hydrogen

    c. Reactivity of metal with acid SPM 03/07/11/12 

    SPM 07Relationship:The volume of gas increase with time. 

    Metal  + Acid  →   Salt  + Hydrogen 

    Zinc  + Sulphuric acid  →  Zinc sulphate  + Hydrogen 

    Iron +Hydrochloric

    acid→  Iron chloride + Hydrogen

    Extraction of ore by 

    b. i. Electrolysis Process 

    - Metals which are located higher than carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted using the

    electrolysis process. These metals are more reactive than carbon therefore can’t use reduction

    method of carbon.

    - e.g. aluminium is extracted from the bauxite ore by electrolysis.

    b.ii. Extraction of metal by carbon located below carbon in the reactivity series are extracted by

    the  reduction method by carbon, such as Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, and Copper. SPM 09 

    a. Potassium

    Sodium

    Calcium

    Magnesium

    Aluminium

    Extraction by electrolysis only because these

    metals are more reactive than carbon.

    Carbon

    Zinc

    Iron

    LeadTin

    Copper

    Extraction by reduction method by carbon

    because these metals are less reactive than

    carbon. Carbon is chosen because it is cheap,

    economical and easily available  

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    Tin Oxide + Carbon  →    Tin + Carbon dioxide

    (cassiterite) (coke) (pure)

    Blast Furnacec. The reactivity can also be used to forecast whether a particular metal can extract another oxide.

    For example, aluminium which is located higher than lead in the series is more reactive. Therefore, it

    can remove oxygen from the lead oxide

    Aluminium + Lead oxide  →     Aluminium oxide + Lead

    Electrolysis  Break compound into its elements using electricity

    (Electric energy  →    Chemical energy)

    1 a. Electrolysis of Copper Chloride Solution 

    Anode Cathode

    - Chloride gas is produced./turn

    damp litmus paper into red

    - Chlorine ions release

    electrons to become chlorine

    atoms

    -  CleCl   →−−  

    - Copper is deposited.

    - Copper ions receive

    electrons to become

    copper atoms

    -  CueCu   →+   −+  

    b. Electrolysis used for  

    i. Extraction of metals iii. Electroplating of metals

    ii. Purification of metals

    Note: Advantages of using carbon is:

    i) economical

    ii) easily available

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    2a. Extraction of Metals ( Aluminium from bauxite)  

    c. Electroplating of Metals (Electroplating iron nail with copper)

    **Note: Copper (ll) sulphate solutions colour unchanged because the copper ions that deposited onto

    the cathode is replaced by copper ions that dissolved from the anode.

    i. The aims / advantage of electroplating:

    a) Prevent the metal from corrosion (rusting)

    b) Make the metal look more attractive

    ii. The following methods should be taken into consideration to obtain a good quality and

    attractive electroplated product. 

    a) The surface of the metal to be plated must be clean by sand paper beforehand.

    b) Electric current supplied should not be too big

    c) Dilute electrolyte should be used.

    d) The period of electroplating should take a longer time.

    e) The nail must be rotated slowly.

    iii. The metal used in anode must same with the metal compound solution.iv. The electrolyte must has same type of metal ion with the anode

     Note: Cryolite is added to lower the melting

    point of the bauxite.

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    Electrical Energy from Chemical Reaction 1. Simple cell  SPM 04 

    (Chemical energy  →    Electrical energy)

    i. The less reactive metal like copper is

    made the positive electrode (anode).

    ii. The more reactive metals like zinc is

    made the negative electrode (cathode)

    because this metal is more likely release

    electrons to form ions.

    iii. No electricity is produced when both

    metals are the same.

    iv. The further the metals apart, the higher

    the voltage/current is produced.

    2. Cells Primary  Secondary 

    -  Non-rechargeable.

    -  eg:

    a. dry alkaline battery (used in torch light)

    b. silver-oxide mercury battery (used in

    watches/calculators) 

    -  Rechargeable. 

    -  eg:

    a.  lead acid accumulators (used in car)

    b.  nickel-cadmium battery (used in

    handphone)

    3. a. Dry Cell/Alkaline bateries – used in torch light / portable radio.

     i.  Ammonium chloride paste as electrolyte.

    ii.  Carbon powder to reduce the resistance.

    iii. Manganese oxide to oxidizes the

    hydrogen gas produced into water to

    reduce the polarisation of the cell.b. Advantages of dry cell

    -  non-spill over

    -  small light and portable.

    c. Disadvantage-  non- rechargeable. 

    -  short life span. 

    4. Lead - Acid Accumulator (rechargeable) used in car.

    Advantages-  produce a stable current

    -  produce higher voltage

    -  rechargeable

    -  last longer

    Disadvantage

    - can spill over 

    - it is heavy 

    c. Electroplating of Metals (Electroplating iron nail with copper) SPM 06 

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    **Note: Copper (ll) sulphate solutions colour unchanged because the copper ions that deposited onto

    the cathode is replaced by copper ions that dissolved from the anode.  

    i. The aims / advantage of electroplating:

    a) Prevent the metal from corrosion (rusting)

    b) Make the metal look more attractive

    ii. The following methods should be taken into consideration to obtain a good quality and

    attractive electroplated product. 

    a) The surface of the metal to be plated must be clean by sand paper beforehand.

    b) Electric current supplied should not be too big

    c) Dilute electrolyte should be used.

    d) The period of electroplating should take a longer time.

    e) The nail must be rotated slowly.

    iii. The metal used in anode must same with the metal compound solution.

    iv. The electrolyte must has same type of metal ion with the anode

    Chemical reaction that occur in the presence of light/Photosynthesis Reaction 

    1.  Photographic paper

    Silver bromide    →  light 

     Silver(darker) + Bromine gas

    Argentum chloride    →  light 

     Argentum (darker) + Chlorine gas.

