SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- INFOGRAPHIC 1 · 07.11.2016  · Social Learning Theory Terminology Self observation: Humans look at themselves and their behavior and keep track of their

IDE 621: Principles of Instruction and Learning (Fall 2016)

By Tiffany A. Koszalka, Ph.D

Learning is a shared control between behavior (B), the environment (E), and the

internal events that influence perceptions (P). It is the construction of behavioral

patterns expected by the society.

Learning is also the construction of behavioral patterns which society expects

Knowledge Base presented by Jack BANTU( MS –Teaching & Curriculum Student, Syracuse

University)

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY- INFOGRAPHIC 1

What’s learning according to Social Learning Theorists?

Concepts at the heart of Social Learning Theory : (1)People can learn through observation (2)

Internal mental states are an essential part of this process (3) Not everything learned that it will

result in a change in behavior.

Sources: https://www.verywell.com/social-learning-theory-2795074

http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=Social+Learning+Theory+images&s_it=img-

ans&imgId=914184DED6808C195900035A5CE612584919C783&v_t=na

CONTEXTUALISED SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Source: RED 607: Issues in Multicultural Literacies (Fall 2016)

http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=images+of+people+around+social+media&s_it=img-

ans&imgId=88DE6A9CA6C7D7B631E0068B16E92FD34BB5A0EE&v_t=na

KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION SHARING THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA

Bandura’s theory examines the natural inclination that bothchildren and adults learn through imitation during socialinteractions and media influences. Through Bobo dollexperiment, he studied aggression in children who showeddiverse behavior patterns of children exposed to aggressivebehavior. Albert Bandura (1925 - )

http://ged578.pbworks.com/w/page/39338479/Banduras%20Social%20Learning%20Theory

Lev Vygotsky(1896 – 1934)

Sources

http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-development.html

Ormrod, J.E. (2012) Human Learning (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/images/index.htm

According to Vygotsky, Learning

takes place through the interactions

students have with their peers,

teachers, and other experts through

discussion, collaboration, and

feedback. Knowledge is constructed

through cultural lens by interacting

with others and following the rules,

skills, and abilities shaped by our

culture.

Act

ual

Dev

elo

pm

enta

l lev

el

Le

ve

l o

f P

rox

ima

l D

eve

lop

me

nt

THEORISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS

Principles of the Social Learning Theory (some)

The observer will imitate the model’s behavior if the model posses characteristics that the observer finds desirable.

Individuals are more likely to adopt a modeled behavior if the model is similar to the observer, has admired status, and the behavior has functional value.

The observer will react to the way the model is treated, i.e. if rewarded, the observer is more likely to perform the behavior. If punished then the observer is less likely to repeat the behavior.

Coding modeled behavior into labels, words or images results in better retention than just observing.

Attention and retention account for learning a model’s behavior. Whereas, motor production and motivation control the performance of the behavior.

what a person observes can powerfully influence what he or she does. But a person’s behavior can also contribute to his or hers environment.

Source: http://www.bdrum.com/Bandura/theory3.htm

The model must be appropriate, relevant,

Powerful and consistent to be

imitated

If the model is punished for a

behavior (vicarious punishment), it will

less likely be imitated

If the model is rewarded (vicarious

reinforcement), it will likely be

imitated

Very important to remember about modeling

Ormrod, J.E. (2012) Human Learning (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Social Learning Theory Terminology Self observation: Humans look at themselves and their behavior and keep track of their actions.

Self-efficacy: It is the conviction that one can successfully execute behavior. It is affected by the model’s characteristics, value of behavior, and success.

Reciprocal causation: the process by which there is shared control between behavior (B), theenvironment (E), and the internal events that influence perceptions (P).

Modeling and imitation: People learn by observing the behaviors of others as well as observing the outcomes of those behaviors. In other words, the consequences of a model’s behavior affects the observer’s behavior vicariously.

