SOUTHWEST ASIA PERSIAN GULF AND THE INTERIOR. ANCIENT HISTORY Cultural Hearths Cultural Hearths Centers of ideas, innovations and ideologies that change.

SOUTHWEST ASIASOUTHWEST ASIA

PERSIAN GULF AND THE PERSIAN GULF AND THE INTERIORINTERIOR

ANCIENT HISTORYANCIENT HISTORY Cultural HearthsCultural Hearths

Centers of ideas, innovations and ideologies that change Centers of ideas, innovations and ideologies that change regions and realmsregions and realms

Home of first Cultural HearthHome of first Cultural Hearth MesopotamiaMesopotamia

Between Tigris and Euphrates RiverBetween Tigris and Euphrates River Farmers used irrigation and food storageFarmers used irrigation and food storage Domesticated cereal, vegetables, fruits, animals Domesticated cereal, vegetables, fruits, animals Developed calendar, math, astronomy, government and Developed calendar, math, astronomy, government and

engineeringengineering Empirically controlledEmpirically controlled

Been controlled by many empires including Sumerian, Been controlled by many empires including Sumerian, Persia, Mongols, Romans, Ottoman Turks Persia, Mongols, Romans, Ottoman Turks

HISTORY cont.HISTORY cont.

Ottoman Turk ImpactOttoman Turk Impact Ruled from 1453 until after WWIRuled from 1453 until after WWI After WWI divided region into Syria, Iraq, Lebanon After WWI divided region into Syria, Iraq, Lebanon

and Yemen controlled by British and Frenchand Yemen controlled by British and French Didn’t adequately define border so when colonies Didn’t adequately define border so when colonies

gained independence, created problemsgained independence, created problems OilOil

Most important resource for outside worldMost important resource for outside world Within the realm, water and land most importantWithin the realm, water and land most important About 65% of known reserves in world located About 65% of known reserves in world located

herehere

Impact of OilImpact of Oil American Influence on realmAmerican Influence on realm High Economics: most countries upper-middle High Economics: most countries upper-middle

classclass Modernization: brings money and business to pay Modernization: brings money and business to pay

for modernizationfor modernization Industrialization: some use oil money to build Industrialization: some use oil money to build

lasting industrieslasting industries Intra-realm migration: Shiites and Palestinians Intra-realm migration: Shiites and Palestinians

move into Arabiamove into Arabia Saudi Arabia has 5 million foreigners in population of 23 Saudi Arabia has 5 million foreigners in population of 23

millionmillion Disparities between oil rich and oil poor countriesDisparities between oil rich and oil poor countries Foreign investmentForeign investment

IRAQIRAQ Size of California with 65% of total land and 42% of Size of California with 65% of total land and 42% of

regions wealthregions wealth Major oil reserves and large areas of irrigated Major oil reserves and large areas of irrigated

farmlandfarmland Site of MesopotamiaSite of Mesopotamia Modern IraqModern Iraq Adversarial with neighborsAdversarial with neighbors

Turkey, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, SyriaTurkey, Iran, Kuwait, Jordan, Syria 3 regions3 regions

Core: around Baghdad, heart of countryCore: around Baghdad, heart of country South: around Basra, major oil fields, invasion of Kuwait in South: around Basra, major oil fields, invasion of Kuwait in

19901990 North: Land of Kurds and Sunni, but not Arab Sunni’sNorth: Land of Kurds and Sunni, but not Arab Sunni’s

Kurds want own countryKurds want own country Treated poorly under SuddamTreated poorly under Suddam

Arabian PeninsulaArabian Peninsula Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

Mostly desert with huge oil reservesMostly desert with huge oil reserves 22.9 million population with monarchy22.9 million population with monarchy Created in 1920’s and stabilized now friendly to Created in 1920’s and stabilized now friendly to

westwest Currently trying to update social programsCurrently trying to update social programs Economy entirely dependent upon oilEconomy entirely dependent upon oil