    2.  Chlorine water

    Chlorine water    →  light 

     Hydrogen chloride + Oxygen

    3.  Sodium hypochlorite

    Sodium hypochlorite solution    →  light 

     Sodium chloride + Oxygen

    * Photosensitive chemicals above will decompose when exposed to sunlight.

    * Therefore must be stored in dark condition.

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    FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 NUCLEAR ENERGY

    Nuclear Energy and its uses 

    5. Producing nuclear energy througha. Nuclear fission SPM 06 

    -  A high energy neutron bombards a uranium

    nuclease to s plit into two lighter nucleiwith the release of three neutrons and heat

    or nuclear energy and radioactive rays.

    b.  Chain reaction-  Is continuous of nuclear fission

    6.  Nuclear Fusion 

    -  Combination of two light nuclei to form a

    bigger nucleus with the release of energy

    -  Example: Two hydrogen atoms combine to

    form a helium atom with the releasing of

    nuclear energy in the core of the Sun.

    -  Occur naturally in the core of the Sun.

    7.  Uses of Nuclear Energy-  To produce electrical energy in a nuclear

    reactors using uranium.

    -  To move submarine / carrier

    -  To make nuclear bom

    FORM 4 CHAPTER 7 LIGHT, COLOUR AND LIGHT

    4. Camera 

    Function

    a Diaphragm Control the amount of light

    b Aperture Allow the light to enter

    c Shutter Control the duration of light

    exposure

    d Focus

    adjuster

    Adjust the position of the

    image on the film./ produce

    sharp image.

    e Film Formation of image / capture

    image

     Image formation in an eye

    5. Type of image 

    a) Real b) Virtual

    -  eye

    -  camera

    -  convex lens

    -  microscope

    -  telescope

    -  mirror

    -  periscope

    -  magnifying glass

    -  concave lens

    -  convex lens

    Formation of Image by Optical Instruments 

    1.  Mirror- Periscope in submarine, double-decker bus

    or too see over the wall.

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    2.  Convex lensa. Magnifying glass 

    b. Telescope – the image is at infinity, virtual

    and inverted.

    – 0 f  f e   <  

    c. Microscope – the final image is virtual,

    inverted and enlarged.

    - e f  f  

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    i.  White light disperses because white light

    consists of different light colours.

    ii.  which travel at different velocities

    iii.  refracted at different angles when

    dispersed by a glass prism. 

    b. When the spectrum is combined, a white light

    is produced

    c. Natural phenomena of dispersion of light/  

    spectrum.. 

    i.  Rainbow 

    ii.  Soap bubbles

    5. Light colour SPM 10/12 

    a. 

    Primary colours- Original colour  that can’t form by any

    combination of light colours.

    - Red + Blue + Green = White

    b.  Secondary colours  

    -  consists of two primary colours combined

    together.

    i. 

    Red + Blue→

      Magenthaii. Red + Green →   Yellow

    iii. Blue + Green →   Cyan

    6.  Colour filter. SPM 05/10/11/12 

    a.  Only allow light colour which is same 

    colour to pass through.

    b.  Other colours are absorbed

    7. Colour object  a.  Only reflect light colour which is same 

    colour with the object

    b.  Other colours are absorbed

    Primary + Primary →   Secondary

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    - Using tall chimney to disperse

    smokes.

    g. Incinerator

    - burn waste products inside

    incinerator to prevent releasing of

    toxic gases

    11. Types of pollution Effect Solving Method

    Air pollution Lungs cancer

    Asthmatic- Use electrostatic precipitator in chimney

    - Ban open burning

    - Burn in incinerator

    Water pollution Cholera - Enforcement of laws

    - Recycling the waste

    - ‘Love our river’ campaign

    FORM 5 Chapter 1 Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Thing

    1.1 5 Groups of Microorganisms / Microbes

    1.  Bacteria 

    i.  unicellular

    ii.  with cell wall

    iii.  do not have nucleus

    iv.  some can move with flagella.v.  reproduce by binary fission or

    conjugation

    vi.  when condition unfavourable, it

    becomes spore. Spores can only be

    destroyed by heat over 120°C in an

    autoclave.

    vii.  some bacteria has chlorophyll to make

    own food but some are parasites or

    saprophytes.

    b. 4 types of bacteria according to its shape.i. Spherical

    ii. Rod-shaped

    iii. Comma-

    shaped

    iv. Spiral / Spring

    – shaped

    2.  Fungi  

    i.  Reproduce by spores like mucor or

    budding like yeast.

    ii.  Do not have chlorophyll / cannot make

    food by photosynthesis.

    Fungi 

    Unicellular Multicellular

    -  such as yeast,

    mucor or

    penicillium

     

    - such as mushroom 

    Fungi 

    Saprophytic  Parasite

    eg: mucor feeds on

    decaying organic

    matter. 

    eg: ringworm sucks

    nutrients from the

    living organism. 

    3.  Protozoa - unicellular

    - eg: amoeba and paramecium.

    - Reproduce by binary fission

    amoeba paramecium

    4.  Viruses 

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    a.  smallest microorganisms that can passthrough filter.

    b.  come in many geomical shapes.

    c.  are living things because they:

    i.  can reproduce

    ii.  have nucleic acids

    d.  are not living things because they:

    i.  do not respire, feed or excrete

    ii.  can be crystallized when the condition

    is unfavourable.

    e.  can only reproduce in a living host cell(parasite)

    f.  cannot be destroyed by antibiotic.

