Top Banner
SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review
18

SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Dec 21, 2015

Download

Documents

Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

SOSC 102 U

Mid-term Review

Page 2: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber)

Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress

Baby Boy Baby Girl

Boy Girl

Gendered parenting, schooling and peer pressures

Gender as stratification: gender ranks men above women of the same race and class SEXISM

Man Woman

MasculinityFeminine

Sex differentiation: classify people into categories based on their sex

Gender Ideology: a set of widely shared assumptions about the way the sexes are and what the relations between them are and ought to be

Page 3: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sexism, Homophobia and Racism (M. Kimmel)

• M. Kimmel’s study on the construction of manhood in America

• The complex of WE vs. THE OTHERS• Who are “WE”?: the real men; the men with masculinity) • Who are “the others”? : women, gay men, and men who

do not share the same masculinity—men of different racial backgrounds

• What motivates the men to “other” other men? The manhood is constituted by masculinity. But the idea that masculinity only belongs to a distinct group of people leads to anxiety. Therefore, those self-proclaimed “real men” would try to prevent the “others” from achieving masculinity.

Page 4: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Gender and Work: Sexual Division of labor (an overview)

Masculinity Feminine

WORK

Higher social prestige, higher pay, and greater opportunities to be promoted (longer job ladder)

Worldwide, 75% of working women are in 7 occupations—nurses, secretaries/typists, housekeepers, bookkeepers and cashiers, building caretakers and cleaners, caregivers, sewers and tailors.

Man’s work Woman’s work

Aggressive, self-motivated, independent

Subordinate positions

Sex labeling of occupations and jobs

Sex inequality at work

Page 5: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sexual Division of Labor (an historical retrospect: Europe)

Pre-industrial Europe

Man’s work Woman’s work

Agricultural Work: both sexes work in the fields, with men concentrated in the jobs such as plow, threshold, harvest, build houses, hew timer, harrow… etc; women concentrated in the jobs such as weed, harvest, raise animals, make bread, beer, cloth and clothing.

Craftsmen guilds: artisans

Women’s workshops (not voluntary workers)

Page 6: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sexual Division of Labor (an historical retrospect: Europe)

Transition to Industrialization

Man’s work Woman’s work

Cottage industry: women, children and other family members manufactured goods at home

The making of “labor force”: people work for pay or actively seek paid work

Industrial Revolution

Paid work became a standard of work while work at home (such as cooking, cleaning for family members, raising children, etc.) became unpaid work—classified as “nonemployed”

Page 7: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sexual Division of Labor (an historical retrospect: China, the Nantong case)

Raw cotton Yarn Cotton Clothspin weave

Men’s work Women’s work

Sexual division of labor within a peasant’s household, 16th. C.-19th. C.

Raw cotton

Yarn (spun in local factories or foreign imports)

Cotton Cloth

Sell to factories

weave

Women’s workMen and women’s work

Sexual division of labor within a peasant’s household, the late 19th and early 20th. C.

Page 8: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sexual Division of Labor (an historical retrospect: the U. S.: 1)

Frontier Economy, 17th. C

Man’s work Woman’s work

Work of both sexes often overlapped, with men’s focusing more on agricultural work

Men outnumbered women in the labor force at large

Women concentrated in few occupations that were not attractive to men (low pay and poor working conditions)

Commercialization, 18th. CEuropean immigrants: small family businesses (only widows could become independent female entrepreneurs); African-American people: slavery labor

Industrialization, 19th. c

Page 10: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Indexes of Occupational Sex and Race Segregation, 1900-2000

Padavic and Reskin (2002: 73)

Page 11: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Occupational-level Sex Segregation at Work (U. S. today)

1. Secretaries

3. Cashiers

5. Registered nurses

6. Elementary school teachers

7. Nursing aides

8. Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks

9. Waitress

10. receptionists

3. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations

4. Truck drivers

5. Janitors and cleaners

6. Carpenters

7. Cooks

8. Computer systems and analysts and scientist

9. Labor

10. supervisors, production occupations.

1 Managers and administrators 2

2. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupation 4.

•Index of occupational sex segregation: the proportion of female (or male) workers who have to change to an occupation in which their sex is underrepresented for the sexes to be evenly distributed across occupations and hence, fully integrated. 0=fully integrated; 100=only men or women employed

Page 12: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Occupational-level Sex Segregation at Work (U. S. today)

• Trend in occupational sex segregation: feminization but not masculinization—shifts in sex-typed jobs mostly involve women replacing men as the majority, but not the other way around

• Other forms of sex segregation at work:• Job-level segregation: sex segregation within

occupations• Establishment-level segregation: the differing

distributions of women and men who pursue the same occupations across different establishments

Page 13: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sex Differences in Promotion

John Mary

College graduates

High school graduates: Mary would get more chances to be promoted

Top Manager

Post-graduate degrees

Get Married

Have pre-school kids

E. g. : Both John and Mary are ambitious to pursue their career achievements

Page 14: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

What should Mary do…. • Other situations that Mary might

have more chances…• Larger organizations have

more resources to offer promotion opportunities

• Higher percentage of women’s share of top leadership jobs

• If companies fill managerial jobs by promoting people from the insider pool, a strong representation of women in non-managerial position would increase female employee’s share of managerial jobs

• “Line” positions (predominantly men’s work) have greater opportunities than “staff” positionsMary

Private Enterprises

Public Sector

Choices among different sectors….

Start her own business?

Page 15: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Sex Segregated Internal Labor Market

Courtesy Clerk: (Sex Integrated)

Store Manager

(3.1% female)

Produce Department Manager (4.7% female)

Produce Department:

Clerk (19.1% female)

Grocery Department Manager (7.6 % female)

Assistant Grocery Department Manager (16.8 % female)

Bakery/Deli Department:

Clerk (93.7% female)

General Merchandise Department: Department Head (clerk position)

(91.8% female)

Grocery Department:

Clerk (49.9% female)

The structure: Job Ladder

The opportunities: Sex differences in social networks

An explanation: Human-capital Theory

“Homosocial reproduction”

“Glorified secretaries”?

Page 16: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

What do you want in your life?

Work Family

Page 17: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

Work-family Conflict

Work Family

Time Shortage

Child care, elderly care, obtaining meals, cleaning, shopping, and laundry, etc.

Scheduling Demands

Work-family spillover

An ideal worker should put work above all other commitments and activities.

Can we just purchase the service to save time?

Can work from home be a solution?

Sacrifice promotion opportunities for family?

Work overtime to pay the domestic helpers?

Page 18: SOSC 102 U Mid-term Review. Sex and Gender: gender difference are socially constructed (J. Lorber) Fetus Gender markers: such as naming and dress Baby.

?• Can your pursue your dream life yourself?

Or supporting policies are required?