Self-reinforcement: The learner increases a behavior independent of the consequences of the environment or observation, the emphasis (self-reinforcement) is through the perception of the learner.

Self-regulation: It is a person’s belief in his or her ability to achieve a particular task, which is determinant of how people think, behave, and feel according to Bandura.

Social nature of learning: humans are social by nature, learning takes place through social interaction (e.g., interactional conversation and observation, apprentice activities, collaboration/cooperation, and reciprocal teaching).

Vicarious reinforcement: when a model is observed being reinforced for a behavior, the observer (learner ) increases the behavior

The incentive theory: is one of the major theories of motivation and suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or incentives

Sources:

Ormrod, J.E. (2012) Human Learning (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

Kendra Cherry. Self Efficacy: Why Believing in Yourself Matters retrieved on October 30th, 2016 from https://www.verywell.com/what-is-self-efficacy-2795954

INFOGRAPHIC 2 - INSTRUCTIONAL THEORIES INFORMED

BY SOCIAL LEARNING

1. Collaborative Learning

Both facilitators and learners become

active participants in the educational

process.

The hierarchy between

facilitators and learners

is eliminated.

A sense of community

is created-Knowledge is

created, not

transferred.

Knowledge is considered to be located in the community rather than in the individual

(Whipple 1987)

It provides an environment

for democratic planning,

decision making, and risk

taking

It allows participants to acquire insights into the

potential and power of groups as well as develop

their independence as learners

It helps individuals develop

better judgment through

the exposure and

resolution of previously

unshared biases

Sources: http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9220/adult.htm

http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=Collaborative+Learning+Environment+images&v_t=na

2. Observational/Social Learning

Observational learning describes the process of learning through watching others,

retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviors that were observed

Learning occurs

through the simple

processes of

observing someone

else's activity

Bandura formulates the 4 step

pattern achieving learning

through observation:

Attention - Retention -

Reproduction - Motivation

Bandura believes that

mind, behavior and the

environment all play an

important role in the

learning process.

Source: http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=+Observational+Learning+images&v_t=na

http://search.aol.com/aol/image?v_t=na&q=+Observational+Learning+images&page=2&oreq=f9ed374286574cbc9cb95840472

8367f

http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/soccog/soclrn.html

INFOGRAPHIC 3: LEARNING SITUATION- TEACHING DICTATION TO FOREIGN LEARNERS OF

ENGLISH

The teacher announces to the students that the lesson of the day is dictation. He sticks copies of the text on the classroom walls and the students go around reading the text. The teacher then asks students to break into groups and nominate a representative. He says, ''Well done. Now listen to my reading, when I finish reading, each group representative will be going to the text, read and memorize a chunk of it and go back to group members for dictation until the whole text is written down, ok?''. The teacher selects a few new words from the passage and the students spell and then write down each of the spelled words on the blackboard. The teacher repeats the instructions to make sure students understand what are the expectations before engaging them into the dictation itself. The teacher says, ''take your pens and your exercise copybooks and write down the passage as your representatives dictate. You have 30 minutes''.

As the dictation progresses, the teacher moves all around the classroom to help students with difficulties encouraging and congratulating them for the steps made and repeating the instructions. The group representatives repeat the chunks as much as possible to allow their peers take notes''. The teacher discourages a few students who tempt to look aside. After thirty minutes, the teacher notices that everyone has finished. He says,'' you are fantastic, now interchange copies as you sit together''. The teacher distributes copies of the text to the class and the students check for spelling and grammar mistakes and

grade each other.