    5.  Algae (green plant / producer)  

    - Contain chloroplast and can make own

    food by photosynthesis.

    - Reproduce by binary fission,

    fragmentation or conjugation.

    Algae 

    Unicellular Multicellular

      Euglena

    Chlamydomonas

    Pleurococcus

    Spirogyra

    Seaweeds Hydra 

    1.3 Uses of microorganisms 1. Food digestion 

    a.  protozoa / bacteria that live in the alimentary canal of herbivores such as rabbit / cow produce

    cellulose enzyme to digest cellulose.

    b.  bacteria in human large intestine help to digest food and produce vitamin K / B 12 .

    2. Decaying process / putrefaction / decomposition a.  bacteria / fungi decompose dead organisms into simple molecules to be returned to nature / be

    recycled (to maintain the carbon-cycle).

    b.  Bacteria are also used to decompose organic waste such as oil palm / paddy wastes to produce

    methane gas.

    3. Medicine

    a.  Bacteria /  fungi can produce antibiotics and vaccines.b.  antibiotic from bacteria / fungi can be used to treat diseases caused by bacteria.

    Antibiotic can treat diseases caused by bacteria

    Penicillin gonorrhea, syphilis and pheumonia

    Streptomycin tuberculosisTetracycline respiratory tract, syphilis and acne.

    c.  However, antibiotics are not effective against viruses or cure diseases caused by virus such as

    Aids / Hepatitis, cold and Dengue.

    4. Agriculture a.  Putrefying bacteria / fungi adds humus and improves the fertility of the soil.

    b.  Nitrogen – fixing bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants provide the plants with

    nitrates.

    c.  Microorganisms are also used in biological control to eliminate pests, example,

    i. Bacterium to destroy beetles.

    ii. Virus to destroy rabbits.

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    5. Industry 

    a. Food industry

    - Example: 

    i. Alcoholic drinks

    - wine, beer, brandy

    -  Yeast carries out fermentation on glucose to produce ethanol.

    ii. Bread, cake -  Carbon dioxide is produced during fermentation of  yeast. Thesecarbon dioxide bubbles make the dough rise so that the bread is

    soft.

    iii. Cheese, cream,

    yogurt & butter

    -  Bacteria / fungi is used to ferment milk into cheese, butter,

    yogurt and cream.

    iv. Soy sauce -  Yeast

    v. Vinegar - 

    vi. Tea leaves - 

    b.  Rope industry

    c.  Leather industry

    d.  Cleansingeg: Purify petroleum and mineral ores (bacteria are used to eat up the impurities)

    1.4 Harmful effect of microorganisms

    a. Pathogens -  Are microorganisms that are harmful and cause diseases.

    b. Tooth decay

    (caries)

    -  The bacteria in the plaque act on the food residue to produces lactic acid

    which corrodes the tooth.

    c. Food

    poisoning

    -  Food that contaminated by microorganisms that produce toxins which

    cause illness.

    -  Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea

    8. Diseases  

    Pathogen Diseases Symptoms

    Tuberculosis

    (T.B)

    Chest pain, cough, fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss,

    shortness of breath, loss of appetite, coughing up blood.

    a. Bacteria

    Cholera Vomiting, severe diarrhoea, dehydration of body, stomach

    cramps.

    Gonorrphea Discharge of pus from the genitals, painful urination.Veneral

    diseaseSyphilis Fever, swollen lymph nodes, lesions throughout the body,

    patchy hair loss on the head.

    b. Fungi Tinea or ringworm Ring-shaped infection on the skin, red and scaly patches thatitch.

    c. Protozoa Malaria Bouts of high fever, sweating and shivering, nausea, muscle

    pain.

    Common cold Sneezing, runny nose, fever, sore throat, fatique, headache,

    general aches and pain.

    Dengue fever Headache, high fever, severe pain in joints and muscles, sore

    throat, skin rashes.

    Hepatitis Fever, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), dark-coloured urine,

    weight loss

    d. Viruses

    (can be

    cured by

    antibiotic

    or vaccine)

    AIDS (Acquired Swollen lymph nodes, infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi,

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    Immune Deficiency

    Syndrome)

    weight loss, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, diarrhoea.

    9.  

    The spread of diseases Ways of prevention

    a. Infection through air /droplets - are known as airborne diseases which affect the

    respiratory system such as tuberculosis, common cold

    and pheumonia.

    - Covering the nose/mouth whensneezing/coughing.

    - Do not split.

    - Avoiding crowded area.

    - Home is brightly lit and airy.

    b. Infection through water

    - Waterborne diseases which affect the digestive system

    such as cholera, typhoid fever and amoebic dysentery.

    - Spread through water that contaminated by faeces of

    infected person, carcase or poor sanitation system.

    - Improving sanitary system.

    - Drink boiled water.

    - Adding chlorine into tap water.

    c. Infection through food- Food contaminated by houseflies, cockroaches or dirty

    hand.

    -  Covering the food.-  Wash hands after using the

    toilet.

    -  Cook food thoroughly.

    d. Infection through contact

    - Spread of Aids by HIV viruses through direct contact

    such as sexual activities, sharing of syringe, blood

    transfusion or mother to baby during delivery.

    - Tinea/Ringworm and white spot through indirect

    contact of sharing towels, clothes, shoes or combs.

