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South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
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South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Dec 26, 2015

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Page 1: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

South AsiaUnit 8

BangladeshBhutanIndia

MaldivesNepal

PakistanSri Lanka

Page 2: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Physical Features - Rivers

• Brahmaputra• Ganges• Indus

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Physical Features - Other• Deccan Plateau

• Himalayas

• Mt. Everest

• Western & Eastern Ghats

• Indo-Gangetic Plain

Page 4: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Physical Terminology• Subcontinent-a

landmass that is like a continent, only smaller. (ie the Indian subcontinent).

• Estuary-a broadened seaward end of a river, where the river’s currents meet the ocean’s tides.

• Landlocked-having no outlet to the sea.– Nepal, Bhutan

Page 5: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Physical Terminology• Monsoon-a seasonal wind,

especially in South Asia.– Summer monsoons are wet; winter

monsoons are dry.

• Cyclone-a violent storm with fierce winds and heavy rain; the most extreme weather pattern of South Asia. – What we know as a hurricane.

• Storm Surge-high water level brought by a cyclone that swamps low-lying areas

• Alluvial (plain)-land that is rich farmland, composed of clay, silt, sand, or gravel deposited by running water.– For example, when a river floods

and the waters recede, they leave alluvial deposits.

Page 6: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Physical Terminology• Archipelago-a set of closely grouped

islands. Example – Indonesia & Philippines

• Atoll-a ring-like coral island or string of small islands surrounding a lagoon. Example - Maldives

Page 7: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Water and Climate ChangeWater and Climate Change

• Glaciers in the Himalayas are melting so fast that they could eventually disappear entirely. Melting glaciers provide crucial domestic and irrigation water to hundreds of millions of South Asians, so their disappearance would be a disaster. Over the short term, flooding may intensify as rivers carry more glacial meltwater. Meanwhile, coastal areas are highly exposed to sea level rise as polar ice melts.

Page 8: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 9: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

One of the thousands of Himalayan glaciers that is melting faster than normal. The Indus, Ganga, and the Brahmaputra rivers, are all fed partially by meltwater from glaciers.

Flooding along a river in southern Bangladesh. Increased flows in rivers as well as more severe cyclones and hurricanes have led to widespread flooding in recent years.

Classes in northwestern Bangladesh are held in boats equipped with solar power and computers. The boats can provide schooling even during flooding.

Page 10: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Economic• Globalization-actions or Globalization-actions or

processes that involve processes that involve the entire world and the entire world and result in making result in making something worldwide in something worldwide in scope.scope.

• Microcredit-a small loan Microcredit-a small loan available to poor available to poor entrepreneurs, to help entrepreneurs, to help small businesses grow small businesses grow and raise the standard of and raise the standard of living.living.

• Outsourcing-a decision Outsourcing-a decision by a corporation to turn by a corporation to turn over much of the over much of the responsibility for responsibility for production to production to independent suppliers.independent suppliers.

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A swimming pool at Infosys, an information technology company based in India that employs over 100,000 people worldwide.

A worker at a “call center” where customers anywhere in the world can call for technical or other assistance.

A porter in rural Nepal carries a heavy drainpipe up a mountain road using a head strap.

Page 12: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Economic

• Cottage Industries-manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory; commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution.

• Subsistence Activities-activities in which a family produces only the food, clothing, and shelter they themselves need.

• Sweatshop-a workplace where people work long hours for low pay under poor conditions to enrich manufacturers.

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© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 14: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

A man uses a tractor to work his rice field near Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Recent rural migrants work in Dhaka as low-paid laborers pushing carts loaded with freight.

A slum in Dhaka that houses many recent migrants from rural areas.

Page 15: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Population and GenderPopulation and Gender

• A strong preference for sons has produced a gender imbalance throughout most of South Asia. Cultural norms enable sons to bring greater wealth and status to families. Hence, many wealthier families choose to abort female fetuses, while poorer families many commit “female infanticide.” The result is an adult population where men significantly outnumber women.

Page 16: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 17: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

An Indian wedding. Dowries and other expenses traditionally borne by the bride’s family make male children especially sought after.

A sign at an Indian hospital advertising a low sign to curtail the abortion of female fetuses.

Men in Mumbai, India, where the gender imbalance means that many men go unmarried or remain bachelors late into life.

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© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 19: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 20: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

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Social• Aryans-semi-nomadic people

from Central Asia who invaded Northern India, subjugating the existing inhabitants and instituted the caste system.

