sociolinguistict blora dialect

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AN ANALYSIS OF SURABAYA DIALECT

AND BLORA DIALECT IN JAVANESE

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Javanese language

(Javanese: basa Jawa, Indonesian: bahasa Jawa) is the language of the Javanese people

from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background of the study

In daily activities, people always use language to communicate.

Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring

and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of

such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in

any of its senses is called linguistics.

Human language is highly complex in that it is based on a set of rules

relating symbols to their meanings, thereby forming an infinite number of

possible innovative utterances from a finite number of elements. The word

"language" can also be used to describe the set of rules that makes this

possible, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules.

All languages rely on the process of semiotic to relate a sign with a

particular meaning. Spoken and signed languages contain a phonological

system that governs how sounds or visual symbols are used to form

sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that

governs how words and morphemes are used to form phrases and utterances.

Written languages use visual symbols to represent the sounds of the spoken

languages, but they still require syntactic rules that govern the production of

meaning from sequences of words.

The word "language" has two meanings: language as a general concept

and "a language" (a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French"). Languages

other than English often have two separate words for these distinct concepts.

Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human

childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound

or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them.

Languages seem to share certain properties, although many of these include

exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect.

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Another definition sees language as a system of communication that

enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of

language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to

manipulate objects in their environment. This view of language is associated

with the study of language in a functional or pragmatic framework, as well as

in socio-linguistics and linguistic anthropology.

Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication

requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver

need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time

of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in

time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties

share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is

complete once the receiver has understood the sender.

Human spoken and picture languages can be described as a system of

symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which

the symbols are manipulated. Therefore, communication is social interaction

where at least two interacting agents s

hare a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules.

There are some components of communication. Those are the important

things that can make communication done well. Laswell stated that there are

six components of communication, they are:

Sender, is a side that send message to the others

Message, is a content which is delivered by one side to the others

Channel, is media where message is delivered by the communicant

in face-to-face communication. The media might be air

Receiver, is a side that receives message from the others

Feedback, is response from a received message

The rules which are agreed by the sender and the receiver about

how communication is done

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Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be

broadly broken into three categories or subfields: the study of language form,

of language meaning, and of language in context.

The first is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on

the system of rules followed by the speakers (or hearers) of a language. It

encompasses morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax

(the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words),

and phonology (sound systems). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics

concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds, non speech sounds,

and how they are produced and perceived.

The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ

logical structures and real-world references to convey process and assign

meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This subfield

encompasses semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts)

and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from context).

Language in its broader context includes evolutionary linguistics, which

considers the origins of language; historical linguistics, which explores

language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between

linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores

the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics,

which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, how

children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves

the structure of texts and conversations.

Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other

intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and influence its study.

Semiotics, for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within

language and without. Literary theorists study the use of language in

literature. Linguistics additionally draws on work from such diverse fields as

psychology, speech-language pathology, informatics, computer science,

philosophy, biology, human anatomy, neuroscience, sociology, anthropology,

and acoustics.

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Sociolinguistic studies how language varieties differ between groups

separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender,

level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is

used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the

usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage

varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics

studies.

In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a

language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, accents,

registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard

variety itself. "Variety" avoids the terms language, which many people

associate only with the standard language, and dialect, which is associated

with non-standard varieties thought of as less prestigious or "correct" than the

standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard varieties. "Lect"

avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether or not two

varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.

There are many kinds of language in this world. Indonesia also has much

kinds of languages. There are Sumatra language, Sulawesi language,

Kalimantan language, Javanese language, and many others.

Javanese language (Javanese: basa Jawa, Indonesian: bahasa Jawa) is

the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the

island of Java, in Indonesia.

The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and is

therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of

Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to

communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians.

In Javanese language, there are some kinds of styles. Something that

makes them different is the way it spoken, whether it is softer or rude. Those

styles are called:

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Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It

is also used by persons of higher status to persons of lower status,

such as elders to younger people or bosses to subordinates.

Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama. An

example of the context where one would use madya is an interaction

between strangers on the street, where one wants to be neither too

formal nor too informal.

Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between persons of the

same status who do not wish to be informal. It is also the official style

for public speeches, announcements, etc. It is also used by persons of

lower status to persons of higher status, such as youngsters to elder

people or subordinates to bosses.

From those explanations of background of the study above, the writers

analyze language, dialect, and varieties in sociolinguistic by the title “An

Analysis of Surabaya Dialect and Blora Dialect in Javanese

Sociolinguistics”.

I.2. Statements of the Problem

From the background of the study above, the writers formulate the

statements of the problem. They are:

1. What differentiates between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in

Javanese sociolinguistic?

2. What factor influences those dialects?

I.3. Purposes of the study

From the statements of the problem above, the writers formulate

purposes of the study. They are:

1. To know the differences between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in

Javanese sociolinguistic.

2. To know factor that influences those dialects.

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CHAPTER II

THEORY FRAMEWORK

II.1 Sociolinguistic

Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects

of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the

way language is used, and the effects of language use on society.

Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of

sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's

focus is on the language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a

considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related

to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even

been questioned recently.

It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by

certain social variables, e.g. ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of

education age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to

categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a

language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among

social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies.

While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few

fundamental concepts on which many sociolinguistic inquiries depend.

Speech community

Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a

more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique

and mutually accepted way among themselves.

Speech communities can be members of a profession with a

specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school students or

hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like families and friends.

Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to

serve the group's special purposes and priorities.

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High prestige and low prestige varieties

Crucial to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of prestige; certain

speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then

applied to the speaker. This can operate on many levels. It can be

realized on the level of the individual sound/phoneme, as Labov

discovered in investigating pronunciation of the post-vocalic /r/ in the

North-Eastern USA, or on the macro scale of language choice, as

realized in the various diglossias that exist throughout the world,

where Swiss-German/High German is perhaps most well known. An

important implication of sociolinguistic theory is that speakers

'choose' a variety when making a speech act, whether consciously or

subconsciously.

Social network

Understanding language in society means that one also has to

understand the social networks in which language is embedded. A

social network is another way of describing a particular speech

community in terms of relations between individual members in a

community. A network could be loose or tight depending on how

members interact with each other. For instance, an office or factory

may be considered a tight community because all members interact

with each other. A large course with 100+ students would be a looser

community because students may only interact with the instructor and

maybe 1-2 other students. A multiplex community is one in which

members have multiple relationships with each other. For instance, in

some neighborhoods, members may live on the same street, work for

the same employer and even intermarry.

The looseness or tightness of a social network may affect speech

patterns adopted by a speaker. For instance, Sylvie Dubois and

Barbara Horvath found that speakers in one Cajun Louisiana

community were more likely to pronounce English "th" [θ] as [t] (or

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[ð] as [d]) if they participated in a relatively dense social network (i.e.

had strong local ties and interacted with many other speakers in the

community), and less likely if their networks were looser (i.e. fewer

local ties).

A social network may apply to the macro level of a country or a city,

but also to the inter-personal level of neighborhoods or a single

family. Recently, social networks have been formed by the Internet,

through chat rooms, MySpace groups, organizations, and online

dating services.

Internal vs. external language

In Chomskian linguistics, a distinction is drawn between I-

language (internal language) and E-language (external language). In

this context, internal language applies to the study of syntax and

semantics in language on the abstract level; as mentally represented

knowledge in a native speaker. External language applies to language

in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared by a community.

Internal language analyses operate on the assumption that all native

speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process

and perceive language. External language fields, such as

sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case.

Many sociolinguists reject the distinction between I- and E-language

on the grounds that it is based on a mentalist view of language. On

this view, grammar is first and foremost an interactional (social)

phenomenon (e.g. Elinor Ochs, Emanuel Schegloff, Sandra

Thompson).

Sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered

through the study of language variation in urban areas. Whereas dialectology

studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics

focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. Class and

occupation are among the most important linguistic markers found in society.

One of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to

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disprove, is that class and language variety are related. Members of the

working class tend to speak less standard language, while the lower, middle,

and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard. However, the

upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less'

standard than the middle class. This is because not only class but also class

aspirations are important.