    - Maintaining one’s personal

    hygiene.

    - Avoid sharing personal

    belongings such as towels,

    shoes.

    3. 

    Infection through vectors- Vectors are animals or insects that transfer pathogens. - 

    Eliminate the breeding groundsof vectors.

    10. Pathogens – microorganisms that cause disease.

    11. Vectors – insects or animals that carry pathogens that cause disease.

    Vectors Diseases

    a.  Aedes mosquitoes carry virus Dengue.

    b.  Anophelcs mosquitoes carry protozoa  Malaria

    c. Culex mosquitoes Japanese encephalitis (JE)

    d. Houseflies and Cockroaches carry

    bacteria

    Food poisoning such as cholera, typhoid fever,

    amoebic dysentery, food poisoning.

    e. Fleas Typhus, bubonic plague.

    12. Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes. 

    Life cycle of mosquitoes Ways of controlling

    a. Egg-  Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant

    water such as ponds, clogged drains

    and flower pots / old tyres which

    hold water.

    -  Eliminate these breeding grounds. 

    -  Unclogged the drain to clear the

    stagnant water.

    -  Containers / old tyres which hold

    water should be buried. 

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    Larva 

    -  Feeds on algae in the water.

    -  Breathe through the water surface. 

    -  Raring guppies / fish to eat up the

    larvae or pupae (a biological control

    method that never harm the

    environment). 

    b.

    i.

    ii.

    Pupae

    -  Breathe through a pair of breathingtubes on the water surface. 

    -  Adding oil onto the water surface to

    prevent larvae / pupae frombreathing. 

    c. Adult mosquitoes-  Only female mosquitoes suck

    human blood.

    -  It secretes saliva to prevent clotting

    of blood.

    -  The pathogens enter the human

    body together with this saliva.

    -  Cutting down bushes / tall grass to

    eliminate the hiding place of

    mosquitoes. 

    -  Carry out fogging / spraying

    insectides. 

    -  Sleep under a mosquito net or cover

    windows / doors with wire gauze. 

    Life cycle of houseflies   Ways of controllingd. Housefly

    - Mature female housefly lays eggs

    in rubbish dumps / faeces / food

    that left exposed. 

    e. Egg- It will hatch within a day to

    become larva. 

    f. Larva / Maggots

    - Within five days turns into pupae.

    g. Pupa

    - Undergo metamorphosis and turn

    into housefly in three days. 

    1.  Get rid of breeding grounds such

    as rubbish dumps and exposed

    faeces / food.

    2.  Rubbish bins should be covered. 

    3.  Build more hygienic toilets with

    flush facility.

    4.  Food should always be covered.

    13. Sterilisation  

    -  Ways of sterilization:

    Sterilisation

    a. Sterilisation by heat  b. Sterilisation by chemicals  c. Sterilisation by radiations 

    i.  Cooking food to kill

    microorganisms.ii.  Boiling water 100°C to

    kill microorganisms such

    as boiling feeding bottle.

    iii.  To kill the spores, an

    autoclave / pressurecooker is used to

    achieve 120°C.

    i. Antiseptics are chemicals

    used to kill microorganismson the skin / wounds such as

    dettol, burnol or iodine which

    do not kill the tissues.

    ii. Disinfectants such as chlorox,

    formalin and chlorine which

    are stronger chemical used to

    sterilise buildings, toilets,

    utensils or clothing.

    i. Using gamma rays to

    sterilise drugs, vaccines orsurgical instruments.

    ii. Using ultraviolet to

    sterilise mattresses or

    pillow.

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    14. Treating diseases caused by microorganisms 

    a. Antibiotic

    (penicillin)

    -  Obtained from bacteria / fungi to kill /inhibit the growth of other

    microorganisms.

    -  Disease caused by bacteria or fungi such as Tuberculosis, Cholera,

    Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Tinea or ringworm can be treated by antibiotic.

    -  However, antibiotic is not affective against diseases caused by virus suchas Cold, Hepatitis, Dengue or Aids.

    b. Antifungal drugs -  To treat diseases caused by fungi such as athlete’s foot and ringworm.

    c. Vaccine  -  Weakened / dead pathogens (bacteria / fungi) that can stimulate the

    white blood cells to produce antibodies when injected into the body.

    d. Antibodies  -  Produced by the white blood cells when the body injected with vaccine=

    can fight pathogens 

    e. Serum  -  Animals’ antibodies which give immediate immunization when injected

    into the body. (Artificial Passive Immunization)

    f. Chemotherapy -  Can be in the form of lotion to apply on the skin or taken through the

    mouth.g. Radiotherapy -  Using radioactive rays to treat skin diseases, tumours and cancer.

    h. Surgery -  To remove seriously infected organs that drugs failed to treat.

    i. Vaccination -  Injected the body with vaccine dose.

    15. Dangers of using drugs without prescription and medical advice

    a. The course of antibiotics taken must be completed to ensure that all the pathogens are killed.

    b. Any pathogens that left behind may lead to a reoccurrence of the diseases.

    c. The antibiotics may lose its effectiveness as the pathogens has build up resistance.

    d. Taking too much / often antibiotics will kill the friendly bacteria in our alimentary tract and affect

    our digestive system.

    e. Antibiotics may cause allergies to certain people, e.g.: cause rashes, swelling, inflammation, heart

    palpitations or death.

    f. Some drugs must be taken on an empty stomach and some be taken after meals.