Source of the picture: https://photographicdictionary.com/t/teacher

INFOGRAPHIC 4 - SOCIAL LEARNING OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

N

o

Observable behavior Intensity of the behavior

Exc. V.Good Good Fair Poor

1 Instruction exposes learners to people, events, and activities that promote

interactions among their behavior, perceptions, and the environment

2 The instructor creates an incentive/motivational learning environment

3 Students interact verbally, nonverbally with other students and the

teacher with smiles, waves, nods, etc. and get feedback

4 Both the students and the instructor are actively involved in the learning process

5 The students are made to understand that the knowledge is located in the

community rather than in any of the group members

6 The instructor creates self-efficacy in students that they can successfully

execute behavior trough modeling and imitation

7 The learners increases behaviors as consequences of the environment

observation (self-reinforcement /Vicarious reinforcement)

8 Learners create their own learning goals, evaluate themselves and seek

guidance whenever they are limited (Self-regulation)

9 Learners are involved into critical thinking and are provided feedback to

reproduce what they learn through collaboration

Instructor's observations:

Sources: Ormrod, J.E. (2012) Human Learning (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

INFOGRAPHIC -5- SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY REFLECTION

After having read the way Social Learning Theory values the relationship that exists between the Environment, personal perception and behavior , how knowledge is constructed through cultural lens by interacting with others and following the rules, skills, and abilities shaped by the environment, I found that the three psychological tendencies inspired one another respectively though they also reject one another.

Social Learning Theory reflects not only the currently pedagogical or instructional practices, but alsothe environment we live in. In fact, nowadays classrooms encourage knowledge creation and sharingthrough pair work and group work interactions, discussions as well as teacher-students’ collaboration.The theory highlights an additional fact focusing on the way our personality traits are shaped by theenvironment we grow up in. As we learn from the environment around us, the same behaviors allowus to influence that same environment. It is in this way that Jim Rohn said that a person is the averageof the five people he/she spends the most time with as we learn from one another.

An additional illustration of Social Learning Theory is the way people in traditional societies where formal schooling is less frequent. In such societies, learning occurs much through social interactions without instructors prompting learning or behaviors at all. There children are raised and learn all the necessary life skills through observing and imitating the elderly (parents, siblings) as well as peers holding already expertise. Younger girls always observe their mothers cooking, washing clothes and practice mostly when the models are absent until they acquire the necessary skills to perform independently. Social learning in my viewpoint is currently the most important behavior acquisition medium as it can allow a single individual to inspire millions of people comparatively to formal learning where the teacher in the classroom exposed only to a limited number of students whose behavior he shapes.

Jim Rohn’s quotation retrieved from http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/657773.Jim_Rohn ( November 2016)

References1. Ormrod, J.E. (2012) Human Learning (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education

2. Picture of the learning situation retrieved in October 2016 from https://photographicdictionary.com/t/teacher

3. Types of ESL/EFL Dictation retrieved in October 2016 from http://www.teach-this.com/ideas/dictations

4. Kendra Cherry. Social Learning Theory retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/social-learning-theory-2795074

5. Kendra Cherry. Self Efficacy: Why Believing in Yourself Matters retrieved on October 30th, 2016 fromhttps://www.verywell.com/what-is-self-efficacy-2795954

6. Social Learning Theory illustrations retrieved in October 2016 from http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=Social+Learning+Theory+images&s_it=img-ans&imgId=914184DED6808C195900035A5CE612584919C783&v_t=na

7. Informal Ways of Learning : RED 607: Issues in Multicultural Literacies (Fall 2016), Syracuse University School of Education

8. Social Development Theory (Lev Vygotsky) retrieved in October 2016 from http://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/social-development.html

9. Lev Vygotsky Image Gallery retrieved in October 2016 from https://www.marxists.org/archive/vygotsky/images/index.htm10. Bandura’s Social Learning Theory retrieved in October 2016 from http://www.bdrum.com/Bandura/theory3.htm11. Jim Rohn’s quotation retrieved from http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/657773.Jim_Rohn (

November 2016)12. http://search.aol.com/aol/image?q=images+of+people+around+social+media&s_it=img-

ans&imgId=88DE6A9CA6C7D7B631E0068B16E92FD34BB5A0EE&v_t=na