Studies in the field of sociolinguistics typically take a sample population

and interview them, assessing the realization of certain sociolinguistic

variables.

A commonly studied source of variation is regional dialects.

Dialectology studies variations in language based primarily on geographic

distribution and their associated features. Sociolinguists concerned with

grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are

often called dialectologists.

There are several different types of age-based variation one may see

within a population. They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership

typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and

indications of linguistic change in progress.

Variation may also be associated with gender. Men and women, on

average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend

to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women use a

particular speaking style more than men do is akin to saying that men are

taller than women (i.e., men are on average taller than women, but some

women are taller than some men).

II.2. Dialect and Varieties

Sociolinguistics a variety, also called an elect, is a specific form of a

language or language cluster.

Language varieties are:

1. Dialect

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O'Grady et al. define dialect as, "A regional or social variety of a

language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical

properties”. The term dialect is often associated with regional varieties

of speech. In addition, though, there are dialect varieties associated with

particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic

classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups.

Dialectology is the study of dialects and their geographic or social

distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language

used within a particular speech community, a group of people who

share a set of norms or conventions for language use. More recently,

sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice, a

group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of

interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and

change.  Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-

Ginetexplain, "Some communities of practice may develop more

distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus it is within communities

of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among

speech communities."

2. Accent

Accent according a manner pronunciation is a way of pronouncing

word that indicated the places of origin or social background of the

speaker. Although the words dialect and accent are sometimes used

interchangeably in everyday speech, linguists and scholars define the

two terms differently. Accent, in technical usage, refers only to

differences in pronunciation, especially those associated with

geographic or social differences. Dialect, which refers to differences in

syntax, morphology, and vocabulary, as well as pronunciation, is the

broader term.

3. Idiolect

An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual

person." An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with

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various regional or social dialects, professional registers, and in the case

of multilingual, various languages. For scholars who view language

from the perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the

knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an

individual language user, the idiolect is a way of referring to this

specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared

social practice, idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community

of one individual.

4. Register or style

A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a

particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or

lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby

talk, which is used in many western cultures when talking to small

children, or a joking register used in teasing or playing the

dozens. There are also registers associated with particular professions or

interest groups; jargon refers specifically to the vocabulary associated

with such registers. Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech

communities and associated with geographical settings or social

groupings, registers are associated with particular situations, purposes,

or levels of formality. Dialect and register may be thought of as

different dimensions of variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the

following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect used with the

technical register of physical geography:

Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in

different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting

and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between

the speakers.

The appropriate form of language may also change during the

course of a communicative event as the relationship between

speaker’s changes, or different social facts become relevant.

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Speakers may shift styles as their perception of an event in progress

changes.

II.3. Surabaya dialect

Surabaya dialect or more famous called “Suroboyoan” language is

Javanese dialect that spoken in Surabaya and around Surabaya. This dialect is

developed and used by Surabaya society. In structural language,

“Suroboyoan” language can be called as most rough language. Even though

refined language is still used by some people in Surabaya as respect to other

people, but the usage of refined language (madya until krama) in around

Surabaya people, mostly, was not too refined like in Central Java, especially

Yogyakarta and Surakarta combined with every day word which are more

rough.

The usage of Surabaya dialect based on the regions is:

South Region

Perak (Kab. Jombang-not Tanjung Perak in Surabaya)

North Perak region still use Surabaya dialect, while south Perak have

been using western Javanese dialect.

North Region

Madura

Several Maduranese can use this dialect effectively.

West

Gresik region

East

Unknown, but it still exists in along central coast East Java (Pasuruan,

Probolinggo until Banyuwangi). This dialect also mostly used.

Some special vocabularies of “Suroboyoan” dialect are:

“Pongor, Gibeng, Santap, Waso” (has meaning punch)

“ae” has meaning “only” (standart java language: wae)

“gak” has meaning “no” (standart java language: ora)

“arek” has meaning “child” (standard java language: bocah)

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“mene” has meaning “tomorrow” (standard java language: sesuk)

“jancuk” is bad word which often use such as “fuck” inj English. It was

abbreviation from passive form of “diancuk”; rough variation is

“mbokmu goblok”.