    FORM 5 CHAPTER 2 NUTRITION AND FOOD PRODUCTION

    NUTRITION AND GOOD EATING HABIT 

    1.  Calorific value. 

    - Is the energy content of a food / energy

    produced when 1 g of food completelyburnt in air.

    - Can be measured by using a Bomb

    Calorimeter.

    2a. Calorific value of  

    i.  Carbohydrates = 17.2kJ -1g  

    ii.  Protein = 22.2kJ 1g −  

    iii.  Fats = 38.5kJ -1g   (2 x carbohydrates) 

    (highest calorific value)

    1 calorie = heat required to rise 1 g of

    water to 1°C

    Vegetables, vitamins, water and mineralsdo not contain any energy at all. 

    b. A pupil takes 20g of bread and 100g of

    milk. What is the total energy consumed?

    Answer:

    Bread:  J kJgg 3442.1720 1 =×   −  

    Milk :  J kJgg 22202.22100 1 =×   −  

    Total = 2564 J  

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    3. Food Function Deficiency Excessive

    1.Carbohydrates 

    -  Starch

    -  Glucose / Sugar

    -  Cellulose / Fibre

    supply

    energy

    Marasmus /

    underweight

    Coma

    constipation

    Obesity

    Diabetes

    2.Protein  (amino acid) build tissues Kwashiorkor Change into urea by liver.

    3. Fats  supply heat

    energy

    Underweight, Vitamins

    such as A, D, E and K

    cannot be dissolved.

    Cholesterol, heart attack,

    arteriosclerosis and high

    blood pressure.

    4. Vitamins Function Deficiency

    A Maintains healthy skin and eye sight. Night blindness

    B Needed in cellular respiration, maintains a

    healthy nervous system.

    Lost of appetite, beri-beri,

    pellagra.

    C Wound heals faster, healthy skin and gums,

    prevents spreading of disease.

    Scurvy / Gum bleeding

    D Help clotting of blood, help body to absorb

    calcium, can be formed by our skin when

    expose to ultra violet light.

    Hemophilia , Rickets , Dental

    decay, Osteomalacia,

    Osteoporosis

    E Maintain the reproductive system. Sterility / infertility

    K Clotting of blood. Hemophilia / Blood hard to clot

    7. Minerals Function Deficiency

    Calcium

    Formation of bones, teeth and clotting of

    blood.

    Hemophilia, rickets, muscle

    cramps, dental decay,

    osteoporosis.

    PhosphorusFormation of bones and teeth. Rickets , dental decay,

    osteoporosis.

    Sodium Build up plasma. Muscle cramps

    IodineObtain from seaweed and seafood, to prevent

    goitre.

    Goitre

    IronBuild haemoglobin in red blood cells. Obtain

    from liver or spinach.

    Anaemia

    THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS1.

    Nutrients needed by plants

    a. Macronutrients  b. Micronutrients 

    - nutrients that are needed in large quantities

    - etc; carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen,

    phosphorus, potassium ,calcium, magnesium 

    and sulphur.

    -nutrients that are needed in small 

    quantities

    -etc; boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum,

    manganese, iron. 

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    FORM 5CHAPTER 3 PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE

    ENVIRONMENT 

    1. Natural cycles include 

    a. Nitrogen cycle b. Carbon cycle c. Water cycle

    2a. Nitrogen cycle 

    Atmospheric nitrogen

    Death

    animals / plants 

    Decomposition

    (Putrefaction)

    Ammonium compound

    Lightning

    Denitrifying

    bacteria

    Nitrogen fixation(Nitrogen – fixing

    bacteria in root nodules)

    Nitrates in the

    soil  Nitrifying bacteria

    b. Carbon cycle

    c. Water cycle

    Atmospheric carbon

    dioxide

    Respiration Photosynthesis

    Animals Plant

    Combustion

    Fossil / wood

    Decomposes

    Death 

    Respiration

    nutrition

    Death 

    Decomposition

    (microorganism)

    dead

    organisms

    condensationCloud Water Vapour

    Evaporation Respiration Transpiration

    Rain

    Pond / river / sea     →  drink    Animals Plants

    3. Food Chain - is transfer of energy from the producer to consumers.  

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    Sunlight

    (main source

    of energy)

    Nitrates

    (SimplerMolecules)

    Paddy

    (producer)

    can make food byphotosynthesis

    Death

    Worm

    (primary

    consumers)

    Death

    Chicken

    (secondary

    consumers)

    Death

    Eagle

    (tertiary

    consumers)

    Death

    Decomposes (bacteria / fungi)

    4. a. Food web- is the interaction of a few food chains.

    b. Pyramid number 

    5. Natural disaster disrupts the natural cycles and food web.

    12. Effects of Greenhouse effect / Global

    warming 

    a.  sea levels increase due to iceberg melting

    at the poles of the earth

    b.  droughts which causes low yield of crops

    and famine

    13. Carbon monoxide 

    - from exhaust fumes of vehicles can reduce

    intake of oxygen to the brain.

    14. Sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and

    nitrogen dioxide can cause acid rain which

    carrode buildings and roof-top.

    15. (Euthrophication Process) Excessive

    chemical fertillser can dissolve into rain water

    and flow into pond cause algae to grow. When

    algae dies, it decays and reduces the amount at

    oxygen and cause the fish to die.