• Caste System-the Aryan system of social classes in India and one of the cornerstones of Hinduism in which each person is born into a caste and can only move into a different caste through reincarnation.

• Reincarnation-the belief that when one dies their soul is re-born.

Page 22: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Hinduism• One of the world’s oldest

religions; dates back 5,000 years.

• Ethnic religion concentrated in India

• Monotheistic; many deities represent an aspect of the divine spirit, Brahman.

• Karma: accumulated sum of ones good and bad deeds. Determines how you will live your next life.

Page 23: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

I. Hinduism in South Asia

• It is estimated that between 11 and 14 percent of the world’s population are followers of the Hindu religion.

• Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world. The vast majority of Hindus – some 750 million – live in India, where they account for 85% of the population.

• Hindus also comprise a significant portion of the population in Nepal (89%), Fiji (41%), Trinidad (25%), Surinam (28%), and Bhutan (25%).

• There are around 1.5 million Hindus in the U.S. (.5%) of the total population. Most have arrived since 1965.

Page 24: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

II. B Largest polytheistic religion

• Hindus have many, many gods and goddesses, each who represent an aspect of Brahman (the Universe).

• Through their stories in Hindu religious texts, Hindus learn moralistic parables about the “right” actions and ways of doing things.

• Powerful god/desses include Brahma (not Brahman, BTW) Shiva and Vishnu

Page 25: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Brahma, Shiva & Vishnu

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Stories of the Gods

• In religious books like the Vedas, these stories of adventure often have a inner religious meaning.

• They remain popular stories to make into films, much like Biblical movies in the West.– Bollywood

Page 27: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

III.A- Basic Ideas in Hinduism:

• Hinduism believes that God (Brahman) is in all things, and all things are in God. Brahman manifests (separates) into different Gods/desses. All Gods are Brahman (Henotheism).

• Each one of us is Brahman.

Page 28: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Dharma (the Path)

• Each person alone has his/her liberty to pursue truth in their own way (Dharma- “the Path”).

• Hinduism does not believe that any religion (& any other religious books) will ensure salvation to everyone. You must find your own dharma.

• One should live and act with ones own dharma and the scriptures. Those who trust religion look for new meaning in them, while others look elsewhere for answers to their questions (science, for instance).

Page 29: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

III.C-Reincarnation Reincarnation (Transmigration of the Soul), is

the Hindu concept that the soul is transferred into another body after death. This is the ever-revolving wheel of life, death, and rebirth.

A person’s karma determines the kind of body (any living being) into which he or she will inhabit in the next life.

Through pure acts, thoughts, and devotion, one can be reborn at a higher level. Likewise, bad deeds can cause a person to be reborn at a lower level. The unequal distribution of wealth, prestige, and suffering are thus seen as the natural result of Karma.

One of the religious justifications for the caste system in India.

Page 30: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Modern Hindus of America• Are the most educated of all

religious groups in the United States (48% of adult Hindus in the USA hold post-bachelor’s degrees).

• Almost half make $100,000 or more a year.

Page 31: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

So, do Hindus worship cows, or what?

• No, they do not.• Hindus honor all living

things as part of Brahman• Cows are seen as giving,

mother-like creatures (milk, leather, dung).

• Monkeys, by the way, are honored as animals of strength and power.

Page 32: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Famous Hindus or Hindu Converts• JD Salinger- writer,

Catcher in the Rye

• Carolos Santana- Guitarist, musician

• George Harrison- Beatle

• Julia Roberts- Actress

Page 33: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

So, who’s the guy with the elephant head?

• Ganesh, son of Vishnu• Lost his head to Shiva• Like many Hindu Gods, has

multiple arms/heads/legs (a specific attribute of this God- more limbs, more attributes!)

• God of removing obstacles• Very popular amongst Hindus

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Muslims of South Asia

• Islam arrived in South Asia in 712.• Muslim kingdoms ran much of South Asia

until 1803, when the British take over the area as part of the British Empire.

Page 35: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Muslims in South Asia Today

• Both Pakistan and Bangladesh are predominantly Muslim (Pakistan 95%, Bangladesh- 90%)

• Pakistan is the 2nd most populous Muslim nation, and 6th largest in the world.

Page 36: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Buddhism• Offshoot of Hinduism• World’s fourth largest

religion• Founder, Siddhartha

Gautama (Buddha/Enlightened One): was a prince who renounced his privileged life and the caste system to become a monk and spread his beliefs after intense meditation and enlightenment.

• Share a belief in Karma and reincarnation with Hinduism.

• Guiding principles are the Four Noble Truths & The eightfold Path.– suffering exists; – it has a cause; – it has an end; – and it has a cause to

bring about its end.