Surabaya dialect is the roughest dialect, but it actually shows simplicity,

explicitly, and straightforward. Lips service that is impressive for Javanese

people does not exist in Surabaya people. For example, when people are

having conversation, Javanese people say that younger people are not allowed

to see older people eyes because it is impolite. In Surabaya people culture,

that action shows that they are chicken because they are not able to see their

partner’s eyes.

II.4 Blora Dialect

Speakers of Java language almost spread in all of Java island

(Nothofer,1975:8) moreover the user of java language can meet in other

province of Indonesia, for example in DKI Jakarta, in territory of

transmigrates Lampung, South Sumatra, and until other country

Every language, includes of Java language, has totality system of

special characteristic regulation and shows of variation of good social

characteristic, although geographic variation. There are geography variation

in Blora language (include Blora Samin language) that needs to obtain in kind

of research. The research of Blora language has several considerations as

follows:

1. Firstly, Blora historically, there are Samin society who have

background of interesting history that takes experts’ attention.

According Hutomo (1985:4-5). Samin society is formed by appearing a

person named R. Kohar, who was born in Plosokediren, Randu blatum,

Blora in 1859, a son of R. Surowijoyo (or Samin sepuh). in order more

sociable, the name of R. Kohar change into Samin and then he becomes

spiritual teacher (in society of Java, spiritual teacher has a big effect).

That name is completed with Surosentiko, become Samin Surosentiko

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and with additional title, becomes “Panembahan Suryongalam”. The

followers of Saminisme often call Ki (Kyai) Sumin Surantika. As a

spiritual teacher KI Samin composed the special technical term that can

give more variations to Blora Java language and they are spread by his

follower.

2. Secondly, Blora as like the user area Java Blora language contains from

lime land which spread widely in Kendeng Mountain, forest area,

agriculture with infertile land. By this same condition, it can give effect

to dialect variation of Blora language.

3. Thirdly, in linguistic, it is found the data of Samin Blora language, there

are elements of religion special lexical, urip-rukun means “having sex

before marriage”, salin-sandhangan means “die”, rukun-kulo means

“wife or husband”, sumur means “virgin girl” and mak-yung means

“parents” as God for Samin people. But in a formal and semantic, this

element is different with Java Samin language. In a morphologist, Blora

language (include dialect Samin), it is found the data empiris such as:

sawahem means ”sawahmu”, turunem means “anakmu”, sapiyem

means “lembumu” which in Blora language the pronunciation of

sawahmu means “sawahmu”, turunmu means “anakmu” and sapimu

means “sapimu”. It was found data, such as putEh means “putih”,

malEh means “malih”, winEh means “biji”, isEh means “masih” in

Blora language (include Samin language).

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CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

III.A. The Differences Between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in

Javanese sociolinguistic

Language serves a great social function in social life. In this case,

language works as a mean for people to act upon their environment.

Michael Halliday calls it as “language as social semiotic”, that is to say, on

language as a system of signs which are socially motivated or inform in

that they have been developed to express social meaning. (Widdowson,

1995: 14).

Javanese language is the language of Javanese people from the

Central and Eastern parts of the island of Java in Indonesia. In addition,

Javanese language spreads out almost at the whole Java Island. There are

some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of Western Java.

It is the native language of more than 75,500,000 people.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/javanese_language)

Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three

distinct styles, or registers. Those three styles are Ngoko, Madya, and

Krama. Javanese also consists of three main groups of Javanese dialect

based on the sub-region where the speakers live. They are western

Javanese, central Javanese, and eastern Javanese.