    16. Ways to solve green house effects

    -  Reforestation/tree replanting

    -  Ban open burning

    -  Reduce vehicles on the road / practice car-

    pool system

    FORM 5 CHAPTERS 4 Carbon Compounds

    1. Carbon Compounds  

    Natural disasters Effects

    i.  Volcanic eruption  -  Change the physical condition of the earth.

    ii.  Earth quake -  Destroy the organism and their habitats.

    iii.  Drought -  Disrupts the food web.

    iv.  Flood -  Causes soil erosion and landslides.

    v.  Typhoon -  Destroy buildings, habitats, death.

    vi.  Forest fire -  Destroy habitats.

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    a. Carbon – is a non-metallic element but conduct electric.

    b. Carbon 

    Diamond  Graphite 

    –  hardest form of carbon

    –  used to make jewellery 

    –  can cut glass 

    –  soft and slippery

    –  Used to make pencil’s lead 

    Carbon Compounds 

    Organic SPM 11  Inorganic 

    c.

    - Derived from living things (plants / animals)

    - Contain a lot of carbon atoms

    - e.g. 6126  O H C  .

    - Dissolve in organic solvents such as ether,

    alcohol, petrol or chloroform.

    -

    Has low melting or boiling points.- e.g. alcohol, sugar, fats, protein, fossil fuels or

    hydrocarbon (petroleum, coal, natural gas).

    - Derived from minerals in the earth.

    - Contains few carbon atoms

    - e.g. 2CO  .

    - Dissolve in inorganic solvents such as

    water, acids and alkalis.

    - Generally more stable with high melting

     / boiling points.

    - e.g. carbon dioxide, copper carbonate,

    calcium carbonate / lime stone / marble.

    2. Hydrocarbon SPM 07 a. Consists of hydrogen and carbon 

    elements only.

    b. Natural sources of hydrocarbons are fossil

    fuels such as:

    i.  Coal

    ii.  Natural gas such as ethane, butane,propane….

    iii.  Petroleum

    c. Petroleumi.  Contains a mixture of hydrocarbons.

    ii.  Can be separated by fractional

    distillation because each hydrocarbon

    has different boiling points.

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    iii.  Fraction of petroleum and its uses.

    Fraction Main uses

    1. Petroleum gas - Fuel for cooking and making plastic.

    2. Petrol - Fuel for motorcycles, cars and

    aeroplanes (vehicles).3. Naphtha - Fuel for airplanes and making

    synthetic rubbers / candle.

    4. Kerosene - Fuel for jet planes and kerosene

    lamps and for making detergents.

    5. Diesel - Fuel for diesel engines and boilers.

    6. Lubricating oil - Engine lubricant and to make polish.

    7. Fuel oil - Fuel for ships and electrical

    generators.

    8. 

    Paraffin-

    For making wax and polish.9. Bitumen - For covering roads and as a coating

    for underground pipes.

    Earlier fractions

    Lower boiling point

    Less dense / lighter

    Less viscous

    Less yellowish

    Less carbon / soot

    Better fuels

    Later fractionsMore dense / heavy

    More viscous

    More brownish

    More carbon / soot

    Higher boiling points

    7. Uses of alcohol

    a. Ethanol is used to make alcoholic drinks

    such as beer, wine, brandy and whisky.

    b. Organic solvents for shellac, inks,

    perfumes, cosmetics, or medicine such as

    cough mixture.

    c. Disinfectant to kill microorganism e.g. is

    rubbed on skin before an injection is given.

    d. Antiseptics such as iodine solutions.

    e. Ether is used to prepare artificial flavours.

    f. As fuels, burn completely without soot.

    g. Methanol to prepare formalin for

    preservation.

    h. To make ethanoic acid / vinegar.

    i. Thermometric liquid to measure

    temperature.

    8. Effects of excessive consumption of alcohol

    on health

    a. cause nervous system slows down.

    b. Become drunk, poor body coordination and

    cause accidents.

    c. Damage the stomach, liver (cirrhosis),

    kidneys and heart.

    d. cause addiction and social problems.

    e. cause retardation to foetal growth.

    9.  Fats is molecule of Glycerol and Fatty acid.

     - Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

    - Provide double energy than carbohydrate.

    - As insulator for our body.

    - Solvent for vitamins A, D, E and K.

    - Excessive cause obesity and raise the level

    of cholesterol.

    SPM 11 

    Fats

    Saturated  Unsaturated 

    - contains maximum hydrogen atoms.

    - Mainly animal fats.

    - Solid in room temperature.

    - Raise the cholesterol level.

    - Higher melting point.

    - e.g. butter, cheese, ghee, meat….. 

    - still can receive hydrogen atoms

    - Mainly plant oil.

    - Liquid form in room temperature.

    - Cholesterol free

    - e.g. palm oil, corn oil, peanut oil, soy oil, olive

    oil ……. 

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    10.  Hydrogenation process 

    19.  Natural Rubber / latexa. Polymer latex is formed from monomer

    isoprene

    b. Properties of rubber / latexi.  soft, low melting point, not resistant to

    heat

    ii.  elastic, insulator to electricity

    iii.  dissolves in organic solvents such as

    benzene or carbon disulphide

    20. Action of Acid on Latex / Rubber

    SPM 09/12 

    Coagulation of latex

    liquidlatex / rubber

    +formic

    acid→  

    coagulatelatex / rubber 

    a. Rubber is consists of polymer molecules

    which is surround by a protein membrane

    which is negative charged.

    b. These negative charged repel one another

    and prevent the rubber molecules fromcoagulate.

    c. When acid (formic acid) is added, positive

    charged hydrogen ions from the acids

    neutralize the negative charges on the

    protein membrane.

    d. When the rubber molecules collide one

    another, the protein membranes break

    e. The rubber molecules are released and

    combined to coagulate

    Acid added+ H   hydrogen ion

    21. When it is kept for a long time, bacteria in

    the air can produce lactic acid which

    coagulates the latex as well

    22. Ammonia or any alkali solution can beadded to latex to prevent coagulation 

    because negatively charged hydroxial ions of

    ammonia solution can

    i. neutralize any positively charged hydrogen

    ions from acids that presence

    ii. prevent the growth of bacteria.