– Right view– Right intention– Right speech– Right discipline– Right livelihood– Right effort– Right mindfulness– Right concentration

Page 37: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Sikhism

• World’s 5th largest religion• Misconceptions

– Do not believe in fasting, superstitions, ritualism, caste system.

– Sikhism is a blend of Hinduism and Islam. It has its own scriptures, gurus, and houses of worship. Sikhism is a separate faith, and is not a branch of any other religion.

– Turbans are worn in many countries as a cultural dress. However, the turban is required to be worn by a Sikh, and it is a religious article of faith.

• Core beliefs– Monotheistic– Respect for all– Earn an honest living– Share with others…money, time, etc.– Remember God throughout one’s day– Prohibits smoking, drinking, taking any

intoxicants.

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Sikhism Cont’d.• The 5 K’s– Kara (iron bracelet): Good

deeds– Kirpan (sword): Protection– Kachera (long underpants):

Self-discipline– Kesh (uncut hair):

Spirituality– Kanga (comb):

Cleanliness

Page 39: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Sikhs Today• Are very important in Indian society, in

business, the military and government.

• The current Prime Minister of India is a Sikh

Page 40: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

The Jains

• One of the oldest religions on Earth, dated back to at least 2000BCE

• Has had considerable influence on Hinduism and later, Buddhism

• Approx 12 million followers (smallest of the major religions), with most living in India

• Approx 100,000 in the United States, most arriving in the 1970’s.

Page 41: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Origins of the Jains

• In the Indus Valley approx 2000BCE

• Original leaders seem to be mythical.

• Last Guru was Vardhamana (approx 500BCE)

• Arrived in southern India by 300BCE

Page 42: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Current Areas of Jainism

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Beliefs of the Jains

Seems to have developed the ideas of Ahimsa (non-violence). Jains are strict vegetarians.

• Jains are Polytheists

• Believe the Universe “restarts” every 21,000 years

• Has concepts like Heaven (Siddha) & Hell (Nigoda)

• Believe in Karma

• Believe in Moksha, which is earned through monastic life.

Page 44: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Social• Sherpa-a person of

Tibetan ancestry in Nepal, who serves as the traditional mountain guide of the Himalayas

Apa Sherpa displays a Nepali flag at the summit of Mount Everest May 21, 2009. The 49-year-old Nepali sherpa carrying a banner reading "Stop Climate Change" climbed Mount Everest for a record 19th time last Thursday, improving his own record set last

year, officials said.  Photo/Asian Trekking

Page 45: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Political• Imperialism-control of a

territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous group.

• Raj-the period of British rule in India, which lasted for nearly 200 years, from 1857-1947.

• Nonviolent Resistance-a movement that uses all means of protest except violence.

• Gandhi- Mohandas Gandhi was the leader of the opposition group against British rule.

Page 46: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Political• Partition-divided India into

Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India; resulted in a violent conflict that displaced 12.5 million and up to a million deaths.

• Kashmir-a region of northern India and Pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought.

• Sultan-an Arabic word that came to mean “ruler”; has been used throughout history to reflect various levels of power.

Page 47: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Democratization and ConflictDemocratization and Conflict

• Many conflicts in this region have been made worse by an unwillingness on the part of governments and warring parties to recognize the results of elections, or even to let people vote. Meanwhile, some conflicts have been defused, at least in the short run, by holding elections and letting former combatants run for office.

Page 48: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

© 2011 W.H. Freeman Publishers

Page 49: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

An Afghan fighting against the Soviets in 1988. The conflict was sparked in part by the Soviet-supported Afghan government’s antidemocratic policies.

A child in Sri Lanka holds up a photo of her missing uncle. The conflict intensified when ethnic Tamil plantation workers were denied the right to vote.

A banner in a Nepalese town controlled by Maoists, who once waged a war against the government but have since won an election and become a relatively peaceful, if still unsettled, democratic political party.

Page 50: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

eNvironmental• Green Revolution-

rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology; especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.– An agricultural program

launched by scientists in the 1960s to develop higher-yielding grain varieties and improve food production by incorporating new farming techniques.

Page 51: South Asia Unit 8 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka.

Food and UrbanizationFood and Urbanization

• Changes in South Asia’s food production systems are contributing to urbanization. Farming is being made both more productive and more expensive with the introduction of new seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and equipment. While some farmers have become wealthier, many have found themselves unable to compete and have moved to cities, where they often can find only low-paying jobs and inadequate housing.