PeripheryPeriphery Kuwait: can cut Iraq off from Persian GulfKuwait: can cut Iraq off from Persian Gulf Bahrain: island with dwindling oil supplyBahrain: island with dwindling oil supply Qatar: declining oil but increasing natural gasQatar: declining oil but increasing natural gas UAE (United Arab Emirates) unique governmentUAE (United Arab Emirates) unique government Oman: absolute monarchy that controls choke Oman: absolute monarchy that controls choke

point of Hormuz Straitpoint of Hormuz Strait Yemen: united in 1990’s and created democracy, Yemen: united in 1990’s and created democracy,

only one in regiononly one in region

IRANIRAN Formerly Persian Empire that ruled for 2500 yearsFormerly Persian Empire that ruled for 2500 years Controls area between Caspian Sea and Persian Controls area between Caspian Sea and Persian

GulfGulf 69.4 million population with 63% urban69.4 million population with 63% urban Struggle between modernity and traditional Struggle between modernity and traditional

Islamic rulersIslamic rulers Revolution in 1979 that put in Ayatollah KhomeiniRevolution in 1979 that put in Ayatollah Khomeini 1980-1990 fought war with Iraq that left Iran very 1980-1990 fought war with Iraq that left Iran very

weakweak Late 1990’s saw desire to liberalize, but put down Late 1990’s saw desire to liberalize, but put down

by governmentby government Current US policies becoming a questionCurrent US policies becoming a question

MODERN ISSUESMODERN ISSUES

Economically dependent on oilEconomically dependent on oil OPEC: Organization of Petroleum OPEC: Organization of Petroleum

Exporting CountriesExporting Countries Food importersFood importers Growing citiesGrowing cities Capital of Islamic worldCapital of Islamic world What to do with Iraq? What to do with Iraq?

EASTERN EASTERN MEDITERREANEANMEDITERREANEAN

ISRAELISRAEL CreationCreation

Created in 1948 as Jewish homeland with UN Created in 1948 as Jewish homeland with UN support with idea of “Zionism”support with idea of “Zionism”

May 14, 1948 created Israel with Arabic May 14, 1948 created Israel with Arabic neighbors immediately attackingneighbors immediately attacking

At end of war, Israel controlled 80% of what At end of war, Israel controlled 80% of what had been Palestinehad been Palestine

WarsWars 1967 week long war where Israel gains Golan 1967 week long war where Israel gains Golan

Heights, West Bank and Sinai PeninsulaHeights, West Bank and Sinai Peninsula 1973 war forces withdraw from Suez Canal1973 war forces withdraw from Suez Canal 1978 Israel gives all of Sinai Peninsula back to 1978 Israel gives all of Sinai Peninsula back to

EgyptEgypt

MAJOR ISSUES: MODERN ISRAELMAJOR ISSUES: MODERN ISRAEL

Golan HeightsGolan Heights Syria wants it back but Israel wants to keep itSyria wants it back but Israel wants to keep it

West BankWest Bank Originally set as Palestinian Homeland but Originally set as Palestinian Homeland but

Jewish migration now makes it difficultJewish migration now makes it difficult 1977 5,000 Jews in West Bank1977 5,000 Jews in West Bank 2000 200,000 Jews in West Bank2000 200,000 Jews in West Bank

PalestiniansPalestinians Nation without a stateNation without a state Many live in Jordan but still large percentage Many live in Jordan but still large percentage

living in Israelliving in Israel

JERUSALEMJERUSALEM Major issue in Middle EastMajor issue in Middle East Suppose to be international city, but Suppose to be international city, but

captured by Israel in 1967captured by Israel in 1967 Now considered capital of IsraelNow considered capital of Israel HistoryHistory

Moses leads Jews into Philistine land and created Moses leads Jews into Philistine land and created Jerusalem where lived 40 centuriesJerusalem where lived 40 centuries

After King Solomon, kingdom divided and After King Solomon, kingdom divided and conqueredconquered

AD 70 Rome destroys 2AD 70 Rome destroys 2ndnd temple leaving only temple leaving only part of West Wallpart of West Wall

Under Rome: became focus for ChristiansUnder Rome: became focus for Christians 700 AD Muslims move into Jerusalem700 AD Muslims move into Jerusalem

JERUSALEM, cont.JERUSALEM, cont.