    23. Vulcanisation of rubber

    a. Natural rubber which is soft, easily

    stretched and cannot withstand heat can

    be vulcanised with sulphur to be morehard, elastic, resistant to heat and stronger.

    b. Vulcanised rubber is used to make

    i.  tyres

    ii.  rubber hose

    iii.  basket ball

    iv.  Shoe sole

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    c. Vulcanisation Process 

    +

    Natural rubber  Sulphur atoms  Vulcanised rubber 

    - soft

    - not heat resistant -  Sulphur atoms crossed-links between

    the rubber molecules to prevent it

    from sliding over one another.

    -  Become harder, heat resistant and

    more elastic.

    -  Used to make tyres, rubber hose or

    basket ball.

    FORM 5 Chapter 5 MOTION

    SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

    1 a. Speed 1−== ms

    Time

    Distance    b. Velocity

    1−== mstakenTime

    directionwithDistance 

    c. Acceleration 

    - is change of velocity per unit time

    - Acceleration takenTime

    velocityofChange=  

    takenTime

    velocityInitial-velocityFinal=  

    1−=−

    = mst 

    uva    

    2. Ticker – Timer

    Ticker Tape Pattern Interpretation Grapha.

    Direction of motion

    Uniform distance

    between two

    consecutive dots

    Uniform speed or

    uniform velocity 

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    Direction of motion

    Distance between

    dots increases

    uniformly Speed or velocity

    increases

    - increasing

    velocity

    b.

    c.

    Direction of motion

    Distance between

    dot decreases

    uniformly

    Speed or velocity

    decreases

    - decreasing

    velocity

    MOMENTUMMomentum = mass × velocity  Momentum = m × v 

    = kg × ms-1 

    a.  i. ( momentum ↑  = mass ↑  × velocity )

    Mass increase   momentum increase

    ii. ( momentum ↑  = mass × velocity ↑ ) Velocity increase  momentum increase

    iii. Hypothesis 

    The bigger the mass / velocity, the greater

    the momentum.

    b.  Conservation of momentum

    i.  During collision the total momentum of

    the system remains unchanged. 

    ii. Total momentum = Total momentum

    before collision after collision c.  Types of collisions

    i.  Inelastic collision ( bodies stick together

    after collision)

     m1u1  + m 2 u 2  = (m1 + m 2 )v

    ii.  Elastic collision (bodies separate after

    collision)

     m1u1  + m 2 u 2  = m1v1  + m 2v 2 

    d.  Applications of Momentumi.  Pile driver (has high momentum due to big

    mass)ii.  Bullet fired from a gun (has high

    momentum due to high velocity)

    iii. Steam roller ( has high momentum due to

    big mass)

    iv. Rocket

    - The exhaust gases from the combustion

    chamber of a rocket escape from the

    back with great force.

    - This creates a great momentum

    backwards.- This backward momentum creates an

    equally big forward momentum, which

    pushes the rocket forward (This uses

    the principle that every action creates

    an equal and opposite direction)

    e.  Safety Measures in Motor Vehiclesi.  Force = rate of change of momentum

    takenTime

    momentumof Change=  

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    takenTime

    momentumInitial - momentumFinal=  

    Force F  =t

    mu - mv 

    ii.  F  ↓  ↑

    =t

    mu - mv 

    Note: Force is reduced, when time taken is

    increased

    f.  Parts of the motor are specially designed to

    increase the time taken in order to reduce

    the force.

    i. has front and rear crumple zones to absorb

    force.

    ii.  has soft bumper to increase the time of

    collision

    iii. has air bags / safety belt to reduce the

    impact.iv. Bumpers – Soft to increase the time of

    collision to reduce the force 

    Motion of Vehicle in WaterType Picture Characteristic

    Ship - A small ship may be driven by a diesel engine.

    - A large ship is driven by a steam turbine.

    - In a steam turbine, steam under high pressure pushes

    the fixed blades and rotates the drive shaft.

    - The rotating drive shaft spins the propeller of the

    ship. When the propeller spins and pushes the water

    backwards, a forward momentum of equal force is

    produced. This forward momentum or thrust pushes

    the ship forward. - A ship also has a rudder. This rudder controls the

    direction of motion of the ship. 

    Hovercraft - A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air on the surface

    of the sea.

    - A powerful engine produces a cushion of air between

    the surface of the sea and the bottom of the

    hovercraft. This reduces greatly the friction between

    the water and the bottom of the hovercraft. This

    enables the hovercraft to move forward speedily. 

    - The large fans on top of the hovercraft produce astrong backward wind. This creates an equally strong

    forward momentum which pushes the hovercraft

    forward. 

    Hydrofoil - A hydrofoil has special wing-shaped structures, called

    hydrofoils, attached to the lower surface.

    - When the boat moves forward at a high speed, the

    hydrofoils below the boat are lifted slightly above the

    surface of the sea.

    - This decreases the friction between the surface of the

    sea and the bottom of the boat.

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    - With less friction, the boat is able to travel much

    faster.

    2. Streamlined shape

    a.  Enable object to move easily in water with little resistance (reduce friction)

    b.  eg : fish , ship, torpedo and etc.

