Solutions, Chemical Reagents and Laboratory Supplies

7/29/2019 Solutions, Chemical Reagents and Laboratory Supplies

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Solutions, Chemical Reagents

and Laboratory Supplies

Franz Lenard D. Barreto, RMT


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Solutions

Solute + Solvent

Solute = analyte

Solvent = Plasma, Serum, CSF, Urine, Effusion, etc.

Basic Properties:

1. Concentration

2. Saturation

3. Colligative Properties

4. Redox Potential

5. Conductivity

6. Density

7. pH

8. Ionic Strength


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Solutions

I. Concentration

Expressed through:

a. Percent Concentrationb. Molarity

c. Molality

d. Normality


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Solutions

a. Percent Concentration

- Amount of solute per 100 total units of

solution

3 kinds of expreesion:

i. w/w

ii. w/v (most common)iii. v/v


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Solutionsb. Molarity

- Number of moles per Liter of Solution- mol/L

c. Molality

- Amount of solute per kilogram of solvent

- mol/Kg

d. Normality

- # of gram equivalent weights per Liter of Solution

- mEq/L


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Solutions

II. Saturation

a. Dilute

b. Concentratedc. Saturated

d. Supersaturated


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Solutions

III. Coligative Properties

a. Osmotic Pressure

b. Vapor Pressurec. Freezing Point

d. Boiling Point


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Solutions

IV. Redox Potential

- the LEO(Lion) says GER

V. Conductivity and Resistivity- Affinity to passage of electricity

VI. pH and Buffers and Ionic Strength


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Chemical Reagents

Grades of Purity

1. Analytical Reagent Grade

- Suitable for most analytical procedures

- Should have a label AR or ACS

2. Ultrapure Reagent

- Went through additional purification steps

- For specific procedures

- Ex. Spectrograde, Nanograde and HPLC pure


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Chemical Reagents

3. Chemical Pure (CP) or Pure Grade-Impurity limitations not stated

-Preparation not uniform

4. Technical/Commercial Grade

-For Manufacturing

5. United States Pharmacopoeia(USP) and

National Formulary(NF)

-for drug manufacturing


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Reagent Water

In preparation of Reagent Grade Water:

a. Distillation

b. Ion Exchangec. Reverse Osmosis

d. UV Oxidation


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Reagent Water

Types of Water:

1. Type 1

- Maximum water purity( for accuracy and

precision)- Storage is Discouraged

2. Type 2- For routine use

- Used in preparation of reagents and QC materials


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Reagent Water

3. Type III

- For washing glasswares

* Distilled Water & Deionized Water


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Reagent Water

Tests for Water Purity

1. Microbiological content

2. pH3. Resistivity

4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

5. Ammonia6. Ions and Metals


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Reference Materials

Standard

a. Primary Standard

b. Secondary Standard


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Clinical Laboratory Supplies

Examples:

Pipets, flasks, beakers, and burets

Either:

1. Glass

2. Plastic


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I. Glassware

a. Borosilicate (Kimax/Pyrex)

b. Aluminosilicate (Corex)c. High silica

d. Vycor

e. Low actinic (amber colored)f. Soda lime (Flint)


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II. Plasticwaresa. Polystyrene

b. Polyethylene

c. Polypropylened. Tygon

e. Teflon

f. Polycarbonate

g. Polyethylene

h. Polyvinyl chloride


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Pipet Classification

I. Design

II. Drainage CharacteristicsIII. Type


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Clinical Laboratory Science

I. Design

A. To Contain (TC)

B. To Deliver (TD)

II. Drainage

A. BlowoutB. Self-Draining


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III. Type

A. Measuring or Graduated

1. Serologic2. Mohr

3. Bacteriologic

4. Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn5. Micropipet


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Clinical Laboratory Science

B. Transfer

1. Volumetric

2. Ostwald-Folin3. Pasteur Pipets

4. Automatic macropipets or micropipets

Solutions, Chemical Reagents and Laboratory Supplies

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