Holy Site for 3 major religionsHoly Site for 3 major religions Western Wall: JewishWestern Wall: Jewish Church of Holy Sepulcher: Christians, place Church of Holy Sepulcher: Christians, place

where Jesus buriedwhere Jesus buried Dome of the Rock: Muhammad's ascension to Dome of the Rock: Muhammad's ascension to

heaven on Temple Mountheaven on Temple Mount Modern IssuesModern Issues

1948-49 captures only part of Jerusalem1948-49 captures only part of Jerusalem Tel Aviv suppose to be capital of IsraelTel Aviv suppose to be capital of Israel Jerusalem divided into 2 sections: Old and NewJerusalem divided into 2 sections: Old and New

MODERN ISSUES, cont.MODERN ISSUES, cont. JerusalemJerusalem

1967 Israel conquered West Bank and reunited Jerusalem 1967 Israel conquered West Bank and reunited Jerusalem with West mostly Jewish and East mostly Arabic with West mostly Jewish and East mostly Arabic

1980 called foreign nations to move from Tel Aviv to 1980 called foreign nations to move from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, but most didn’t and Israel began huge Jerusalem, but most didn’t and Israel began huge resettlement attemptresettlement attempt

1990’s UN tells Israel to stop construction and 1990’s UN tells Israel to stop construction and settlement, but Israel not listeningsettlement, but Israel not listening

Modern IssuesModern Issues One of wealthiest nations in regionOne of wealthiest nations in region 90% of population urban90% of population urban Water issues: 30 % of useable water under West Bank Water issues: 30 % of useable water under West Bank

but Israel uses 4X as much water as Palestiniansbut Israel uses 4X as much water as Palestinians Finding peace biggest issue and problemFinding peace biggest issue and problem

West WallWest Wall

Dome of the RockDome of the Rock

OTHER NATIONS IN REGIONOTHER NATIONS IN REGION SyriaSyria

Shares border with IsraelShares border with Israel Lost Golan Heights in 1967; military republic since 1963Lost Golan Heights in 1967; military republic since 1963 75% Sunni, but ruled by Alawites who suppress all 75% Sunni, but ruled by Alawites who suppress all

dissensiondissension On Mediterranean Coast so can grow crops creating On Mediterranean Coast so can grow crops creating

come self-sufficiencycome self-sufficiency Damascus: believed to be longest lived in city in worldDamascus: believed to be longest lived in city in world Needs ModernizationNeeds Modernization

JordanJordan East of Israel and depends upon Lebanon for Port AccessEast of Israel and depends upon Lebanon for Port Access 1946 population 400,000 with 1 million Palestinians 1946 population 400,000 with 1 million Palestinians

refugees coming in 1948refugees coming in 1948 Received lots of aide, but hasn’t really helpedReceived lots of aide, but hasn’t really helped

Other Nations, cont.Other Nations, cont. LebanonLebanon

25 % population is Christian creating Civil War25 % population is Christian creating Civil War 1975 civil war after Muslim population grows and 1975 civil war after Muslim population grows and

Christian doesn’t Christian doesn’t Beirut destroyed and only 150,000 still lived there out of Beirut destroyed and only 150,000 still lived there out of

1.5 million; now being rebuilt1.5 million; now being rebuilt TurkeyTurkey

Influenced by Chinese, Mongols, Russians, Byzantium Influenced by Chinese, Mongols, Russians, Byzantium and Islamand Islam

Modern Turkey is remnants of Ottoman Turkish EmpireModern Turkey is remnants of Ottoman Turkish Empire Modern ProblemsModern Problems

20 % of population Kurdish creating human rights violations20 % of population Kurdish creating human rights violations Islamic Fundamentalism gaining some support and strengthIslamic Fundamentalism gaining some support and strength Cultural conflict between Alevis Islam and Sunni IslamCultural conflict between Alevis Islam and Sunni Islam Wants EU membership but not likelyWants EU membership but not likely Controls Bosporus and DardanellesControls Bosporus and Dardanelles