Since Blora includes Central Javanese dialect, it has such different

dialect with Surabaya, Eastern Javanese. Here are some differences

between Surabaya and Blora in Javanese sociolinguistic:

1. Surabaya dialect is considered as a rude dialect but actually it shows

firm attitudes, simplicity, and straightforwardness. In opposite of

Surabaya dialect, Blora has softer dialect than Surabaya. For example:

for the word “jagung”, Surabaya calls it with the same name as

“jagung”, however, Blora dialect uses the refined one to call “jagung”

as “gandum” (krama inggil of “jagung”)

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2. Based on the morphology, there are some differences between

Surabaya and Blora dialect.

Possessive pronoun (your….)

Surabaya Blora

bapakmu Bapakem

Sapimu Sapiem

Second person singular

Surabaya Blora

Koen/awakmu Dheweke/de’e

Suffix variation

Surabaya Blora

Jupukno Jupuken

3. The speakers of Surabaya dialect often use a stress in a base word to

express “something that has high degree (sangat)”. They seldom use

adverb to modify the base word like adding the word “bangat or temen”.

For example:

Complex word Base word Meaning

puanas panas Very hot

suedhep sedhep Very delicious

4. Javanese has various vocabularies. Here are some different vocabularies

between Surabaya and Blora dialect:

Surabaya Blora Indonesia English

Yok opo? Piye leh? Bagaimana? How?

Arek Turun Anak Child

Modar/mathek Salin-sandhangan Mati Die

Peno/koen dheweke Kamu You

Gak Odhak/orak Tidak No

Parek/carek Cerak Dekat Near

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Ae Wae Saja Only

Mudhun Anjar Turun Get down

Gendheng/edan Bento Gila Crazy

Balang Anthem Lempar Throw

Ciyut Ciyuk Sempit Narrow

Nggolek Luru Mencari Look for

Bal-balan Sadhukan Sepak bola Soccer

Ganteng Barik Tampan Handsome, etc

III.B. Factor That Influences the Differences of Surabaya Dialect and Blora

Dialect

Many kinds of language exist in this world and those are dynamic.

Language develops through the development of society. Many factors

influence the development of language. One of them is region.

The development of language happens in Indonesia, includes

Javanese language. As the standard dialect, Javanese language has three

groups of dialects based on the sub-region where the speakers live. They

are: Western Javanese, Central Javanese, and Eastern Javanese.

Accordance to the sub-region dialect division, Blora and Surabaya

are stated in a different sub-region. Blora includes in Central Java while

Surabaya includes in Eastern Java. Both dialects are determined by each

region dialect.

Eastern Javanese speakers range from the eastern banks of Brantas

River in Kertosono, Nganjuk to Banyuwangi, comprising the majority of

the Easst Java province, excluding Madura Island. However, the dialect

has been influenced by Madurese, and is sometimes referred to as

Surabayan speech.

The central Javanese variant, based on the speech of Surakarta (and

also to be degree of Yogyakarta), is considered as the refined Javanese

dialect. Blora dialect is influenced much by those kinds of dialect as it

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includes in Central Javanese main group of dialect. For this reason, Blora

dialect is softer than Surabaya dialect.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

IV.1. Conclusion

1. The differences between Surabaya and Blora dialect are:

Blora dialect is softer than Surabaya dialect

Based on morphology, there are some differences between

Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect:

o First is on possessive pronoun

o Second is on second person singular

o Suffix variation

There is a stressing on base word that has function to express

“something that has high degree”.

There are some differences in vocabularies between Surabaya

dialect and Blora dialect.

2. Region is a factor that makes difference between Surabaya dialect and

Blora dialect.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language. April 8,2011. Time 10.25 am

http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/dialect. April 8th, 2011. Time 09.13 pm.

http://forum.detik.com/merger-kamus-dialek-surabaya-t7323.html?df9922tpop. April 8, 2011. Time 10.21 am

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Surabaya. April 8, 2011. Time 10.44 am

http://ls1959.com/language/sociolinguistics/language-dialect-and-variety . April 8th, 2011. Time 09.13 pm.

KAJIAN GEOGRAFI DIALEK: BAHASA JAWA DI KABUPATEN BLORA Wakit Abdullah dan Sri Lestari Handayani Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa Universitas Sebelas Maret

Widdownson, H.G. 1995. Oxford Introductions to Language Study. Linguistics. Oxford University Press