    Archimedes’ Principle SPM 12 

    Upthrust force

    = weight of the object

    = weight of water displaced

    = mg

    = pvg 

    Upthrust

    = weight – weight

    on air in water

    = 0.8 – 0.6= 0.2N

     Note: Denser water such as seawater which contain salt produce bigger upthrust.

    The denser the water, the greater the upthrust / the lighter the object float.

    Application of Archimedes’ Principle

    1.  Plimsoll line-  show how much the ship can be safety loaded when sailing in the sea

    2.  Submarine SPM 08 

    -  A submarine has ballast tanks. The submarine becomes dense and submerged in the sea whenthe ballast tanks are filled with the sea water.

    -  The submarine becomes less dense and rises to the surface when the ballast tanks are emptied.

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    Picture Characteristics

    Aircraft

    -  When an aircraft is in flight, the shape of its

    wings causes air to move faster above the

    wings than below the wings. This creates

    slower pressure above the wings. Air pushing

    upwards on the wings produces a lift (upwardforce).

    -  When an aircraft is flying with a uniform

    velocity at affixed height, then:

    Hot air

    balloon

    -  The hot air inside the balloon is less dense 

    than the atmospheric air.

    -  The weight of air displaced by the balloon is

    heavier than the weight of the balloon and itshot air.

    How Jet Engine Work

    Structure of a jet engine

    i.  Air is sucked into the compressor

    ii.  The compressor compresses the air into very hot air

    iii.  In the combustion chamber the kerosene fuel is

    sprayed into the hot air

    iv.  The mixture of hot air and fuel will burn with

    explosive force and produce a great backward

    momentum.v.  According to conservation of momentum an equal

    forward momentum is produced and pushes the jet

    forward.

    vi.  A jet plane uses oxygen from the atmosphere and

    can’t fly beyond the atmosphere. It never carries its

    own supply of oxygen.

    Rocket Engine

    Structure of a rocket engine

    i.  A rocket carries liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.

    ii.  They are burned with great explosive force in the

    combustion chamber.

    iii.  Hot exhaust gases produce a great momentum

    downward.

    iv.  According to the conservation of momentum, this

    produces an equal great momentum upward which push

    the rocket upwards.

    v.  Rocket can move beyond the atmosphere because it

    carries its own supply of fuel and oxygen.

    vi.  A rocket travels with increasing acceleration because

    -  air resistance decreases with high and zero at

    outerspace.

    Thrust = drag

    Lift = wei ht

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    -  gravitational attraction decrease with height.

    -  the rocket’s mass decrease as the rocket’s body is

    shedded by stages

    Application of Bernoulli’s Principle SPM 10 1.  Aerofoil

    i.  The high speed of air moving above the aerofoil produces a low pressure.

    ii.  The slower speed of air moving below the aerofoil produces higher pressure.iii. The differentiate of pressure cause an uplift force on the aerofoil.

    2. Other apparatus using Bernoulli’s Principle SPM 10 

    a. Bunsen burner  b. Filter pump  c. Insecticide spray 

    Bernoulli’s Principle-  States that the pressure decreases when the speed of fluid / gas increases.

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    Bernoulli Effects

    Diagram Activity and observation Reason

    Blow hard across the surface

    of a sheet of paper held

    horizontally in front of the

    mouth. This causes the paperto rise.

    The air moving across the top of

    the paper at a fast speed causes

    a region of low air pressure

    above the paper. Atmosphericpressure below the paper pushes

    the paper upwards.

    Blow air at a fast speed down

    the filter funnel. The ping

    pong ball does not fall.

    The air pressure in the space

    above the ball is lowered

    because of the fast flowing air.

    Atmospheric pressure which is

    greater pushes up the ball and

    supports it.

    Hang a ping pong or

    polystyrene ball near a fast

    stream of water from a tap.

    The ball is attracted towards

    the water.

    The fast moving stream of

    water produces a region of low

    air pressure around it.

    Atmospheric pressure being

    greater, pushes the ball towards

    the water.

    FORM 5 Chapter 6 Food Technology and Production

    1. The purpose of processing fooda. to kill microorganisms. (preserve the

    food)

    b. extend the shelf life of the food

     /making the food last longer

    c. adding nutrients to the food.

    d. Making the food looked attractive, delicious and

    easier to digest.

    e. making the food easier to be stored and transported.

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    CHAPTER 7 SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN INDUSTRY

    1.a. Polymer is along chain of molecules / monomers that are combined together.  

    b. Natural polymer are latex (isoprene), starch, protein and cellulose.(from plants/animal)

    c.

    2. Comparison  

    Natural rubber Synthetic rubber

    Similarities 

    -  Both are carbon compounds

    -  Insulator to electricity

    -  Both exist as polymers

    Differences

    - Very elastic - Less elastic

    - Not so airtight / permeable - Airtight / non-permeable

    - Low heat tolerance - High heat tolerance

    - Good absorber of sound and pressure - Poor absorber of sounds and pressure

    - Easy to vulcanize by sulphur atoms - Difficult to vulcanize by sulphur atoms

    - Easy to oxidise / unstable - Difficult to oxidise / stable

    - eg.: Latex (glove, raincoat) - eg.: Neoprene, Thiokol, SBR (tyre. Stopper.

    hoses)

    d. Advantages of satellite communication 

    i.  multicasting of sending message to unlimited end-users.

    ii.  least disturbance or interference

    iii.  provide wide coverage and live telecast

    iv.  low cost of maintenance